10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Light: Mirrors & Lenses
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Light: Mirrors & Lenses
First Edition, 2020

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 10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Light: Mirrors & Lenses
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science-Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Light: Mirrors and Lenses!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Light:

Mirrors and Lenses!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in
What I Need to Know the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s In

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
What’s New story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What is It and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

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 This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
What I Have Learned process what you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
What I Can Do skill into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
Assessment competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
Additional Activities the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the topic on Optics particularly mirrors and lenses. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Mirrors: Plane & Spherical
● Lesson 2 – Lenses

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the property of reflection and property of refraction as it hits the
material;
2. Explain how an image is formed;
3. Apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and
positions of images formed by mirrors and lenses; and
4. Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification)
of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses (MELCs).

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 What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A girl wants to see an enlarged image of her face. What can serve her
purpose well?
A. a plane mirror C. a convex mirror
B. a concave mirror D. a magnifying lens

2. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a plane mirror?
A. virtual, inverted and enlarged
B. real, inverted and reduced
C. virtual, upright and the same size as object
D. real, upright and the same size as object

3. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is located somewhere between the focal point (F) and the
center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

4. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is at a distance further than the center of curvature (C) of
the mirror?
A. virtual, erect and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

5. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a convex mirror
when the object distance from the mirror is less than the absolute value of
the focal length (f)?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

6. A light ray in air enters and passes through a block of glass. What can be
stated with regard to its speed after it emerges from the block?
A. speed is less than when in glass
B. speed is less than before it entered glass
C. speed is same as that in glass
D. speed is same as that before it entered glass

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7. What image does the convex lens form?
A. real image C. both real and virtual
B. virtual image D. neither real nor virtual

8. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the image formed
by the concave lens?
A. bigger than the object C. real
B. inverted D. smaller than the object

9. What is the size of the image if the object is located between F’ and 2F’ in a
convex lens?
A. enlarged C. reduced
B. no image D. the same

10.What type of image is formed if the location of the object is at F’ in a concave

lens?
A. no image C. virtual
B. real D. nothing of the choices

11.Where is the location of the object if the image is projected at the focus in
convex lens?
A. at Center of curvature C. between F and C
B. at Focus D. at infinity

12.What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and
smaller image of the shoppers/buyers?
A. plane mirror C. concave mirror
B. convex mirror D. converging mirror

13.What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

A. concave lens C. converging lens
B. convex lens D. can’t be determined

14.As indicated by the hands of the clock without numbers, the real time is
9:30. What is the time indicated in its image if the clock is placed in front of
a plane mirror.
A. 2:30 C. 9:30
B. 3:30 D. 10:30

15.What would be the number of images formed of an object in two mirrors

placed at right angles to each other?
A. two C. four
B. three D. six

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 Lesson
Mirrors: Plane & Spherical
1
Mirrors are smooth reflecting surfaces, usually made up of polished metal or
glass that has been coated with some metallic substances. Mirrors can be flat or
curved. A mirror with a flat surface is called a plane mirror while a mirror with a
curved surface is called a spherical mirror. Images are formed when light strikes on
these types of mirrors. Since mirrors differ in surface either flat or curved it will
result also in varying image formation. Thus, in this lesson ray diagramming
technique shall be used to predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type,
and magnification) of images formed by these mirrors.

What’s In

Before we proceed further, it is important to look back on your past lessons

that are in some way related to this topic on the mirrors specifically plane and
types of spherical mirrors. These lessons could be taken from your lower science
classes that find connection to this present topic.

So, are you ready? Let’s begin!

Notes to the Teacher

The picture analysis printed on this page of the module will not be
accomplished by the learner. Hence, a separate copy may be
provided to him/her.

8
 Activity 1: Picture Analysis with a Twist
Direction: Complete the missing letter inside the box by analyzing the given
picture above on it. Use the complete word to fill in the blank in the statements
below.

