INTRO TO GLOBALIZATION rationally interact with places and

OBJECTIVES: people (Gopinath 2008).

 Freidman (Columnist):
At the end of the lesson, the students will
Globalization is the inexorable
be able to:
integration of markets, nation-
1. Give their own definition of
states, and technologies to a degree
Globalization.
never witnessed before. It is an
2. Trace the Origin, History, and Causes of
international system (2008).
Globalization.
 Giddens (Sociologist):
3. Explain the Dimensions of
Globalization is the intensification
Globalization.
of worldwide social relations that
link distant localities in such a way
Globalization: A Highly Contested that local happenings are shaped
Concept by events occurring miles away
and vice versa (2008).
 Scholars are not in agreement as to  McNamee (Capitalist): It is an
who exactly coined the term and environment in which we live. We
when it first appeared (Theodore got one world. Get used to it.
Levitt economist Harvard Business Make the most of it. Debating
School in an article “Globalization globalization? It is like asking a
of Markets”). fish to debate the merits of living
 Scholars are not in agreement on in the sea (2008).
how the term can be defined.  Robertson (Sociologist):
 Scholars are not in agreement on Globalization is a process by
the cause of globalization. which we come to experience or
 Scholars are not in agreement on become aware of the world as a
the history and chronology of single place (2008).
globalization.  Stiglitz (Economist): Globalization
 Scholars are not in agreement on is the removal of barriers to free
the impact of globalization trade and the closer integration of
(globophilia and globophobia, national economies (2008).
homogeneity or heterogeneity).
 Scholars are not in agreement on
the trajectory of globalization Themes of Globalization
(moving forward, etc.).
Expansion and Intensification of Social
 Scholars are not in agreement on
Relations:
the concept itself (one dimension
or multiple dimensions, process,  International NGOs: (e.g., Red
condition, age, system, or force). Cross/Red Crescent, Doctors
Without Borders, World Vision,
Tzu Chi Foundation).
 Multinational Corporations
Definitions of Globalization
(MNCs): e.g., Call Centers (JP
 Dickens (Geographer): Morgan Chase, Accenture, etc.).
Globalization is the umbrella term  Intergovernmental Organizations:
for the complex set of (ASEAN, APEC, EU, UN, WTO,
transformative processes and IMF, NATO, African Union (AU),
outcomes that dialectically and etc.).
  Social Exchange Acceleration: cassettes to Walkman to DVD to
Internet (Social media e.g., downloads.
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
Skype, Viber, WhatsApp, Gmail,
Theories on Globalization (Mansbach,
etc.), Live television and cable TV
2013):
(CNN, BBC, Fox News, Aljazeera,
ABS-CBN, GMA, etc.), Mobile 1. Skeptics: See globalization as mere
phones and satellite phones, Cheap economic interdependence; it is neither
travel (Budget airlines: StarMark, unprecedented nor revolutionary. In fact, it
NokAir, Tiger Airways, Cebu is reversible.
Pacific, etc.). 2. Hyper-globalizers: Perceive
globalization as basically economic
Globalization as Social Processes: interdependence but revolutionary with
new actors like non-state actors.
 Globalization is a series of social
3. Transformationalists: See globalization
processes that are multiple,
as unprecedented and multidimensional; it
ongoing, interdependent processes
causes profound change in politics,
that overcome traditional political,
economics, culture, security, migration,
economic, cultural, and
human rights, and environment.
geographical boundaries (Steger).
 Deterritorialization: Territory or
geography becomes less of a History of Globalization:
constraint on social interaction.
 Interconnectedness: Between the - Globalization is a new phenomenon, but
global and the local. the contact of diverse individuals is not
new (Steger, 2013).
- It began when prehistoric tribes settled
Metaphors of Globalization (George and were able to outmuscle wandering
Ritzer, 2011): tribes (trade due to food surplus -
McGregor).
1. From Solids to Liquids: People, things,
- Ancient or Premodern Period: Saw
information, and places “harden” over time
technological advances that allowed trade
with limited mobility to “liquids” -
and communication to flourish (Silk Road,
Increase of ease of the movement of
Phoenicians, growing shipbuilding and
people, things, information, and places in
navigation, rise of the Roman Empire).
the global age.
- Age of Exploration and Colonization.
2. Flows: Movement of people, things,
- Modern Period: Saw the Industrial
information, and places due to the
Revolution provide massive advances
increasing porosity of global barriers
(electricity, combustion engine, telegraph).
(melting of barriers) - Sushi globalization,
- Advancement of Technology: (Internet,
Chinatowns, Disneyland, China products
satellite, mobile phones, etc.).
around the world, internet blogs, online
shopping, GCash, e-commerce, wire to
wireless, spread of democracy, and the end Ritzer's Explanation of Globalization's
of communism. Origin and History (2011):
3. Heavy and Light: e.g., Encyclopedia to
Kindle, PC to laptop to tablet, mobile 1. Hardwired: It is in the instincts of men
phones, watches, steel alloy, titanium, to develop and flourish, which is why they
carbon fiber. Work becomes light due to have to move. (Missionary work,
machines and computers, vinyl records to commerce, trade, adventure, and conquest).
