1

Functions

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 2

Introduction
• Divide and conquer
– Construct a program from smaller pieces or components
– Each piece more manageable than the original program

• Boss to worker analogy

– A boss (the calling function or caller) asks a worker (the
called function) to perform a task and return (i.e., report
back) the results when the task is done.

• Functions
– Modularize a program
– Software reusability
• Call function multiple times
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 3

Functions

• Programs use new and “prepackaged” modules

– New: programmer-defined functions, classes
– Prepackaged: from the standard library

• Function definitions
– Only written once
– Hidden from other functions
• Local variables
– Known only in the function in which they are defined
– All variables declared in function definitions are local
variables

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 4

Functions

• Functions invoked by function call

– Function name and information (arguments) it needs
• Arguments Parameters
– Local variables passed to function when called
– Provide outside information

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 5
Prepa cka ged Modules: Ma th Libra ry
Functions
• Perform common mathematical calculations
– Include the header file <cmath>
• Functions called by writing
– functionName (argument);
or
– functionName(argument1, argument2, …);
• Example
cout << sqrt( 900.0 );
– sqrt (square root) function The preceding statement would
print 30
– All functions in math library return a double

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 6
Prepa cka ged Modules: Ma th Libra ry
Functions
• Function arguments can be
– Constants
• sqrt( 4 );
– Variables
• sqrt( x );
– Expressions
• sqrt( sqrt( x ) ) ;
• sqrt( 3 - 6x );

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 7
M e tho d De sc rip tio n Exa m p le
ceil( x ) rounds x to the smallest integer ceil( 9.2 ) is 10.0
not less than x ceil( -9.8 ) is -9.0
cos( x ) trigonometric cosine of x cos( 0.0 ) is 1.0
(x in radians)
exp( x ) exponential function ex exp( 1.0 ) is 2.71828
exp( 2.0 ) is 7.38906
fabs( x ) absolute value of x fabs( 5.1 ) is 5.1
fabs( 0.0 ) is 0.0
fabs( -8.76 ) is 8.76
floor( x ) rounds x to the largest integer floor( 9.2 ) is 9.0
not greater than x floor( -9.8 ) is -10.0
fmod( x, y ) remainder of x/y as a floating- fmod( 13.657, 2.333 ) is 1.992
point number
log( x ) natural logarithm of x (base e) log( 2.718282 ) is 1.0
log( 7.389056 ) is 2.0
log10( x ) logarithm of x (base 10) log10( 10.0 ) is 1.0
log10( 100.0 ) is 2.0
pow( x, y ) x raised to power y (xy) pow( 2, 7 ) is 128
pow( 9, .5 ) is 3
sin( x ) trigonometric sine of x sin( 0.0 ) is 0
(x in radians)
sqrt( x ) square root of x sqrt( 900.0 ) is 30.0
sqrt( 9.0 ) is 3.0
tan( x ) trigonometric tangent of x tan( 0.0 ) is 0
(x in radians)
Fig . 3.2 M a th lib ra ry func tio ns.

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 8

Functions

• Function prototype
– Tells compiler argument type and return type of function
– int square( int );
• Function takes an int and returns an int
– Explained in more detail later

• Calling/invoking a function
– square(x);
– Parentheses an operator used to call function
• Pass argument x
• Function gets its own copy of arguments
– After finished, passes back result

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 9

Functions

• Function Definition
– Format for function definition
return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )
{
declarations and statements
}

 Parameter list
– Comma separated list of arguments
• Data type needed for each argument
– If no arguments, use void or leave blank

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 10

Function Prototypes

• Function prototype contains

– Function name
– Parameters (data type of data needed by function, comma separated list of
arguments if it has more than 1 arguments)
– Return type (type of the result return to calling function)

• Prototype must match function definition

– Function prototype
double maximum( double, double, double );

