Introduction

Welcome students. This module will introduce you to the contemporary world by
examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various discipline of
social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other
transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of
people and places around the globe.
This module will provide you the overview of the various debates in global
governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing you to the world outside
the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical
responsibility. This module includes mandatory topics on population education in the
context of population and demography.

Brief Description of the Module

Lesson 1 – focuses on the definition of Globalization and differentiating its’ competing

conceptions. It also identifies the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization. It
will explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs. It also explains the theory of
demographic transition as it affects global population. Provides analytic understanding of political,
economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people.

Lesson 2 – is defines economic globalization and identifies the actors that facilitate economic
globalization. It also defines the modern world system. It defines the term global south and
differentiate it from the third world. It provides analytic understanding how a new conception of
global relations emerged from the experience of Asian countries.

Lesson 3 – it teaches the roles of different international financial institution such as the
Bretton Wood System, GATT, WTO, World Bank and EU.

Lesson 4 – it explains the effects of globalization on governments and identifies the

institutions that govern international relation. It also explains the difference between internationalism
from globalism. It defines and explains the dimension and concept of global citizenship. It describes
the approaches of global citizenship education and its importance.

Objectives

This module presents a course study intended for GLACI students of Contemporary
World (Gen Ed. 3). It maintains a consistent link between theory and practice by providing
learning activities to illustrate and test theoretical ideas. As you go through the different
lessons, you will be able to analyze how the different interpretation of and approaches to
globalization and different issues confronting the nation-state. And be able to achieve the
competencies, skills and values in global citizenship and global ethical responsibility. At
the end of this module, you are expected to be able to:---

A. Competencies
a. Distinguished different interpretations of and approaches to globalization
b. Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social, and cultural systems
c. Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization
d. Understand the issues confronting the nation-state
e. Assess the effects of globalization on different social units and their responses.
B. Skills
a. Analyze contemporary news events in the context of globalization
b. Analyze global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines
C. Values
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 a. Articulate personal positions on various global issues
b. Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Objectives
1

LESSON 1
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION 3
A. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION 3
1. Natures of Globalization 3
2. Signs of Globalization 3
3. Globalization in the Philippines 4
4. Dimensions of Globalization 4
5. Qualities and Characteristics of Globalization 6
B. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION 6
C. DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES 7
D. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION 8
CHAPTER II – GOBALIZATION OF RELIGION 10
CHAPTER III – GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
12
A. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY 12
B. GLOBAL MIGRATION 13

LESSON 2
CHAPTER IV – THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 16
A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL TRADE 16
B. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, AND INEQUALITY 19
C. THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM 20
CHAPTER V – A WORLD OF REGIONS 21
A. THE GLOBAL CITY 21
B. THE THIRD WORLD AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH 21

LESSON 3
CHAPTER VI – MARKET INTEGRATION 23
1. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION 23
A. THE BRETTON WOOD SYSTEM 23
B. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT) 24
C. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 24
D. WORLD BANK 26
E. EUROPEAN UNION (EU) 27

LESSON 4
CHAPTER VII – THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM 31
1. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21 ST
CENTURY 31
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 2. INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 32
CHAPTER VIII – GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 35

References 38
LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION

CHAPTER I – Introduction to Globalization

So, what is globalization? It seems easy to answer but many educators have different
definitions. Which resulted in diverse, sometimes opposing opinions about the idea.

A. Defining Globalization
The viewpoint of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. This means
globalization means different things to many different people. In 1996, Arjun Appadural said,
“globalization is a “word of things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes points of origin and
termination, and varied relationship to institutional structures in different regions, nations or
society’” (as cited in Chowdhury, 2006, p.137).
According to sociologist Cesare Poppi: Globalization is the debate and the debate is
globalization. One became part and parcel of the other. As Poppi (1997) wrote: “The literature
stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last decade beyond any
individual’s capability of extracting a workable definition of the concept.
Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy
that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchanged. In specifically
economic context, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade
liberalization or “free trade”
It is a common belief that globalization plays a role just at international levels of trade
and commerce, but the fact is that it has played an important role in making our lives much
more comfortable too. The phones, apparels, gadgets or accessories that we used in our day-
to-day life are be available to us through globalization. Knowingly or unknowingly, we are all
under the impact of globalization, and more importantly it has helped in bring international
peace and justice to mankind.

NATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Liberation. It stands for the freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any industry or trade or
business venture within their own countries or abroad.
2. Free Trade. It stands for free flow of trade relations among all the nations. Each state grants MFN
(most favored nation) status to other states and keeps its business and trade away from excessive
and hard regulatory and protective regimes.
3. Globalization of Economic Activity. Economic activities are be governed both by the domestic
market and the world market. It stands for the process of integrating the domestic economy with
world economies.
4. Liberation of Import-Export System: It stands for liberating the import-export activity and
securing a free flow of goods and services across borders.
5. Privatization. Keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and distribution and
letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity across the border.
6. Increased Collaborations: encouraging the process of collaboration among the entrepreneurs
with a view to secure rapid modernization, development, and technological advancement.
7. Economic Reforms. Encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a view to give strength to free
world trade, free enterprise, and market forces.

Globalization accepts and advocates the value of free world trade, freedom of access to
world markets and a free flow of investments across borders. It stands for integration
and democratization of the world’s culture, economy, and infrastructure through global
investments.

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SIGNS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy.
2. Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct investment.
3. Greater trans-border data flow, using such technologies such as the internet,
communication satellites and telephone.
4. Greater international cultural exchange, for example through the export of Hollywood
and Bollywood movies.
5. Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization. Terrorists now have
attacked places all over the world.
6. Spreading of multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity, with on
the other hand, some reduction in diversity through Assimilation, Hybridization,
Westernization, Americanization or Sinosization of cultures.
7. Erosion and national sovereignty and national borders through international
agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC.
8. Greater international travel and tourism.
9. Greater immigration, including illegal immigration.
10.Development of global telecommunication infrastructure
11.Development of a global financial systems.
12.Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations.
13.Increase role of international organization such as WTO, WIPO, IMF that deal with
international transactions.
14.Increase in the number of standards applied globally, e.g. copyright laws.

GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The country is taking part in the process of globalization ever since the country signed
agreements with World Trade Organization in 1995.
Now, globalization is very effective in the Philippines, it has allowed major changes in
the nation like more labor, and more Filipino and foreign companies has emerged in the nation
in order to help the country’s development economy.
Globalization can make the Philippines into a better nation if the Philippine leaders to
make their economy more advance through global trading and allowing more foreign investors
to help boost the economy. And by accomplishing those goals, the Philippines should be able
to reduce the poverty level as well as increase labor force for job opportunities for those that
are in need for a living. However, since the poverty level is still increasing, most Filipinos has
managed to find work overseas and they have managed to seek better living than in the
Philippines. The most effective factor in the Philippines is education. The society’s mentality is
to be educated and its with education that people in the nation see their opportunity for a
better life in the future.