_r__w t _ _ ns ele _ tr _ _n__g_ _ pe _ _

l_ c__t mag _ _ _

il _ umi _ _te o _ aq _ _ st _ _ igh tr _ _ s

_ um _ n _ te
p _ rent
_

Statements:
1. Light transfers ________.
2. Light has a constant ________ of about 3.0
3. ________ is a type of source that produces its own light.
4. ________ is a type of source that cannot produce its own light.
5. ________ material blocks and absorbs light.
6. ________ material permits the passage of light and gives a clear image.
7. ________ material allow only some amount of light.
8. Light travels in a ________ path.
9. Light ray is represented by an ________.
10. Light is a form of ________ wave.

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 What’s New

Activity 2: Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall…

Objective:
1. Compare the distance, height, and the lateral view of the object to the
image formed by the plane mirror.

Materials:
● A piece of stick approximately 1 meter.

Procedure:
1. Find a partner approximately the same as your height. You will act as an object
and your partner will act as an image.
2. Put the stick on the floor. It will serve as the reference line (position of the
imaginary mirror) from both object and image.

REFERENCE
LINE

OBJECT IMAGE
Figure 1. Plane Mirror Activity

3. With your partner, stand each other face to face from the reference line or the
stick on the floor and move two steps backward.
4. In your position, the object will do the following actions:
Note: Whatever the object’s action, the image should also do the same action.
⮚ Raise your right hand
⮚ Raise your left hand
⮚ Move one step forward
⮚ Move one step backward
Guide Questions:
1. What have you observed when the object raises his/her right or left hand?
How about when the object moves forward or backward?

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 2. How will you compare the distance of the object to the distance of the image?
3. How will you compare the height of the object to the height of the image?

Activity 3: Mirror that Bulge In or Bulge Out

Objective:
1. Compare the size and orientation of the object to the image formed by the
curved mirrors.

Materials:
● Shiny Metallic Spoon
● Cap of a Ballpen

Procedure:
1. Use the inner side of the spoon that will serve as a bulge in mirror.
2. Face the cap of the ballpen (object) in front of it.
3. Move the object towards the spoon. Observe what happens to the image.
4. This time, move the object away from the spoon and notice also what happens to
the image.
5. Do the same procedure in 2 to 4 but this time use the outer part of the spoon to
serve as a bulge out mirror.

Bulge In Mirror Bulge Out Mirror

Figure 2. Types of Curved Mirrors

Guide Questions:
1. In bulge in mirror, how will you describe the size of the image as you move
the object towards the spoon? How about when you move the object away
from the spoon?
2. How does the size of the image differ from the bulge in mirror to the bulge
out mirror when you move the object towards and away from it?

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 3. How will you describe the orientation (erect or inverted) of the image when
you move the object towards and away from the bulge in mirror? How about
in bulge out mirror?

What is It

Light is an electromagnetic radiation that has the characteristics of waves

and particles. In this module, we will focus on the wavelike nature of light
particularly the properties of reflection and refraction. The last two activities focus
on the property of reflection. To learn more about the reflection of light, let’s
discuss the concepts applied in the two activities.

Reflection of Light
Reflection of light is the bouncing of light from a reflecting surface. A mirror
is a type of opaque material wherein it blocks the light. This material does not allow
the light to pass through that’s why light is reflected. Some of the energy that is
carried by the light is being absorbed by the material but some is reflected. An
example is when light coming from the sun reaches the earth and hits the ground
surface, the ground feels warm due to an increase of energy that is being absorbed
by it. The light ray is represented by an arrow. Figure 3 below shows how light
behaves when it hits an opaque material like a mirror.

Light ray that Light ray that

strikes the mirror bounce off from the
is called incident mirror is called
ray. reflected ray.

= It refers to the angle of

Imaginary line incidence. Angle from the
perpendicular to N to the incident ray.
the plane is called = It refers to the angle of
Normal line (N). reflection. Angle from the
N to the reflected ray.

Figure 3. Reflection of a Light Ray on a Plane Mirror

Figure 3 shows the two Laws of Reflection. The first law states that the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and the second law states that the
incident ray, the reflected ray, and the imaginary line lies on the same plane. Thus,
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the light that strikes the mirror with an angle of incidence of 45˚ is equivalent to
the light that bounced off from the mirror.
There two kinds of reflection, namely specular (regular) and diffuse
(irregular) reflection. The previous figure is an example of specular reflection since
the surface of the mirror is very smooth. The diffuse reflection is observed when
light hits a rough surface, resulting in the bouncing back of light waves in different
directions. Look at the figure below to compare the kinds of reflection.

