REVIEWER IN STS – LONG QUIZ

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION- can be defined as the historical changes in the thoughts, beliefs and social institutions due
to new idea and principles.

When science and technology are the center of an intellectual revolution, it can be called a Scientific revolution.

In human history, there were three intellectuals who significantly changed the views about the world and humanity. They
were Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud.

Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - was a Polish astronomer and mathematician. His heliocentric model of the universe
proposed that the sun is the center of the universe. It opposed the geocentric model, which said that the Earth is the
center of the universe, as proposed by Ptolemy and Aristotle and supported by the Church.

First, before and during the time of Copernicus, astrology is more important than astronomy. We know today that
astrology is not a real science.

In astrology, the Earth was considered as powerful, extraordinary celestial body that is the center of the universe. This
was supported by the geocentric model of Ptolemy and Aristotle.

Also, astrologers at that time needed to cast horoscopes and do other astrological activities in order to gain acceptance
and support from the society was dependent on horoscopes and astrological outputs. When Copernicus’ heliocentric
theory gained acceptance, society started to change.

Copernicus questioned the ideas of Ptolemy and Aristotle. His model suggested that the Earth is equal to the other
planets and they all revolve around the Sun.

This debunked the astrological view. People at that time began to question astrology and starts to embrace more the
science of astronomy.

The second significance of Copernicus’ work is that it laid the foundation for succeeding scientists to do revolution
things. His successor were Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei.

These scientists made it possible to understand and explain many phenomena in the universe in a mathematical way.

The findings of Copernicus, along with his successors changed the society’s view about astronomy. It became more
acceptable. Galileo’s work made the telescope popular even for non-astronomers. This marked the

beginnings of popular science and science fiction.

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)- An English scientist whose works, Origin of species and Decent of Man, discussed his
ideas on the evolution of species and mankind.

Darwin’s works were controversial especially to creationists and to the religious.

Some scientists predicted that first living beings existed on the earth from a chemical reactions (primordial soup). Now as
per Charles Darwin, life came into existence on the water as microorganism (bacteria), and eventually by many years of
evolution, the human body came into existence?

His works suggested that humans are natural and are subject to the laws of science.

During Darwin’s time, humans were treated as very special beings as compared to other organisms. It was as if humans
were supernatural creations.

Third, Darwin’s works suggested that humans are not so different versus other organisms – that humans, crabs, dogs,
trees, worms and other organisms are equal. They are all species.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)- He proposed psychoanalysis as a scientific method to understand the mind.

Another field of work of Freud is the interpretation of dreams.

For him, dreams are connected to one’s experiences. They are somehow products of the unconscious mind that are
based on unfulfilled wishes

MESO-AMERICA- Covers most of the present-day Central America. There were important scientific and technological
developments in Meso-American primarily done by the Maya, Inca and Aztec civilizations.

MAYA CIVILIZATION- Is known for its early studies in astronomy, and engineering. They have know-how on paper making
and have their own writing system, the Maya hieroglyphics.

INCA CIVILIZATION- Is known for their paved roads, irrigation systems, and quipo, a record system using knotted ropes.

AZTEC CIVILIZATION- Is known for the mandatory education of their children. They are also known for their chinampas, a
way of farming in canals.

INDIAN CIVILIZATION- Known for their steel works. They also known for their system of traditional medicine known as
Ayurveda.

INDONESIANS- Learned to construct Candis in the 8th century. Candis are religious structures with both Buddhist and
Hindu heritage, mostly built from the 8th and 15th centuries.

JAPANESE- The Japanese developed traditional kampo medicine which had Chinese origins.

Ibn-Haytham- Considered the Father of optics due his studies on light.

Jabir ibn Hayyan- Is known for his early works in alchemy and metallurgy.

INFORMATION REVELUTIONS- Refers to the change in the social, economic and political role of information.

This generation and use of information has led to important developments in modern science. Information revolution
affected all aspects of the society: from individual lives to local and global economies and governments.

Language is one of the factors that differentiates humans from its evolutionary ancestors. It is also a unifying factor for
humanity. All humans use language to communicate or to exchange information.

The rise of civilizations in the Middle East is coupled with the invention of writing. It enabled the documentation of early
events, norms, social and political activities, among others. It was able to preserve information into a form that could be
passed on to future generations.
Printing is important in the rise of modern civilizations. The invention of printing enabled the distribution of important
scientific, religious and historical texts such as Copernicus’ De revolution ibus orbium coelestium and the Bible.

Computer allowed the processing and calculation of digital information. The invention of storage devices enabled the
storing and sharing of information or data. Optical communication allowed the establishment of communication
networks and internet technology.

Information revolution had profound impact to economies, governments and societies.

In politics and government, information revolution made possible the increase in government transparency,
development of online campaigning and automated elections, among others.

Local grass root and global e-commerce are now possible through the use of mobile devices and the internet

In the work environment, information revolution decreased ‘distance’ between employees and employers by enabling
telecommuting. Telecommuting refers to working from home, using the internet, telephone or email. It is now possible
for workers to stay with their families while working, do part-time jobs, and have some flexibility in terms of work
schedule.

Information revolution has both positive and negative impact to society it actually made it easier for people to access
information and to communicate. However, sometimes this is abused and some people are spreading irrelevant or
incorrect information. This leads to misinformation which is very dangerous for the society.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDINGPre-Colonial Period (Prehistory-1565) – The history of science and
technology in the Philippines started way back before the country gained its independence from the American
colonizers.

• Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the early inhabitants had their own culture & traditions. They had
their own belief system and indigenous knowledge system that keeps them organized and sustained their lives
and communities for many years.

• In pre- Spanish Philippines, SCIENCE is embedded in the way of life of the people. Scientific knowledge is
observed:

1. In the way they plant their crops that provide them food;

2. In taking care of their animals to help them in their daily tasks, and for food production.

3. Science is observed in the way they interpret the movement of the heavenly bodies in predicting seasons and
climates, and in organizing days into months and years.

They used science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and discovered the medicinal uses of plants.

• Technology is used by people in:

1. Building houses

2. Irrigations and in

3. Developing tools that they can use in their everyday life. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking
and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation.

4. They also used technology in creating musical instruments.

PRE COLONIAL

Herbs and herbal medicines jar ( manunggul bulol) fire, light and heat alibata Banaue rice terraces
 • Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan and other nearby countries have influenced their lives by providing
opportunities for cultural and technological exchange.
• All of these ancient practices in science and technology are considered now as INDIGENOUS SCIENCE OR FOLK
SCIENCE.

Early Depictions of Pre-Colonial Filipinos

Contrary to popular belief by the Westerners, our ancestors are civilized and cultured. They have:

Own belief system (Animist Faith)

Community organization (Barangay)
Farming technology, irrigation, and domestication of animals
Medicinal use of plants (Herbal Medicines)
Engineering (e.g. Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras)
Mining of ores and metallurgy
Trade with other civilizations
Writing system (e.g. Baybayin)
Weapons
Sea-going vessels (e.g. Balangay)
Musical instruments
Tattooing practice (e.g. Batok of the Butbut Tribe)
Laws

SCIENCE IN PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

Planting crops that provide them food

Taking care of animals
Food production
Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates
Medicinal uses of plants

TECHNOLOGY IN PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

Building houses (bamboo woods, anahaw)

Irrigation
Developing tools (rocks and metals from other Nations)
Musical instruments
Metal Age Influence Gold and Silver jewelry
Trading with other countries
Indigenous or Folk Science

A. SOCIETY

Mode of dressing
Ornaments
Houses
Social classes
Status of women
Marriage customs
Mixed marriages, Inheritance and Succession

B. POLITICS
Government
Laws
Legislation
Judicial process
Trial by Ordeal

C. RELIGION

Religious beliefs
Burial
Divination

D. ECONOMIC LIFE

Agriculture
Livestock
Fishing
Mining
Lumbering & Shipbuilding
Weaving
Trade

AGRICULTURE REVOLUTION

Methods in farming
Stones for recording purposes
Clay pottery and Social minerals and Metallurgy
Barter of different Goods and resources

E. CULTURE

Languages
System of writing
Literature
Music and Dance
Art

COLONIAL PERIOD

SPANISH ERA
AMERICAN ERA
Spanish Era (1565-1898)

• When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them their own culture and practices. They
established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It was the
beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology.

• Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants,
animals and heavenly bodies. Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday life.

• The GALLEON TRADE has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. Although it is only
beneficial for the Spaniards, these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and
Western practices to reach the country. Some of the Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also
contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country.

• The Philippines, being considered as one of the centers of global trade in Southeast Asia during that time, was
considered to be one of the most developed places in the region.

Catholicism
Reorganization of the Barrios
Intramuros Manila
Bridges in Tayabas, Quezon
Spanish Language which influenced Filipino Language
Stronger construction materials
Formal Education System (schools, colleges, and universities – UST)
Modern Western Medicine
Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (made the Philippines a center of commerce in Southeast Asia, and the link to the West
via the Pacific Ocean) Modern engineering and architectural techniques Many firsts
–Railway (Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan)
–In-city rail system (Manila Tranvia)
–Paved roads and bridges–Hospitals

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1946)

The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to the
Spaniards.
Established the public education system
Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people.
Established a modern research university, university of the Philippines.
Created more public hospitals.
Mineral resources were explored and exploited during the American times.
Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not accessible throughout the country.

• The Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines. They reorganized the learning of science and
introduced it in the public and private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies
and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally known as “Science.” The teaching of science in
higher education has also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera,
and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of
the Philippines to serve their own interests is somehow beneficial in the country. These allowed
American scholars to introduce new knowledge and technology in the country. The Protestant church
missions in different places in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far flung areas. Little by little,
these efforts built a stronger foundation for science and technology in the country.

American era

• Internal influences: survival, culture, economic activities

• External influences: foreign colonizers, trades with foreign countries, international economic demands. Science
and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people and in the development of the Philippine
society. However, improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in the country.

WORLD WAR II

• Has destabilized the development of the country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into
ashes, houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The country had a difficult time tore build itself
from the ruins of the war. The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity
of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. The reparation funds focused on building some
institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals and transportation system. The reparation money from
Japan was also concentrated on building highways and providing technological training and human resource
development.

When the Americans gained control of the Philippines, they introduced the following:

Modernization of Infrastructure
City Planning (e.g. Manila and the hill station called Baguio)
Universal Public Education System (Research school-UP, Philippine normal University, Manila Business School-PUP)
English Language
Exploration and exploitation of natural Resources
Improvements in engineering, public health and sanitation (PGH)
Establishment of the Bureau of Science
Electrification of the country University of the Philippines System Many firsts:
-Car
-Plane
-Air-conditioned
-Building
Mining- exploited the country’s natural resources.