Dimensions of Globalization:
1. Cultural 5. Industrial
2. Economic 6. Technological
3. Political 7. Ecological
4. Social 8. Geographical

Cultural globalization – is the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a
way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of
cultures that have been diffused by the internet, popular culture media, and international travel.

Economic globalization – refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of

growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and
rapid spread of technologies (Shangquan, 2000).

Industrial Globalization
Every country in the world is moving towards specialization. Specialization may be referred to as the
phenomenon of producing only that product in which the country has competitive advantage in terms of
cost. For example, Singapore specializes in pharmaceutical while the US specializes in military equipment.

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Therefore, the countries exchange their industrial products, which is known as trade, and fulfill the
requirements of their people. Every country of the world today is involved in trade and is depended on
some other country one way or the other. The US is the biggest economy in the world and even that is
depended on other countries for many of its needs. Hence the industries of the world are considered to be
working not for their native countries but for the world as a whole.

Financial Globalization
It may be defined as the emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financial
for corporate, national, and sub-national borrowers. Some projects in the Philippines were sponsored by
foreign investors. They may be in the form of international organizations or independent investors.
The IMF and the World Bank today give funds to various countries for developmental projects. We may say
that today the financial markets of the world have untied in such a way that finances are easily available
throughout the world.

International Globalization
This aspect of Globalization has perhaps had the greatest impact on the world today. Sitting at one end of
the world, you can have access to the information available in any other part of the world with just the
push of a button. Internet, television, telephone, fax etc. are some of the inventions that may be
considered as a part of the informational Globalization process where the information flow has dramatically
increased between geographically remote areas of the world.

Social globalization
Refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different countries. In today’s world,
the internet and social media is at the heart of this. Good examples of social globalization could include
internationally popular films, books and TV series. The Harry Potter/Twilight films and books have been
successful all over the world, making the characters featured globally recognizable. However, this cultural
flow tends to flow from the venter (i.e. from developed countries such as the USA to less developed
countries). Social globalization is often criticized for eroding cultural differences.

Ecological globalization
The effects of globalization in the ecology are still not completely identified, though some studies suggest
that the process of globalization has many consequences in our society.

Globalization and Politics.

Through globalization, political issues such as the rights of women and children are now currently
discussed, many laws are now already implemented regarding the issues on the rights of women and
children.

Geographical
Globalization is moving towards the trend of a borderless world. We can now explore different countries
without having any dangers.

Activity 1.1: Dimension of Globalization

Classification. Classify what dimension of globalization these global activities are likely
associated with. Put a checkmark (/) on the appropriate space. Provide a brief explanation in
your answer in the blank space provided.

Activity Dimensions of Globalization

Economi Political Cultural Environmenta
c l
1. Trending of Senorita Song by Shawn
Mendez and Camila Cabello
2. Creation of the World Health
Organization
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 3. Efforts made by the government to
Australia’s deadly wildfires
4. Franchises made by Jollibee
Corporation throughout the world.
5. Exportation of German cars like
Mercedes-Benz
6. Influence of Picasso’s artworks to
other visual artists
7. Contributors of Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation on Enhancing healthcare
worldwide.
8. Environmental initiative to address the
problem of global warming.
9. The spread of online shopping such as
Alibaba, Amazon, and Lazada.
10.Political conflict between South Korea
and North Korea.
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph

Qualities and Characteristics of Globalization

Creation and Multiplication – involves creation of new and multiplication of existing social networks
and cultural activities thus, breaking norms and practices in the political, economic, and cultural realms of
most communities.

Expansion and Stretching – globalization is very evident in the expansion and stretching of social
operation and connections, on how the financial markets and trading operate around the globe like the
(WTO) World Trade Organization, ASEAN Economic
Community, World Economic Forum and European Union brought to the expansion of local economies
through opening their economies to the other parts of the world.

Consciousness and Awareness – globalization involves the human consciousness and awareness.
People, as the primary actors of globalization are the frontliners as reflected in their experiences. The
human consciousness is critical on how they impact the growing outcomes and markets of globalization.
Their daily actions such as global interdependence provide large scale implications to the norms and
practices of the borderless world.

B. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

There are few major points about the beginning of globalization that started after the
Second World War which was mentioned in Aldama’s book “The Contemporary World”. Let us
examine and understand the different views on where it started.

 Hardwired
According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of our basic human need to make or lives better
that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of globalization from our
ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said continent in the Ice Age. This long journey finally led
them to all-known continents today, roughly after 50,000 years.
Chanda (2007) mentioned that commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the “urge” of people
toward a better life. These are respectively connected to four aspects of globalization and they can be
traced all throughout history: trade, missionary work, adventures, and conquest.
 Cycles
According to Scholte, (2005), the cycle that globalization has gone through is important. Aldama
wrote that subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have
appeared and that there is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear
and reappear.
 Epoch

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 Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. The following are sequential
occurrence of the epochs.
1. Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh centuries)
2. European colonial conquests (late fifteen century)
3. Intra-European wars (late eighteen to early nineteenth centuries)
4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post-Cold War period

 Events
Aldama (2018), mentioned another view in explaining the origin of globalization that Gibbon (1998)
for example, argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin. In an issue of the
magazine the Economist (2006, January 12), it considered the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into
Eastern Europe in the Thirteenth century. These are just few but important events in history that could
have been the reason for the origin of globalization. However, we could also say that this recent year could
also be viewed as the beginning of globalization because of the technological advances that we are
experiencing from until now.
 Broader, More Recent Changes
Three notable changes as the origin of globalization that we know today. (Aldama, 2018)
1. The emergence of United States as the global power (post-World War II)
2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

According to Adlama, (2018), Through its dominant military and economic power after
WWII, the United States was able to outrun Germany and Japan in terms of industry. Both Axis
powers and Allies fall behind economically as compared to the new global power. Because of
this, the United States soon began to progress in different aspects like diplomacy, media, film
(as in Hollywood), and many more.

C. Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

(The Contemporary World by Aldama, 2018)

Even though we already have a glimpse of the effects of these theories to globalization, we
need to further study the other factors concerning it. There are three perspective on global
cultural flows. These are differentialism, hybridiziation and convergence.

1) Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are
only superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the
potential for “catastrophic collision.” Samuel Hungtngton’s theory on the clash of the civilizations
proposed in 1996 best exemplifies this approach. According to Huntington, after the Cold War,
political-economic differences were overshadowed by new fault lines, which were primarily cultural
in nature. Increasing interaction among different “civilizations” (such as the Sinic, Islamic,
Orthodox, and western) would lead to intense clashes, especially the economic conflict between the
Western and Sinic civilizations and bloody political conflict between the Western and Islamic
civilization (Huntington, 2004) This theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons, especially on
its portrayal of Muslims as being “prone to vilolence” (Huntington, 1996).

2) The cultural hybridization approach emphasizes the integration of local and global
cultures (Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997). Globalization is considered to be a creative process which
gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the global or the local. A key concept is
“glocalization” or the interpenetration of the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in
different geographic areas (Giulianotti and Robertson, 2007, p. 133). Another key concept is Arjun
Appadurai’s “scapes” in 1996, where global flows involve people, technology, finance, political
image, and media and the disjuncture between them, which lead to the creation of cultural hybrids.

3) The cultural convergence approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization.

Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens
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 when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least pats of another culture. One
important critique of cultural imperialism is John Tomlinson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of culture.
Deterritorialization means that it is much more difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point
of origin.

Assignment 1.1: The World Made Closer

We discussed the different definition of globalization. Diverse definitions from
many scholars and authors can affect how one can appreciate globalization as a
process.
In this activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization on the
different aspects of daily life such as politics, music, sports, film, celebrity, and
disaster.

1. Answer the following questions:

a. Enumerate at least there of the most recent songs you have listened. Where did
they originate? Identify the nationality of the writer and/or artist for each music.
b. What gadgets or devices do you usually use to listen to music?
c. Where were these gadgets or devices made? Where is the company based?
d. How did you access this music? Did you purchase them online or listen to them
through Youtube, Spotify, and other music channels?
2. Using a visual representation, create your generalization and discuss:
How would you define globalization?

Quiz 1.1: Dimension of Globalization

Classification: Determine the dimension of globalization manifested in each of these cases.

Write E for economic, P for political. C for cultural, or EN for environmental in the blank space
provided.

1. Starbucks purchase unroasted coffee from more than 30 countries. _____

2. The UNEP and Greenpeace convene to find ways to reduce the emissions of harmful gases. _____
3. The US dollar currency depreciates because the US economy slows down. _____
4. Indians subscribe to music streaming services such as Spotify and Apple Music. _____
5. Coca Cola’s marketing rivalry with Pepsi intensifies. _____
6. A series of International Tropical Timber Agreement treaties took place.
7. United Nations is created to maintain in international peace and security. _____
8. An Earth Summit is held to address an environmental issue linked to global climate change. _____
9. USA sells mobile technologies to both developed and developing countries. _____
10. Political actions by non-governmental organizations are encouraged by some countries.
11. The “Parasite” Korean movie is shown in over 100 countries.
12. A trade war between China and U.S.A. takes place.
13. Stock market trading in New York stock exchange affects Tokyo and Manila. ______
14. Japanese language courses are offered to many major universities throughout the world. ______
15. U.S business are subcontracting work to Chinese companies. _____
16. Brazil raises $1 billion dollars for the crisis mobilization brought by Amazon fires.
17. UN intervenes to the aggressive anti-drugs campaign of the Philippine administration. _____
18. ASEAN leaders meet to tackle the emergence of the concept of global governance.
19. Chinese foods like siomai is available in many European and American counties. ______
20. McDonald’s, a U.S multinational corporation, opens up and operates new restaurants in Asia. ______
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 (Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph)

D.GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION

Now, we will learn about the difference of globalization and regionalization. Let
us read some of the discussions mentioned by Adama, (2018) in his book “The
Contemporary World”, he explained some of the views of scholars and they are as
follows:

 The process of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the 1980 and heightened
after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. At first, it seems that those two processes are
contradicting -the very nature of globalization is, by definition, global while regionalization is
naturally regional. (Aldama 2018)

 The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits
coming out from a liberalized global economy. This is because regional organizations prefer
regional partners over the rest. Regional organizations respond to the states’ attempt to reduce
the perceived negative effects of globalization. Therefore, regionalization is a sort of counter-
globalization. In a 2007 survey, The Financial Times revealed that majority of Europeans
consider that globalization brings negative effects to their societies (as cited in Jacovy and
Meunier, 2010). Many policy makers and scholars think that globalization must be regulated and
managed. The threats of an “ungoverned globalization” can be countered what Jacoby and
Meuneir called managed globalization; it refers to “all attempts to make globalization more
palatable to citizens” (p.1)

 It is important, however, to consider the gradual development of the interregional relations such
as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the European Union (EU), or the South
American trade bloc, Mercosur. In fact, a sort of “contagion effect” (Held et al., 2005, p. 77) has
spread during the past years. Regionalization is one part of the world encourages
regionalization elsewhere-whether by imitation, like the success of the European Single Market,
or by “defensive” reaction, such as Mercosur’s establishment as response to the creation of
NAFTA. According to this, regionalization, and the development of interregionalism would be
global in nature. As Heid et al. (2005) claimed, “the new regionalism is not a barrier to political
globalization but, on the contrary, entirely compatible with it-if not indirect encouragement”
(p.77)

 Hurrell (2007) captured this debate in his “one (global) world/many (regional) worlds
relationship” (p.1). Regional developments in one part of the world have affected and fueled
regionalization everywhere else in a sort of contagion or domino effect. This fact, along with
increasing developments in interregional cooperation, shows that the regionalization process is
global in nature. Therefore, regionalization is intimately to globalization since it is part of it and
it builds on it.

 The argument concerning the relationship between regionalization and globalization is

perfectly summarized in this claim:
The age of economic globalization has also been the age of regionalization, and much of the
analysis of the new regionalism has been devoted to the links between the two tendencies.
Thus, regionalism is seen as critical part of the political economy of globalization and the
strategies that states (and other actors) have adopted in the face of globalization … The
emergence of regionalism needs to be understood within the global restructuring of power
and production. The many worlds are very closely intertwined with the character and fate of
the one. The core driving force is global even if the manifestation is regional. (Hurell, 2007,
p.4)

Requirement 1.1: Globalization in a concept map

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 Write a personal definition of globalization based on a concept map. Write your
answer in a sheet of bond paper then submit a copy of your output to your teacher.

Activity 1.2: Acronym

Give the name of each acronym. Write the answer in the blank space provided.
1. GATT 6. WB
2. WTO 7. UN
3. EU 8. WIPO
4. ASEAN 9. OPEC
5. IMF 10. UNEP

Assignment 1.2: What have you learned?

So far in our lesson, explain what you have learned based on these questions. Write in a
sheet of paper and submit to your teacher.
1) Distinguish between regionalization and globalization
2) Discuss how the Philippines confront the challenges of regionalism.

Quiz 1.2: Regionalization or Globalization?