4.a. Specular Reflection 4.b. Diffuse Reflection

Figure 4. Comparison of Specular Reflection and Diffuse Reflection

A. Plane Mirror
Plane mirrors are the mirrors that we see everywhere e.g. whole-body mirror
and cosmetic mirror. Let us relate this plane mirror to the activity that you had
performed in activity 2. You serve as an object facing to your partner which is the
image and for demonstration purposes, the stick is being placed in between you
and your partner. This stick will serve as the location of the whole-body mirror.
When you move one step towards the mirror with the stick as reference line, the
image (your partner) moves towards the mirror same as well when you move one
step backward, the image also moves one step backward. So, the distance of the
image from the mirror is the same as the distance of the object from the mirror.
On the other hand, when you raise your right hand, your partner raises
his/her left hand or vice versa. It shows that the image follows the left-right
reversal. So, the image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted. Notice also
the size of the image compared to the object. The size of the image is also similar to
the size of the object. The position of the image is the same as the object which is
upright or erect. Lastly, your partner which is an image is seen to be an imaginary
in the real scenario. It appears to be formed behind the mirror. But, if you remove
the actual whole-body mirror in front of you, you will notice that there is no figure
as like you. Thus, the image formed by a plane mirror is virtual. To better
understand in predicting the image formation in a plane mirror let us use the ray
diagramming method.
Here are as follows.
Step 1: Draw the image of the object on the other side of the mirror

Initially, Use the principle

there is an that the object
object in distance is equal to
front of the image distance.
the mirror In this example
distance A is equal
to distance B.
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Step 2: Draw light rays from the image to the eye.

The image is virtual. Broken lines from the image to

mirror indicate virtual rays. Virtual image: Light rays
do not actually meet at the image position. Because of
that, a virtual image cannot be projected on a screen.
Normal line
Normal line
Continuous lines from the mirror to eye indicate the
reflected rays.

Step 3: Join the light rays from the mirror to the object.

Lines joining the object to the positions of the reflected

rays on the mirror represent the incident rays. As you
can see, it applies the Law of Reflection.
Normal line
Normal line
The image formation in a plane mirror: (a) the type of
image is virtual, (b)the orientation of the image is erect
or upright, (c) the distance and size of the image is
equal to the distance and size of the object, and (d) the
image is laterally inverted.

B. Spherical Mirrors
A spherical mirror is a form of a slice of a spherical surface. These mirrors
are called spherical because if you take a sphere and cut it then polish the inside of
one you will get a concave mirror or bulge in, and if you polish the outside of the
other you will get a convex mirror or bulge out (see Figure 5).

Reflective Reflective
Center of
Surface of Surface of
Curvature
a Concave a Convex
Mirror or Mirror or
Bulge In Bulge Out

Figure 5. Sphere cut into segment

A concave mirror is a mirror that is curved inward like the hollow inside of a
sphere. When parallel light rays (at infinity) hits the surface of a concave mirror it
will reflect and converges forming a point of intersection in front of the mirror. The
14
point of intersection is called focus. Focus is the point wherein image is being
formed. Since the focus is located in front of the concave mirror, the focus is real.
On the other hand, when parallel light rays (at infinity) hits the surface of a convex
mirror it will reflect and diverges the reflected rays. If you extend the reflected light
rays using broken lines at the back of the convex mirror, you will notice an
intersecting of reflected rays forming a focus located at the back of the mirror. This
focus is called as virtual focus. To compare the formation of focus between
concave mirror and convex mirror (see Figure 6).

