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Math 2A Sp23 Activity 2.1-3

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35 views2 pages

Math 2A Sp23 Activity 2.1-3

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chehu069
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Activity A2.

Math 2A

1. Let n ∈ N. Consider the ODE y (n) (t) − y(t) = 0.


(a) Are there any trivial solutions?
(b) What’s one nontrivial solution of this ODE?
(c) Find the general solution when n = 2.
(d) Suppose n = 2k for some k ∈ N. Find two nontrivial solutions that are linearly indepen-
dent. Do you know anything about the other terms in the general solution?
(e) Suppose y(0) = 0; y 0 (0) = 0; ...; y (n−1) (0) = 0. What’s the solution of this IVP?

2. Suppose an nth degree polynomial p(x) has distinct roots p1, p2, ..., pn ∈ R and an mth degree
polynomial q(x) has distinct roots q1 , q2 , ..., qm ∈ R where pi 6= qj for all i, j.
(a) If p(r) is the characteristic equation of a constant-coefficient, linear, homogeneous ODE,
what’s the general solution of this ODE? If q(r) is the characteristic equation of a constant-
coefficient, linear, homogeneous ODE, what’s the general solution of this ODE?
(b) If p(r)q(r) is the characteristic equation of a constant-coefficient, linear, homogeneous
ODE, what’s the general solution of this ODE? What’s the order of this ODE?
(c) How many distinct first-order, monic (leading coefficient is 1), constant-coefficient, linear,
and homogeneous ODE’s can you construct which has solutions that are a subset of the
solution to part (b)? Describe them.
(d) Suppose n = 3 and m = 2. Construct an example of p and q by choosing real values for
the roots of both. What constant-coefficient, linear, homogeneous ODE has p(r)q(r) as
its characteristic equation? Choose initial data and find the particular solution.
3. (Abel’s Identity) Suppose ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0 for x ∈ R, where a, b, c ∈ R, a 6= 0. Suppose also
that the general solution is described by C1 y1 + C2y2 .

(a) Describe W [y1, y2] using Abel’s Identity.


(b) What must be true about b if we can find k > 0 so that W [y1 , y2 ](x) = W [y1 , y2 ](x + k)
for all x ∈ R?
(c) If y1 (x) = y1 (x + k) for all x ∈ R, must y10 (x) = y10 (x + k) for all x ∈ R?
(d) Choose a, b, c so that one solution y1 satisfies y1 (x) = y1 (x + k). Can you find y2 using
Abel’s Identity?
4. Determine when the following pairs of functions are linearly independent.
(a) y1 (t) = er1 t ; y2 (t) = er2 t , r1 , r2 ∈ R
(b) y1 (t) = cos(at); y2 (t) = sin(at), a ∈ R
(c) y1 (t) = cosh(at); y2 (t) = sinh(at), a ∈ R
5. Suppose the characteristic equation of ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0 has distinct, real roots.

1
(a) Suppose also that y(x0 ) = y0 and y(x1 ) = y1 where x0 , x1 , y0 .y1 ∈ R and x0 6= x1 . Is it
possible for there to be a unique solution? Explain and graph the solution curves of the
ODE (HINT: What would be visible in this graph if there was not a unique solution?)
(b) Give an example of initial data. Does the Existence and Uniqueness Theorem guarantee
a unique solution? Check the premise of the theorem. Then solve.

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