Classification. Determine if the following in most likely associated with globalization or
regionalization. Write G for Globalization or R for regionalization in the Blank space provided.
1. Role of World Trade Organization for negotiating trade agreements. ________
2. Meetings of ASEAN leaders to tackle economic and political issues. ________
3. Functions of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security. ________
4. Creation of a free Trade area among European countries. ________
5. Exportation of Apple consumer electronics products to Asian countries. ________
6. Effect of some UNEP’s environment initiatives all the regional level. ________
7. Strengthening of trade integration in the Asia-Pacific region. _________
8. Impact of a deadly global disease on the global economy. _________
9. Profits made by a multinational corporation worldwide. _________
10.Use of euro as official currency of European member states. _________
Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph)

LESSON 1
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
CHAPTER II – Globalization of Religion
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and the
resurgence of religion. Today most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began. Religions
have, in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale. Globalization provided religions a fertile milleu to
spread and thrive. (Aldama, 2018)

As Scolte (2005) made clear: “Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists
across the planet to have greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global
organizations, global finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian
church to be given concrete shape as never before”. (p245).

Turner (2007) cited the case of Islamic revivalism in Asia which “is related to the improvement in
transporation that has allowed many Muslim to travel to Mecca, and retrn with reformist ideas” (p.163).

“Information technologies, transportation means, and the media are deemed important means on
which religious rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas. Modern technology, therefore, has helped
religions of different forms, sch as fundamentalist, orthodox, or modernist to cross geographical

10
boundaries and be present everywhere. Globalization has allowed religion or faith to gain considerable
significance and importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity. Being a source of identity and
pride, religion has always been promoted by its practitioners so that it could reach the level of globality
and be embraced by as many people as possible. Muslim, for instance aspire to establish the Islamic
Ummah, a community of believers. By paving the way for religions to come in contact with each other and
providing a context for their flourishing and thriving, globalization has brought such religions to a circle of
competition and conflicts.” (Aldama, 2018)

Some conflicts among religions display a clear confirming the destruction and failure of
hybridization because religions have diverse internal structures, their connections to different cultures and
their rituals and beliefs are contradict. For example, Islam and Christianity are mostly conflicting with each
other. These religions cannot be hybridized or homogenized even of they often come in contact.
Aldama, (2018) said it has been difficult for religion to cope with values that accompany
globalization like liberalism, consumerism, and rationalism. That such phenomena advocate scientism and
secularism.

In line with this, Scolte (2005) believed transplanetary relations have helped to stimulate and
sustain some renewals of anti-rationalist faith, but global networks have more usually promoted activities
involving rationalist knowledge. Contemporary revivalist movements have largely replayed a long-term
tendency-one that well predates contemporary accelerated globalization-whereby certain religious circles
have from time to time revolted against modern secularism and scientism. (p.261)

Aldama (2018), in addition to this explained that it can be that the ant-rationalist qualities ascribed
to religion can be characteristics of fundamentalist and extremist forms of religion. That we cannot
consider religion as purely anti-rationalist since many religious people reconcile reason and faith and make
moderate trends within their religions. Nevertheless, globalization’s strict rationalism manifested in such
phenomena as liberism and secularism can be incompatible with the norms and the vales of certain
religions.

Globalization is also associated with westernization and Americanization. The dominance exerted
by these two processes, particularly on the less developed countries, makes religion-related cultures and
identities take defensive measures to protect themselves. Sometimes, extreme forms of resisting other
cultural influences are being done, sch as that of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). (Aldama, 2018)

Assignment 2.1: Watch a Film

Watch the Film: PBS Frontline” “The Rise of ISIS”
(http://www.pbs.org/wghb/frontline/film/riseof-isis/). Then, answer the following questions
below:

Watch the Film and answer the following questions. You can write your answers in the
box below.
1) How is religion associated with globalization?
2) How can we achieve global peace?
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 Quiz 2.1: Determine the Religion

Classification. Determine the religion that is associated with these religious terms, beliefs of
practices. Write C for Christianity, I for Islam, H for Hinduism, B for Buddhism or O for other
Religion.

1. The practice of receiving Holy Communion. _____

2. The exercise of Kosher or Jewish diet traditions. _____
3. Holy Trinity which consists of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. _____
4. Belief in nirvana or escape from incarnation through charity and compassion for others.
_____
5. Quran is called the Holy Book. _____
6. Existence of Adam, Noah and Moses. _____
7. Consumption of alcohol and pork is prohibited. _____
8. Practice of the eightfold way of life _____
9. Beliefs are based on teaching of Jesus Christ. _____
10.There is fasting once a year. _____
11.A polytheistic religion of belief in many gods. _____
12.The existence of Dharma, Kama, Moksha, and Karma _____
13. Siddharta Gautama is the founder _____
14. Shinto work ethic _____
15.Based on ideas and teaching of Confucious. _____
Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/
www.psu.ed.ph)

Requirement 2.1: Create a Graphic Organizer

Choose a country and draw its flag in a sheet of paper. Create a graphic
organizer about the success story or challenges of this country as a globalizer. Also,
interpret the concept map.

LESSON 1
GLOBAL POPULATION & MOBILITY

CHAPTER III – Global Population & Mobility

A. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
It is in cities that global operations are centralized and where we can see most
clearly the phenomena associated with their activities, whether it be changes in the
structure of employment, the formation of powerful partnership, the development of
monumental real estate, the emergence of new forms of local governance, the effects of
organized crime, the expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of informal networks or
the spatial isolation and social exclusion of certain population groups.

The Global City

This is also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, it is a city which is
a primary node in the global economic network.

Characteristics of Global City

 A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking,
accountancy, and marketing.
 Headquarters of several multinational corporations.
 The existence of the financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institution.

12
  Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
 Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities.
 Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level.
 Centers of a new ides and innovation in business, economics, culture, and policies.
 Centers of media and communication for global networks
 Dominance of the national region with great international significance
 High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector.
 High-quality educational institution, including renowned universities, international student
attendance, and research facilities.
 Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities
in the country.
 High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.

Reasons of increase in Global Cities

The increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of economies and the centralization of
mass production with urban centers.

Criticism of Global Cities

Despite playing significant roles in the global economy, global city thesis has been known for being
a threat to state-centric perspectives. These cities have been accused of focusing their reach to other
global cities and neglecting cities within the national outreach. These cities are more connected to the
outside world than their domestic economy.

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Demographics is the study of a population based on
factors such as age, race, and sex.
Governments, corporations and nongovernment organizations
use demographics to learn more about a population’s
characteristics for many purposes, including policy
development and economic market research.