Based on the activity 3, when you move the object towards the inner surface
of the spoon or concave mirror the image size becomes enlarged and the image
orientation can be inverted or erect/upright. The type of image formed by curved
mirrors depend on the location of the object in relation to the focal point. Can we
Real Virtual
predict the image formation Focus
in terms of Location,
Focus
Orientation, Size, and Type
(LOST) depending of the location of the object in front of a concave or a convex
mirror? The answer is yes, by using the ray diagram method. There are four steps
in making a ray diagram in curved mirrors. But before we proceed, let us
familiarize first the features of a concave and a convex mirror.
A. Concave Mirror B. Convex Mirror
R - Radius ofFigure
Curvature6. Formation of Focus of the Concave and ConvexRCMirror
- Radius of Curvature
C - Center of Curvature - Center of Curvature

f - Focal Length f - Focal Length

R R
F - Focus F - Focus

f
V - Vertex V - Vertex
Principal Principal f
C F V F C Axis Axis C F V F C

Virtual Side Real Side Virtual Side Real Side

A. Concave Mirror B. Convex Mirror

Figure 7. Features of a Concave and a Convex Mirror

a. Radius of Curvature (R) – the distance from the center of curvature to the
vertex of the mirror; it corresponds to the radius of the circle
b. Center of Curvature (C) – center of the circle of which the mirror represents
a small arc
c. Focal Length (f ) – the distance from the focus to the vertex of the mirror

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 d. Focus (F) – the point where parallel light rays intersect; it is one-half the
radius
e. Vertex (V) – the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis

These are the four principal rays that can be use in ray diagram.

Table 1. The four Principal Rays on Concave and Convex Mirror

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

O
O

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis 1. A ray parallel to the principal axis will
will reflect so that it passes through reflect as if passing through the virtual
the real focus. focus. (Note: Extend the reflected ray)

O O

2. A ray through the real focus will 2. A ray through the virtual focus will
reflect parallel to the principal axis. reflect parallel to the principal axis.
(Note: Extend the reflected ray)

O O

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3. A ray that passes through the center 3. A ray that passes through the center of
of curvature will reflect back curvature will reflect back through the
through the center of curvature. center of curvature. (Virtual Side)
(Real Side)

O O

4. A ray light directed to the vertex 4. A ray light directed to the vertex reflects
reflects at equal angle from the at equal angle from the principal axis.
principal axis. (Note: Extend the reflected ray)

If you are going to combine those four principal rays, you will notice that the
four reflected rays are intersect with each other. This point of intersection is the
position of the image formation. Since the example started the ray from the tip of
the object, the intersection of the reflected rays is also the tip of the object. Thus,
you can determine completely the location, the orientation, the size, and the type of
the image (see Figure 8).

O O

I
L– I L–
Betwe Betwe
en F en F
and C and V
O– O – Erect
Figure 8. Image Formation of a Concave and a Convex Mirror using Ray Diagram
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 What’s More

Activity 4: Who Can See Who?

Objective:
1. Identify which student(s) can see in the mirror using the principle of
Reflection and ray diagram technique.

Materials:
● Activity Sheet ● Color pen
● Protractor and Ruler
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Procedure:

1. There are positions of five students (Robert, Ryan, Walter, PJ and Yuri)
and a plane mirror. Using the protractor, ruler, and color pens apply the
ray diagram and the principle of reflection to answer the guide questions
below the diagram.

Robert
Yuri
PJ

Walter

Ryan

Figure 9. Positions of Five Students in a Plane Mirror

Guide Questions:
1. Who can Robert see?
2. Who can Walter see?
3. Who can PJ see?
4. Who can Ryan see?
5. Who can Yuri see?

Activity 5: Are you L-O-S-T after Reflection?

Objective:
1. Complete the ray diagram to determine the location, orientation, size,
and type of image formed by curved mirror based on the location of the
object.

Materials:
● Activity Sheet
● Protractor and Ruler
Color pen
Procedure:

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1. Use the four principal rays by using four different colors of pen with the help of
ruler and protractor to locate the image formed in a curved mirror. After
completing the ray diagram, use a table in Table 2 to summarize the
characteristics and location of the images formed.