2. Cycles: There were global ages in the but it has thus far rarely helped countries
past, and what appears now is a new develop (global loans).
globalization. This is related to the rise and 5. Liberalization and global market
fall of civilizations. integration.
3. Waves or Epochs: (Fourth to seventh 6. Irreversible and inevitable.
century - the spread of Christianity and 7. Nobody is in charge.
Islam, late fifteenth century - European 8. It benefits everyone in the long run.
colonial conquest, late eighteenth and early
nineteenth century - European wars,
Political Dimension of Globalization
European imperialism of the mid-
(Steger, 2013):
nineteenth century, Post World War Two,
post-Cold War). - The political dimension of globalization
4. Events: Rise of the Roman Empire, looks at political arrangements beyond the
spread of Christianity and Islam, travels of nation-state.
the Vikings, trade in the Middle Ages, - The modern nation-state came into being
Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe, Marco after the Protestant Reformation (Treaty of
Polo to China, the discovery of America, Westphalia) characterized by centralized
European colonialism, and the two world government and self-determination.
wars. - The rise of organizations such as the
United Nations has threatened the nation-
state according to globalization skeptics.
Causes and Origins of Globalization
However, national governments still hold
(McGregor, 2011):
significant powers.
1. Profit - There has been a rise in the number of
2. Competition supra-territorial institutions operating from
3. Economies of Scale the local level all the way to the global
4. Developments in Technology level.
5. Geography - Globalization further spreads democracy.
6. Media and Cultural Changes
Cultural Dimension of Globalization
(Steger, 2013):
Economic Dimension of Globalization
(Steger, 2013): - Explores the intensification and
expansion of cultural flows across the
1. The global economic order emerged
globe.
after World War II when the Bretton
- Critics of cultural globalization claim that
Woods Conference laid the foundations for
the world is being homogenized or
the IMF, World Bank, GATT, and WTO
‘Americanized’.
(free trade).
- Advocates say that globalization
2. In the 1980s, neoliberalism liberalized
reinvigorates niche cultures instead of
financial transactions.
eliminating them.
3. Transnational corporations rival nation-
- The existence of the global imaginary is
states in economic power and have had a
linked to the rise of global media networks.
profound effect on the structure and
- These networks are owned by a small
function of the global economy (LEDS and
group of transnational corporations, which
MEDS).
can affect journalistic integrity.
4. The Washington Consensus was drafted
- Several different hypotheses exist about
to reform indebted developing countries,
the effects of language globalization. Some
say that it leads to protection of native
tongues. On the other hand, some foresee Steger’s Market Globalism:
the rise of a ‘Globish’ language.
- Market globalism is the dominant
ideology of our time.
Ecological Dimension of Globalization - It spreads through the institutions of
(Steger, 2013): global capitalism, global mass media, and
influential academics and commentators.
- Deals with the effects of global alliances
- It is a political project aimed at making
on ecological issues.
the interests of transnational capital
- There is an inexorable link between all
synonymous with the interests of everyone.
humanity and the planet Earth.
- Market globalism rests on the ideological
- The Industrial Revolution has caused
support of elites who believe that the
many ecological problems, including
global marketplace will foster peace,
resource and food shortages,
freedom, prosperity, and democracy.
overpopulation, reduced biodiversity,
pollution, and climate change. All these
problems are global — the result of Alternative Globalization Movements:
aggregated human action — and require a Justice Globalism (Steger, 2013):
coordinated response.
- Advocates for the global spread of
- However, there are still debates about the
environmental and social justice
seriousness of ecological issues, and whilst
movements.
progress has been made, few multilateral
- Critiques market globalism’s reduction of
measures have been implemented.
globalization to economic concerns.
- This phase of globalization has been
- Justice globalism is about creating a new,
severely damaging to the environment, and
more equitable global order.
action is needed now.
- It is concerned with protecting human
rights and promoting environmental
Ideological Dimension of Globalization:
sustainability.
Market Globalism (Steger, 2013):
- Justice globalism sees global cooperation
- Market globalism advocates for the as key to solving problems created by
spread of globalization through the market globalism.
economic marketplace.
- It portrays globalization as natural and
The Future of Globalization (Steger,
inexorable, with benefits for everyone.
2013):
- Market globalism rests on several key
- The future of globalization is contested.
assumptions:
- Some scholars believe that globalization
- Liberalization and global integration of
will continue unabated and become more
markets.
intense.
- Globalization is inevitable and
- Others argue that we are entering a period
irreversible.
of de-globalization or slower globalization.
- Nobody is in charge of globalization.
- The future of globalization may be
- Globalization benefits everyone in the
influenced by the rise of populism and
long run.
protectionism.
- Globalization furthers the spread of
- Climate change, resource shortages, and
democracy.
global pandemics could also shape the
future trajectory of globalization.
- The outcomes of globalization will
depend on human choices and actions.