How demographic information is used

More large companies conduct demographic research to determine how to market their productor
service and best capture the target audience. It is valuable to know the current customer and where the
potential customer may come from in the future. Demographic trends are also important, since the size of
different demographic groups changes over time as a result of economic, cultural and political
circumstances.

Activity 3.1 : Classification

Classification. Determine effect of the following cases on the population growth in the
Philippines. Write IP if there is an increase in population and DP if there is a decrease in
population. Write the answer in the blank space provided.
1. Spread of global disease called Covid-19 leads to high rates. __________
2. Reproduction Health Law is strictly implemented to guarantee fertility control.________
3. Aging population rapidly increases. __________
4. Nutritional status greatly improves. __________
5. Poverty incidence among population rises. ___________
6. Potent drug is discovered that can reduce the prevalence of diseases. __________
7. The number of immigrants rises. ___________
8. Talented and better-educated people move to other countries. __________
9. Environmental problems on pollution and climate change worsen. __________
10.The government implements a three-child policy. __________
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/
www.psu.ed.ph)

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 B. GLOBAL MIGRATION
Global Migrations is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries,
especially to find work. Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones.
Global migration can be understood as a cause andeffect relationship, though the causes are
just as numerous as their effects. People more across international borders for a variety of
reasons.
An Overseas Worker (Filipino: Pilipino sa ibayong-dagat) is a person of Filipino origin who lives
outside the Philippines. This term applies to Filipino who are abroad indefinitely as citizens or
as permanent residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad for a
limited, definite period, such as on a work contract or as
students.

Life of “OFW” is not easy, they work to foreign country and

sacrifices. They go and find job there, so they will be able to earn money
to support the daily needs and give a better future to their family left
here in the Philippines.

Why people move?

 Economic reasons
o Lack of employment opportunities or differential in
employment opportunities and wages; the lure of a well-
paid job in a wealth country is a powerful driver of
international migration.
o Lack of educational institution across developing countries has also tremendously
contributed to the reason for migration.

 Political Reasons
o The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic amenities (roads,
electricity, portable water and inadequate health care facilities) and industrial ventures in
countries have also encouraged international migration.
 Social Factors
o Social factors are the things that affect someone’s lifestyle. These could include wealth,
religion, buying habits, education level, family size and structure and population density.
 Cultural Factors
o The idea of culture is vital to understanding the implications for translation and, despite the
differences of opinion as to whether language is a part of culture or not, the two are
connected. Culture range from syntax, ideologies, religion, language and dialect, to art and
literacy.
 Push-Pull Factor
o In geographical terms, the push-pull factors are those that drive people away from a place
and draw people to a new location. A combination of push-pull factors helps determine
migration or immigration of particular population from one land to another.

 Push Factors Reasons to Leave

Factors that help migrants decide to leave their home.
 Pull Factors Reason to Migrate
Factors that attract people and area where immigration are going.

Migration affects both the place of origin and the place of destination on the
various aspects such as environmental aspects, economic aspects, health and social
aspects.

 Environmental aspects:

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 o Migration of people has the direct effect on both, the place of origin and the place of
destination. Problems like settlement, over-exploitation of resources, and the pollution of
different kinds will be visible.
 Economic aspects:
o The consequences on the place of origin will be a loss of economically active groups of the
population.
 Health and social aspects:
o The places of destruction are normally those places where facilities are made available to a
limited extent so as to fulfill the needs of the native dwellers. However, the places
overcrowd with the constant flow of migrants, and facilities and other needs become
insufficient.

Quiz 3.1 : Classification

Classification. Determine the possible effect of the following cases on the net migration
rate in the Philippines. Write IM if there is an increase in net migration rate. DM if there is a
decrease in the net migration rate. Write the answer in the blank space provided and submit a
copy of your answer to your teacher.
1. The remittance received from OFWs significantly increase. __________
2. Some Europeans move to the Philippines for vacation because of great tropical climate.
________
3. The working conditions in the Philippines improve. __________
4. The number of migrants in the country declines. __________
5. Highly trained professionals from Africa migrate to the Philippines. __________
6. Employment rate in the country sharply rises. __________
7. The government sends Filipino scholars to study abroad. __________
8. There’s a rise on communal violence as a result of religious intolerance. _______
9. The food and water insecurity worsens in the country. __________
10. The number of US immigrants rises in the country because of improved migration policies.
__________
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph)

Assignment 3.1 - Process Questions:

 Why is migration a global phenomenon?

 What is the economic contribution of migration to the destination countries?

Quiz 3.2 : Factors Affecting Migration

Classification. Determine if the following factors affecting migration is a push or pull factor.
Indicate also if the cause is economic, socio-political, or environmental. Write your answer by
putting a checkmark ( / ) in the blank space of the matrix.

Factors/Causes Factor Causes of Migration

affecting
Migration
Push Pull Economic Socio- Environmental
Political
1. Highly-develop country
2. Unsustainable Livelihood
3. Better Change of Marrying
4. Natural Disasters
5. Industrial Innovations
6. Rural Poverty
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 7. Inadequate Infrastructure
8. Abundance of Natural resources
9. Lack of job opportunities
10.Poor healthcare
11.Attractive Climate
12.Family reunification
13.Overpopulation
14.Active religious persecution
15.Political stability
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph)

Requirement 3.1: Ang Mundo sa Mata ng Isang OFW

Globalization of technology improved modern transportation and communication. As a
result, people become more mobile and are able to reach different places around the globe.
There are various reason why people leave their country of origin. Through this activity, you
should be able to gain a first-hand knowledge of the experience of Overseas Filipino Workers
(OFWs), people who obviously reached other countries. Their stories could provide a concrete
understanding of how globalization affects themselves, the families, and the country.
1. Find a former or a current OFW to be interviewed. Your respondent’s name should not
be revealed in class to protect the person’s identity and ensure anonymity.
2. Use the following guide questions
a. How long have you stayed abroad?
b. What are the purposes for your stay there?
c. What were your most unforgettable experience there? How will you describe
them, good or bad?
d. How will you compare the Philippines with other countries?
e. Do you want to go back abroad or to other countries in the future? Why or why
not?
f. Write in paper and submit to the teacher the result of your interview and your
personal insights about your respondent’s experience.

LESSON
2
THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
CHAPTER IV – THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

What is Economic Globalization?

According to one of the most often cited definitions:

Economic globalization is a historical process, the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around border. The
term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology)
across international borders. (IMF, 2008).
There are two different types of economies associated with economic globalization-
protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism means “a policy of systematic
government intervention in foreign trade with the objective of encouraging domestic
production. This encouragement involves giving preferential treatment to domestic producers
and discriminating against foreign competitors”. (MacAleese, 2007 as cited in Ritzer, 2015, p.
1169).