A. B.

C. D.

E. F.

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Table 2. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors
Image

Size
Location of Object Orientation Type
(same,
Location (upright or (real or
reduced or
inverted) virtual)
enlarged)

CONCAVE
A. At the Center of
Curvature

B. Between the Center of

Curvature and the Focal
point

C. At the Focal point

D. Between the Focal point

and the Vertex

CONVEX
E. Between the Center of
Curvature and the Focal
point

F. Between the Focal point

and the Vertex

Lesson Lenses

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 2
Lens is a piece of glass or other transparent material which has a curved
structure. In addition, it can be a converging lens or a diverging lens. In this lesson
we will learn how image is form in lenses and predict the image formation through
the use of ray diagramming technique.

What’s In

Before we proceed further, it is important to look back on your past lessons

that are in some way related to this topic on the refraction and the application of
refraction through the lens. These lessons could be taken from your lower science
classes that find connection to this present topic.

So, are you ready? Let’s begin!

Notes to the Teacher

The picture analysis printed on this page of the module will not be
accomplished by the learner. Hence, a separate copy may be
provided to him/her.

22
 What’s New

Activity 7: Right Opposite Left

Objective:
1. Investigate how image is formed by refraction.

Materials:
● Short coupon bond
● Marker
● Glass of water

Procedure:
1. Get a sheet of paper, and draw two arrows on it. One arrow near the top and one
arrow near the bottom. Make the arrows point in the same direction.

Figure 10. Sheet of Pape with Arrow in the Near Top and Near Bottom

2. Fill a glass with water.

3. Slowly lower the piece of paper behind the glass of water.
4. Look through the glass of water and watch what happens.

Guide Questions:
1. How many medium/s is/are there in the experiment?
2. What happens to the near bottom arrow when you lower the piece of paper
behind the glass of water?
3. How will you explain the change of direction of the near bottom arrow
behind the glass of water?

23
 Activity 8: Zoom In-Out

Objective:
1. Compare the size and orientation of the object to the image formed by the
lenses.

Material:
● Pictures of the lenses

Procedure:
1. Analyze the given pictures and answer the questions below.

Lens A (Front View) Lens B (Front View)

Edge

Middle

Edge

Lens A Lens B
(Cross-sectional View) (Cross-sectional View)
Figure 11. Comparison of Lens A and B in Structural Form and the Image
Formation if the object is Placed Between Focal Point and Lens.

Guide Questions:
1. Compare the cross-sectional view of the lens A from lens B.
2. How do you compare the image formation of the two lenses?
3. What do you think happens to the light rays as it forms an image when it
passes through the type of lens?

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 What is It

You learn in the previous lesson that light can be reflected especially when
the material is opaque. When light, luminated source or illuminated source, strikes
an opaque object like mirror will bounce off reaches and formed an image on the
retina of your eye. In addition, the characteristics and location of the image varies
depending on the type of mirror whether it is a plane, concave, and convex mirror.
In this lesson, we will focus on the other property of light which is refraction and its
application to the lens. To learn more about the refraction of light, let’s discuss the
concepts applied in the activity 7.

Refraction of Light
Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to
another. A medium can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. There are actually three
mediums involved in the activity 7, these are glass (a solid), water (a liquid), and air
(a gas) before light reaches your eyes. During the experiment, the light traveled
from the image through the air, then through the glass cup into the water, and
finally out of the glass cup and into the air once more before it reached our eyes.
This means that the light bends once when it traveled through the glass cup into
the water, and then it bends again when it traveled out of the glass cup and into
the air. As a result, the light paths cross and the image appears to be flipped
horizontally (see Figure 12).

Figure 12. Top View on How Light Bends from Air to Glass to Water and
Traveled Out of the Water, to Glass, and into the Air.

Bending of light occurs due to the differences of index of refraction of a

medium. As it refracts, the velocity of the light is altered, its wavelength increases
or decreases, but its frequency remains constant. Moreover, light is refracted in the
boundary at an angle.