– Definition
double maximum( double x, double y, double z )
{
…
return…
}

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 11

Function Definitions

• Example function
int square( int y )
{
return y * y;
}

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 12
1 // Fig. 3.3: fig03_03.cpp
2 // Creating and using a programmer-defined function.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
Function prototype: specifies
4
data types of argumentsfig03_03.cpp
and
5 using std::cout;
return values. square (1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7
expects and int, and returns
8 int square( int ); // function prototype an int.
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 // loop 10 times and calculate and output Parentheses () cause
13 // square of x each time
function to be called. When
14 for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ )
15 cout << square( x ) << " "; // function call
done, it returns the result.
16
17 cout << endl;
18
19 return 0; // indicates successful termination
20
21 } // end main
22

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 13
23 // square function definition returns square of an integer
24 int square( int y ) // y is a copy of argument to function
Outline
25 {
26 return y * y; // returns square of y as an int
fig03_03.cpp
27
28 } // end function square
(2 of 2)
Definition of square. y is a
copy of the argument passed. fig03_03.cpp
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Returns y * y, or y squared. output (1 of 1)

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 14
1 // Fig. 3.4: fig03_04.cpp
2 // Finding the maximum of three floating-point numbers.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig03_04.cpp
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::cin;
(1 of 2)
7 using std::endl;
8
9 double maximum( double, double, double ); // function prototype
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 double number1;
Function maximum takes 3
14 double number2;
arguments (all double) and
15 double number3;
16
returns a double.
17 cout << "Enter three floating-point numbers: ";
18 cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;
19
20 // number1, number2 and number3 are arguments to
21 // the maximum function call
22 cout << "Maximum is: "
23 << maximum( number1, number2, number3 ) << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination

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 15
26
27 } // end main
Outline
28 Comma separated list for
29 // function maximum definition; multiple parameters.
fig03_04.cpp
30 // x, y and z are parameters
31 double maximum( double x, double y, double z )
(2 of 2)
32 {
33 double max = x; // assume x is largest fig03_04.cpp
34 output (1 of 1)
35 if ( y > max ) // if y is larger,
36 max = y; // assign y to max
37
38 if ( z > max ) // if z is larger,
39 max = z; // assign z to max
40
41 return max; // max is largest value
42
43 } // end function maximum

Enter three floating-point numbers: 99.32 37.3 27.1928

Maximum is: 99.32

Enter three floating-point numbers: 1.1 3.333 2.22

Maximum is: 3.333

Enter three floating-point numbers: 27.9 14.31 88.99

Maximum is: 88.99

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 16

Exa mple

• Menghitung volume tabung, kerucut, kubus, limas

segiempat
– User input
• jari-jari dan tinggi
• Sisi dan tinggi
– Function:
• Luas alas lingkaran
• Luas alas persegi

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 18

Function Prototypes

• Function prototype contains

– Function name
– Parameters (data type of data needed by function, void or leave it
blank if no data given to the function)
– Return type (void if returns nothing)

• Prototype must match function definition

– Function prototype
void minimum(void);
void minimum( );

– Definition
void maximum( void )
{
…
}

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 19

Function Definitions

• Example function
void square( int y )
{
cout<< y * y;
}

• Example function
void square(void)
{
int y;
cout<<“Input nilai y!”;
cin>>y;
cout<< y * y;
}

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 20

Stora ge Cla sses

• Variables have attributes

– Have seen name, type, size, value
– Storage class
• How long variable exists in memory
– Scope
• Where variable can be referenced in program
– Linkage
• For multiple-file program (see Ch. 6), which files can use it

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 21

Stora ge Cla sses

• Static storage class

– Variables exist for entire program
• For functions, name exists for entire program
– May not be accessible, scope rules still apply (more later)
• static keyword
– Local variables in function
– Keeps value between function calls
– Only known in own function
• extern keyword
– Default for global variables/functions
• Globals: defined outside of a function block
– Known in any function that comes after it