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 World War II heavily influenced the shifting of the dominant economic policy from
protectionism to trade liberation or free trade. Free Trade agreements and technological
advancement in transportation and communication mean goods and services move around the
world more easily than ever.

A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL TRADE

• The increasing integration of economies around the world particularly through the movement of
goods, services and capital across borders.
• The movement of people and knowledge across international borders.

Economic Globalization vs. Internationalization

• The latter is about the extension of economic activities of nation state across borders while the
former is functional integration between internationally dispersed activity.
• Economic globalization is rather a qualitative transformation that just a quantitative change.
• Economic term globalization is nothing but a process making the world economy an organic
system by extending transnational economic process and economic relations to more and more
countries and deepening the economic interdependence among them.

Interconnected Dimensions of Economic Globalization

1.The globalization of trade of goods and services
2.The globalization of financial and capital markets
3.The globalization of technology and communications
4.The globalization of production

Economic Globalization Phenomenon

• Silk Road – the best known example of archaic globalization, which connected Asia, Africa and
Europe.
• Adopting Fernand Braudel’s innovative concept of long duration, i.e. slow moving, almost
imperceptible, framework for historical analysis.
• World system analyst identify the origin of modernity and globalization with the birth of 16th
century long-distance trade.

GLOBAL ACTORS IN ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

1. International Government Organization (IGO) – refers to an entity created by treaty,
involving two or more nations, to work in good faith, on issues of common interest. It strives for
peace, security and deal with economic and social question. (ex. UN, WB, NATO, ASEAN).
2. International Non-Government Organization – works towards solutions that can benefit
undeveloped countries that face backlash of economic globalization. It is non-profit, voluntary
citizen’s group organized, local, national and international. Performs various services and
humanitarian functions, bring concern to government, advocate and monitor policies and
encourage political participation through provision of information. (ex. Red Cross, Greenpeace and
Amnesty International).

3. Multinational Corporation – corporations which have overseas branches. One of the many
changes they have brought to developing countries is to increase in automation.
• automation – the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery
with minimal or reduced human intervention.
• It may damaged less automated local firms and require workers to develop new skills in
order to transition into the changing economy, leaving some behind.
• Corporations have also outsourced in recent years
• Example of Multinational Corporation: GE, Ford Motors, Fujitsu, GlaxoSmithKline and Adidas

Effects of economic globalization on developing countries

1. Increased Standard of Living- gives governments of developing countries access to foreign
lending. When these funds are used in infrastructure including roads, health care, education and
social services, the standard of living will increase.

17
 2. Access to New Markets – globalization leads to freer trade between countries. This is one of
the largest benefits to developing countries. Home-grown industries have access to a much wider
international trade. The growth allows companies to develop new technologies and produce new
products and services.
3. Widening Disparity of Income – influx of foreign companies can also increase the wage gap
between those who are educated and those who are not. Over the longer term, education levels will
rise, but in short term, some of the poor will become poor.
4. Decreased Employment – the influx of foreign companies in developing countries increase
employment in many sectors, specially for skilled workers. Automation in the manufacturing and
agricultural sectors lessen the needs of unskilled labor and unemployment rises in these sectors

Globalization made some countries, especially the developing ones, to gain more in the global
economy at the expense of other nations. There are various ways, however, the country can make trade
easier with other countries while lessening the inequalities in the global world. One of them is “Fair Trade”
(Nicolls and Opal, 2005). Fair Trade, as defined by the International Fair Trade Association, is the “concern
for the social, economic, and environmental well-being or marginalized small producers” (Downie, 2007,
pp.C1-C5).
A concrete example of the growth of fair trade is the case of American coffee chains such as Starbucks
and Dunkin’ Donuts. In 2006, there are $2.2 billion dollars, spent on Certified products, which is 42%
greater than the preceding year *Ritzer, 2015). In turn, coffee grows such as those in Brazil “get at least
$1.29 per pound of coffee beans compared to the current market price of $1.25” (p.296)

Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development

There are some significant downside to globalize trade and perhaps the strongest argument
economic globalization is its lack of sustainability or degree to which the earth’s resources can be used for
our n, even in the future. Specifically. The development of our world today by using the earth’s resources
and the preservation of such sources for the future is called sustainable development. (Aldama, 2018)
The continuous production of the world’s natural resources, such as water fossil fuel allows
humanity to discover new technologies, and make advancements in transportation put our environment at
a disadvantage. Climate change accelerated and global inequality was not eradicated. This means that
development. Although beneficial at one hand, entails cost on the other. (Aldama, 2018)

Environmental Degradation
Development, especially economic development, was hastened by the Industrial Revolution. This is
the period in human history that made possible the cycle of efficiency. Efficiency means finding the
quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a particular products. This process made buying of
goods easier for the people. Then, there is an increased demand. Ultimately, there was an increased
efficiency. This cycle harms the planet in a number of ways. For instance, the earth’s atmosphere is
damaged by more carbon emissions from factories around the world. Another example is the destruction
of coral reefs and marine biodiversity as more and more wastes are thrown into the ocean. Many experts
do not think that the planet can sustain a growing global economy. Deforestation, pollution, and climate
change will not adjust for us, especially if increase in living standards lead people to demand more
consumer goods like cars, meat and smartphones. (Aldama, 2018)
Food Security

“The demand for food will be 60% greater than it is today, and the challenge of food security
requires the world to feed 9 billion people by 2050 (Breene, 2016). Global food security means delivering
sufficient food to the entire world population. It is, therefore, a priority of all countries, whether developed
or less developed. The security of food also means the sustainability of society such as population growth,
climate change, water scarcity, and agriculture.” (Aldama, 2018)

The closest aspects of human life associated with food security is the environment. The challenges to food
security can be traced to the protection of the environment. A major environment problem is the
destruction of natural habitats, particularly through deforestation (Diamond, 2006). Industrial fishing has
contributed to a significant destruction of marine life also declined at a rapid pace. (Aldama, 2018)

“Another significant environmental challenge is that of the decline in the availability of fresh water
(Conca, 2006). The decline in the water supply because of degradation of soil or desertification (Glantz,

18
1977), has transformed what was once considered a public good into a privatized commodity. The poorest
areas of the globe experience a disproportionate share of water-related problems. The problem is further
intensified by the consumption of “virtual water” wherein people inadvertently use up water from
elsewhere in the world through the consumption of water-intensive products (Ritzer, 2015). The
destruction of the water ecosystem may lead to the creation of “climate refugees, people who are forced
to migrate due to lack of access to water or due to flooding” (Ritzer, 2015, p.211)” (Aldama, 2018)