Types of Lens

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 A lens is a shaped transparent material that refracts light to create an
image. There are two main types of lenses, the converging lens and diverging lens.
A converging lens is a lens that is thicker at the middle than the edges. This is also
known as convex lens. Diverging lens or a concave lens is a lens that is thinner at
the middle than the edges. When parallel light rays will pass through the
converging lens or convex lens, it will bend or refract at the center of the lens and
converge at the other side forming a real focus. On the other hand, when parallel
light rays will pass through the diverging lens or concave lens, it will refract at the
center of the lens and the refracted rays are diverge. Notice that there is no
intersecting of the refracted rays on the opposite side of the light source, but if you
extend the refracted rays to the location of the light source you will notice that it
will form focus and this focus is virtual (see Figure 13).

A. Converging Lens B. Diverging Lens

Figure 13. Formation of Focus of the Converging and the Diverging Lens

In activity 8, lens A is a type of Converging lens or Convex lens while lens B

is a type of Diverging lens or Concave lens. As you have notice, Converging lens
forms an inverted orientation and gives a bigger or enlarged image. On the other
type of lens, diverging lens, gives an upright and smaller or reduced image
formation. What do you think will happen if you move the object away and towards
to the both types of lens? Is there a change of the image characteristics and
location? Can you predict the image characteristics and location just like in
mirrors? How? The answer is yes, you can predict the image formation by using the
ray diagram just like in mirrors. So, are you ready to use the rays to predict the
image formation? Let’s begin by knowing the anatomical structure of the lens.

Light Source Vertical Axis

Area f
Center of the Lens

Principal Axis
2F F F 2F

Virtual Side Real Side

A. Converging Lens

Light Source Vertical Axis

Area f
Center of the Lens

Principal Axis
2F F F 2F

Virtual Side Real Side

B. Diverging Lens
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 Figure 14. Anatomy of the Converging and the Diverging Lens
There are the three rays that can be use in ray diagram for lenses.

Table 3. The Three Rays on Converging and Diverging Lens

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror) Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

O O

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis 1. A ray parallel to the principal axis will
will refract passing through the real refract as if passing through the virtual
focus. focus. (Note: Extend the refracted ray)

O O

2. A ray through the virtual focus will 2. A ray through the real focus will refract
refract parallel to the principal axis. parallel to the principal axis. (Note:
Extend the refracted ray)

O
O

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3. A ray that passes through the center 3. A ray that passes through the center of
of the lens continue to travel in the the lens continue to travel in the same
same direction. direction.

L–
O Between O
L– F and I

Betwee Center
n F and I of the
2F Lens
O–

4. Combine all the rays. 4. Combine all the rays.

What’s More

Activity 9: Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction?

Objective:
1. Complete the ray diagram to determine the location, orientation, size,
and type of image formed by lenses based on the location of the object.

Materials:
● Activity Sheet
● Protractor and Ruler
● Color pen

Procedure:
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1. Use the three rays by using three different colors of pen with the help of ruler
and protractor to locate the image formed by lenses. After completing the ray
diagram, use a table in Table 4 to summarize the characteristics and location of
the images formed.

A. B.

C. D.

E. F.

Table 4. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses

Image
Location of Object
Location Orientation Size Type
(upright or (same, (real or
29
 reduced or
inverted) virtual)
enlarged)

CONVERGING LENS
A. At 2F’

B. Between 2F’ AND F’

C. At the Focal point, F’

D. Between the Focal point

and the Center of the
Lens

DIVERGING LENS
E. Between the 2F’ and the
Focal point, F’

F. Between the Focal point

and the Center of the
Lens

What I Have Learned

1. Reflection of light is the bouncing of the light from a reflecting surface

like mirror.
2. Reflection can be classified into specular or regular reflection and diffuse or
irregular reflection.
3. Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to
another. The greater the refractive index the greater it bends towards
the normal line.