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 22

Scope Rules

• Scope
– Portion of program where identifier can be used

• File scope
– Defined outside a function  known in all functions

• Function scope
– Can only be referenced inside defining function

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 23

Scope Rules

• Block scope
– Begins at declaration, ends at right brace }
• Can only be referenced in this range
– Local variables, function parameters
– static variables still have block scope
• Storage class separate from scope

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 24
1 // Fig. 3.12: fig03_12.cpp
2 // A scoping example. Declared outside of function;
Outline
3 #include <iostream> global variable with file
4 scope. fig03_12.cpp
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
(1 of 5)
7
8 void useLocal( void ); // function prototype
9 void useStaticLocal( void ); // function prototype
10 void useGlobal( void ); // function prototype
11
12 int x = 1; // global variable
Local variable with function
13
14 int main()
scope.
15 {
16 int x = 5; // local variable to main
17
18 cout << "local x in main's outer scope is " << x << endl;
19
Create a new block, giving x
20 { // start new scope
21
block scope. When the block
22 int x = 7;
ends, this x is destroyed.
23
24 cout << "local x in main's inner scope is " << x << endl;
25
26 } // end new scope

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 25
27
28 cout << "local x in main's outer scope is " << x << endl;
Outline
29
30 useLocal(); // useLocal has local x
fig03_12.cpp
31 useStaticLocal(); // useStaticLocal has static local x
32 useGlobal(); // useGlobal uses global x
(2 of 5)
33 useLocal(); // useLocal reinitializes its local x
34 useStaticLocal(); // static local x retains its prior value
35 useGlobal(); // global x also retains its value
36
37 cout << "\nlocal x in main is " << x << endl;
38
39 return 0; // indicates successful termination
40
41 } // end main
42

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 26
43 // useLocal reinitializes local variable x during each call
44 void useLocal( void )
Outline
45 {
46 int x = 25; // initialized each time useLocal is called
fig03_12.cpp
47
48 cout << endl << "local x is " << x
(3 of 5)
49 << " on entering useLocal" << endl;
50 ++x;
51 cout << "local x is " << x Automatic variable (local
52 << " on exiting useLocal" << endl; variable of function). This is
53 destroyed when the function
54 } // end function useLocal exits, and reinitialized when
55 the function begins.

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 27
56 // useStaticLocal initializes static local variable x only the
57 // first time the function is called; value of x is saved
Outline
58 // between calls to this function
59 void useStaticLocal( void )
fig03_12.cpp
60 {
61 // initialized only first time useStaticLocal is called
(4 of 5)
62 static int x = 50;
63
64 cout << endl << "local static x is " << x
65 << " on entering useStaticLocal" << endl;
66 ++x;
67 cout << "local static x is " << x
68 << " on exiting useStaticLocal" << endl;
69
70 } // end function useStaticLocal
Static local variable of
71
function; it is initialized only
once, and retains its value
between function calls.

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 28
72 // useGlobal modifies global variable x during each call
73 void useGlobal( void )
Outline
74 {
75 cout << endl << "global x is " << x This function does not declarefig03_12.cpp
76 << " on entering useGlobal" << endl; any variables. It uses the
77 x *= 10;
(5 of 5)
global x declared in the
78 cout << "global x is " << x
beginning of the program. fig03_12.cpp
79 << " on exiting useGlobal" << endl;
80 output (1 of 2)
81 } // end function useGlobal

local x in main's outer scope is 5

local x in main's inner scope is 7
local x in main's outer scope is 5

local x is 25 on entering useLocal

local x is 26 on exiting useLocal

local static x is 50 on entering useStaticLocal

local static x is 51 on exiting useStaticLocal

global x is 1 on entering useGlobal

global x is 10 on exiting useGlobal

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 29
local x is 25 on entering useLocal
Outline
local x is 26 on exiting useLocal

fig03_12.cpp
local static x is 51 on entering useStaticLocal
local static x is 52 on exiting useStaticLocal
output (2 of 2)

global x is 10 on entering useGlobal

global x is 100 on exiting useGlobal

local x in main is 5

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