Pollution through toxic chemicals has had a long-term impact on the environment. The use of
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) had led to significant industrial pollution (Dinham, 2007). Greenhouse
gasses, gasses that trap sun light and heat in the earth’s atmosphere, contribute greatly to the global
warming. In turn, this process causes the melting of land-based and glacial ice with potentially
catastrophic effects (Revskin, 2008), the possibility of substantial flooding, a reduction in the alkalinity of
the oceans, and destruction of existing ecosystems. Ultimately, global warming poses a threat to the
global supply of food as well as to human health (Brown, 2007). Furthermore, population growth and its
increase in consumption intensifies ecological problems. The global flow of dangerous debris is another
major concern, with electronic waste often dumped in developing countries. (Aldama, 2018)

There are different models and agenda pushed by different organizations to address the issue of
global food security. One of this is through sustainability. The United Nations has set ending hunger,
achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture as the second of its
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) for the year 2030. The world Economic Forum (2010) also
addressed this issue through the new Vision for Agriculture (NVA) in 2009 wherein public-private
partnerships were established. It has mobilized over $10 billion that reached smallholder farmers. The
forum’s initiatives were launched to established cooperation and encourage exchange of knowledge
among farmers, government, civil society, and the private sector in both regional and national levels.
(Aldama, 2018)

Quiz 4.1: Process Questions

1. In what ways do international organizations help our country’s economy?

Activity 4.1: Matching Type

Match Column A with the correct answer in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer in the space
provided.
1. Environment ___________________ A. Cultural Differences
2. Global Economy ___________________ B. Diseases
3. Global Demography ___________________ C. Widespread infectious disease
4. Migration ___________________ D. Underemployment
5. Natural Resources ___________________ E. Global Warming
6. Healthcare ___________________ F. Corruption
7. Media ___________________ G. Terrorism
8. Culture ___________________ H. Banking Crisis
9. Religion ___________________ I. Poverty
10. International Trade ___________________ J. Cyber Insecurity
11. Global Governance ___________________ K. High inflation rate
12. Employment ___________________ L. Refugee Crises
13. Food Security ___________________ M. Import and Export restriction
14. Education ___________________ N. Famine
15. Inequality ___________________ O. Sexual Harassment
16. Peace and Security ___________________ P. High illiteracy rate
17. Global Finance ___________________ Q. Fast Population Growth
18. Economic Development _________________ R. Religious Conflict
19. Gender Equality ___________________ S. Piracy
20. Information Technology _________________ T. Over consumption
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/
www.psu.ed.ph)

B. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, AND INEQUALITY

19
Inequality:
“The condition of being unequal; lack of equality; disparity.”
Global Inequality:
“It refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals and groups based on their
position in the social hierarchy (is series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system.”
Causes of Global Inequality:
 Religion  Unemployment
 Gender Inequality (Gender inequality around the  Social inequalities
world)  Education
 Inequality in the workplace  Poverty
 Inequality in wealth and income

Prince Kennex Aldama (2018) discuss the global economy and among the important key
points mentioned in his book “The Contempory World”, will be mentioned here and they are as
follows:
 “Economic and trade globalization is the result of companies trying to outmaneuver their
competitors. While you search for the cheapest place to buy shoes, companies search for the
cheapest place to make those shoes. They find the cheapest sources of leather, dye, rubber, and of
course, labor. The result is that labor-intensive products like shoes are often produced in countries
with the lowest ages and the smallest regulations. This process creates winners and losers. The
winners include corporations and their stockholders who earn more profit. They also include
corporations and their stockholders who earn more profit. They also include consumers who get
products at a cheaper price. The losers are high wageworkers who used those shoes. Their jobs
moved overseas. But what about the low wage foreign workers? Are they winning or losing? A lot of
workers are thrown into hazardous working conditions, but it is also true that many workers in
developing countries are at least making more money. These jobs pay above average wages.
People want these jobs and although the pay would be unacceptable in developed countries, they
are often the best alternative.” (Aldama, 2018)

 “The multiplier effect means an increase in one economic activity can lead to an increase in other
economic activities. For instance, investing in local business will lead to more jobs and more
income.” (Aldama, 2018)

 “Not everyone agrees to this, opponent of economic globalization called outsourcing of jobs as
exploitation and oppression, a form of economic colonialism that puts profit before people. A few
call for protection policies like higher tariffs and limitations on outsourcing. Others focus on the
foreign workers themselves by demanding they receive higher wages and more protection. The
root of many arguments against economic globalization is that companies do not have to follow the
same rules they do in developed countries. Some developing countries have no minimum wage
laws. They do not have regulations that provide safe working conditions or protect the
environment. Although nearly every country bans child labor, those laws are not always enforced.”
(Aldama, 2018)

 “In the absence of regulation, it is still possible that workers would not be horribly mistreated, First,
public awareness is growing along with the pressure from the international community to take
steps to protect workers. For example, the United States produces an annal publication called the
list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor. If a company is buying products from that list,
they are likely to be blasted by officials and the media. So, awareness is the first step to
improvement. The second step comes from those that supports globalization. The pro-globalization
set argues that as developing economies grow, there are more opportunities for workers, which
leads to more competition for labor and higher wages. “(Aldama, 2018)

C. THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM

This history of colonialism inspired American sociologist Immanel Wallerstein model of what he
called the capitalist world economy. Wallerstein describe high-income nations as the “core” of the world

20
economy. This core is the manufacturing base of the planet where resources funnel in to become the
technology and wealth enjoyed by the western world today. Low-income countries, meanwhile, are
Wallerstein called the “periphery,” whose natural resources and labor support the wealthier countries, first
as colonies and now by working for multinational corporations under neocolonialism. Middle-income
countries, such as India or Brazil, are considered the semi-periphery due to their closer ties to the global
economic core. (Aldama, 2018)

In Wallerstein’s model, the periphery remains economically dependent on the core in a number of
ways, which tend to reinforce each other, First, poor nations tend to have few resources to export to rich
countries. However, corporations can buy these raw materials cheaply and then process and sell them in
richer nations. As a result, the profits tend to bypass the poor countries. Poor countries are also more likely
to lack industrial capacity, so they have to import expensive manufactured goods from richer nations. Al of
these unequal trade patterns lead to poor nations owing lots of money to richer nations and creating debt
that makes it hard to invest in their own development. In sum, under dependency theory, the problem is
not that there is lack of global wealth; it is that we so not distribute it well. (Aldama, 2018)