30
4. There are two laws of reflection these are; 1) the angle of incidence is equal
to the angle of reflection, 2) the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
normal line lies on the same plane.
5. Images produced through reflection and refraction may be real or virtual. A
real image is formed where reflected rays actually meet at a point while
virtual image appears where the light rays seem to meet at a point but do
not actually do so. A real image can be projected on a screen but a virtual
image cannot.
6. Plane mirrors produce images that are erect, virtual, equal in size as the
object, and laterally inverted.
7. A spherical mirror is one in the form of a slice of a spherical surface. It can
be classified as concave or convex mirror.
8. To be able to describe the location, orientation, size, and type of image
formed either a concave or convex mirror or lens, a technique known as ray
diagramming is used.
9. Concave mirrors produce a varied image characteristics and location
depending on the location of the object. Example, when the object is located
between F and C, the image is located beyond C, the orientation is inverted,
the size is enlarged, and the type is real.
10. Convex mirrors produce only an erect orientation, reduced in size, and
virtual image.
11. Converging lens or convex lens produce a varied image characteristics and
location. Sometimes the image is real or virtual in terms of type, sometimes
it is reduced, enlarged and the same as the object size, sometimes it is erect
or inverted depending on the location of the object in front of the convex
lens.
12. Diverging lens or concave lens produce only an erect orientation, reduced in
size, and virtual image.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 10: Bounce Me on the Transparent

Objective:
1. Value the qualitative characteristics of images formed by plane and
curved mirrors, and lenses through its application in a real-world
scenario.

Materials:
● Activity Sheet
● Paper and Pen

Instruction:
Identify the pictures below if it is plane mirror, concave mirror, convex
mirror, converging lens, and diverging lens and describe its usage according to its
characteristics.
Example: 1. 2.

Plane Mirror ______________ ______________

Use to appear
in the proper
orientation and
order because
of the right-left
reversal
characteristic
of the mirror.

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3. 4. 5.

______________ ______________ ______________

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 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a plane mirror?
A. virtual, inverted and enlarged
B. real, inverted and reduced
C. virtual, upright and the same size as object
D. real, upright and the same size as object

2. What would be the number of images formed of an object in two mirrors

placed at right angles to each other?
A. two C. four
B. three D. six

3. A girl wants to see an enlarged image of her face. What can serve her
purpose well?
A. a plane mirror C. a convex mirror
B. a concave mirror D. a magnifying lens

4. As indicated by the hands of the clock without numbers, the real time is
9:30. What is the time indicated in its image if the clock is placed in front of
a plane mirror.
A. 2:30 C. 9:30
B. 3:30 D. 10:30

5. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is located somewhere between the focal point (F) and the
center of curvature (C) of the mirror?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

6. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a concave mirror
when the object is at a distance further than the center of curvature (C) of
the mirror?
A. virtual, erect and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

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7. Which of the following best describes the image formed by a convex mirror
when the object distance from the mirror is less than the absolute value of
the focal length (f)?
A. virtual, upright and enlarged C. virtual, upright and reduced
B. real, inverted and reduced D. real, inverted and enlarged

8. What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and
smaller image of the shoppers/buyers?
A. plane mirror C. concave mirror
B. convex mirror D. converging mirror

9. A light ray in air enters and passes through a block of glass. What can be
stated with regard to its speed after it emerges from the block?
A. speed is less than when in glass
B. speed is less than before it entered glass
C. speed is same as that in glass
D. speed is same as that before it entered glass

10.What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?

A. concave lens C. converging lens
B. convex lens D. can’t be determined

11.Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the image formed
by the concave lens?
A. bigger than the object C. real
B. inverted D. smaller than the object

12.What type of image is formed if the location of the object is at F’ in a concave

lens?
A. no image C. virtual
B. real D. nothing of the choices

13.What image does the convex lens form?

A. real image C. both real and virtual
B. virtual image D. neither real nor virtual

14.What is the size of the image if the object is located between F’ and 2F’ in a
convex lens?
A. enlarged C. reduced
B. no image D. the same

15.Where is the location of the object if the image is projected at the focus in
convex lens?
A. at Center of curvature C. between F and C
B. at Focus D. at infinity

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 Additional Activities

Part A: Symmetry
Instruction: Complete the following figures to decode the message using a plane
mirror.

ODE

Part B: Name that Image

Instructions: Blue arrows represent the image and red arrows represent the
object. Identify and encircle the image based on the location of the given object.
Describe the image using the LOST.

L-
O-
S-
T-

L-
O-
S-
T-

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 Answer Key

Assessment What's More What I Know

C A A
B B C
A C D
A D B
D A C
B A
C D
B D
A A
A A
D D
A B
D A
A A
D B

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References

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