Just as modernization theory has its critics, so does dependency theory. Critics argue that the world
economy is not a zero-sum game-one country getting richer does not mean other countries are getting
poorer. Innovations and technological growth can spill over to other countries, improving all nations’ well-
being and not just the rich. Also, colonialism certainly left scars, but it is not enough, on its own, to explain
today’s economic disparities. Some of the poorest countries in Africa, like Ethiopia, were never colonized
and had very little contact with richer nations. Likewise, some former colonies, like Singapore and Sri
Lanka, now have flourishing economies. In direct contrast to what dependency theory predicts, most
evidence suggests that, nowadays, foreign investment by richer nations helps and do not hurt poorer
countries. Dependency theory is also very narrowly focused. It points the finger at the capitalist market
system as the sole case of stratification, ignoring the role of things like how culture and political regimes
play in impoverishing countries. There is also no solution to global poverty that comes out of dependency
theory-most dependency theorists just urge poor nations to cease all contact with the rich nations or argue
for a kind of global socialism. However, these ideas do not acknowledge the reality of the modern world
economy, which make them not very useful for combating the real pressing problem of global poverty.
(Aldama, 2018)

The growth of the world economy and expansion of world trade have coincided with rising
standards of living worldwide, with even the poorest nations almost tripling in the last century. But with
increased trade between countries, trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) have become a major point of debate, pitting the benefits of free trade against the cost of jobs
within a country’s borders. (Aldama, 2018)

By learning about economic globalization, we are able to know about the issues and debates about it.
We are also able to think critically about solutions to the various problems brought by globalization.
Questions about how to deal with global stratification are certainly far from settled, although there is some
good news: it is getting better. The share of people globally living on less that $25 per day has more than
halved since 1981 going from 52% as of 2008. (Aldama, 2018)

Assignment 4.1: Discussion Question

1. In the case of the Philippines, how much do you think are we involved in the
modern world-system? What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages of being a part of such?
LESSON
2
A WORLD OF
REGIONS

21
CHAPTER V – A World of Regions
A. THE GLOBAL CITY

“The rural-urban differentiation has a significant relationship to globalization. Globalization has

deeply altered North-South relations in agriculture. For instance, the relations of agriculture production
have been altered due to the rise of global agribusiness and factory farms (McMicheal, 2017). In this
scenario, the South produces non-traditional products for export and become increasingly dependent on
industrialized food exports from the North. Consequently, this leads to a replacement of the staple diet as
well as the displacement of local farmers. Schlosser (2005) pointed out that as commercial agriculture
replaces local provisioning, the relations of social production are also altered. Rural economies are
exposed to low prices and mass migration.” (Aldama, 2018)

“Saasen (1991) used the concept of global cities describe the three urban centers of New York,
London, and Toyko as economic centers that exert control over the world’s political economy. World cities
are categorized as such based on the global reach of organizations found in them. Not only are there
inequalities between these cities, there also exists inequalities within each city (Beaverstock et al., 2002).
Alternatively, following Castells (2000) these cities can be seen as important nodes in a variety of global
networks.” (Aldama, 2018)

“Although cities are major beneficiaries of globalization, Bauman (2003) claimed that they are also
the most severely affected by global problems. Therefore, the city faces peculiar political problems,
wherein it is often fruitlessly seeking to deal locally with global problems and “local politics has become
hopelessly overload” (p. 102)” (Aldama, 2018)

B. THE THIRD WORLD AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH

Brief Origins and Implications of First, Second and Third World:

“The term date back to the Cold War, when Western policymakers began talking about the world as
three distinct political and economic blocs. (Tomlinson, 2003). Western capitalist countries were labeled as
the “First World.”. The Soviet Union and its allies were termed the “Second World”. Everyone else was
grouped into “Third World”. After the Cold War ended, the category of Second World countries became null
and void, but somehow the terms “First World” and “Third World” stuck around in the public
consciousness. Third World countries, which started as just a vague catchall term for non-alliance
countries, came to be associated with impoverished states, while the First World was associated with rich,
industrialized countries. In addition to being outdated, these terms are also inaccurate. There are more
than 100 countries that fit the label of “Third World,” but they have vastly different levels of economic
stability. Some are relatively poor, but many are not.” (Aldama, 2018)

“A new and simpler classification, North-South, was created as Second World countries joined
either the First World or the Third World. First World countries, such as the United States, Canada, Western
Europe, and developed parts of Asia are regarded as the “Global North.” While the “Global South” includes
the Caribbean, Latin America, South America, Africa, and parts of Asia. These countries were used to be
called the Third World during the Cold War (Reuveny & Thompson, 2007). By nothing that countries are
south of 30 degrees north latitude, they are able to say that these share common problems and issues
having to do with economy and politics, The terms “Global North” and Global South” are a way for
counties in the South to make a stand about the common issues, problems, and even causes in order to
have equality all throughout the world.” (Aldama, 2018)

“These distinctions point largely to racial inequality, specially between the Black and White.
According to Ritzer (2015), “At the global level, whites are disproportionately in the dominant North, while
blacks are primarily in the south; although this is changing with South-to-North migration” (p,266). In other
words, the differences between the Global North and the Global South are shaped by migration and
globalization. Nevertheless, the economic differences between the wealthy Global North and poor Global
South “have always possessed a racial character” (Winant, 2001, p.131)” (Aldama, 2018 “The
Contemporary World).

22
 Requirement 5.1: Name the World Map
Identify the countries marked with numbers 1-20 in the blank world map. Write the
name of the country, and its continent in the blank space provided

Assignment 5.1: Country Profiling

Fill in the information regarding capital, currency, land area, and population of each country.
Write the answer on the space provided on the table.
Country Capital Currency Area (km²) Population
1. Singapore
2. Panama
3. United Arab
Emirates
4. Ecuador
5. Ireland
6. New
Zealand
7. Argentina
8. Finland
9. South

23
 Africa
10.Ghana
11.Malaysia
12.Valenzuela
13.Bangladesh
14.Australia
15.Sweden
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph)

Quiz 5.1; Discussion Question

1. What is the impact of global flows on the global South?

LESSON
3
MARKET
INTEGRATION
CHAPTER VI – Market Integration
1. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
A. THE BRETTON WOOD SYSTEM
B. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)
C. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
D. WORD BANK
E. EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

A. The Bretton Woods System Regime

 Post World War II monetary regime, based on post-war interventionist liberal
compromise.
 A gold exchange standard in which the value of each country’s currency pegged to gold
or U.S. dollar ; to provide sufficient monetary stability to permit resumption of normal
international trade and flexibility and assistance so that countries could pursue
domestic objectives related to employment and inflation.
 This was drafted in 1944 and is a vital piece of financial history, held in Mount
Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hamsphire in United States.
 Ratified by 44 members of allied nations.
 Created International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Creation of IMF
 Created to stabilize the exchange rates and provide member states with short-term loans for
temporary balance-of-payments problems
 Members were required to peg their currencies to gold or to the US dollar which was valued at $34
per ounce of gold.
 Member states were also to contribute to pool of national currencies that would be available for the
IMF loans to deficit countries.
 Member state was given a quota based on its economic relative importance.

The Role of US Dollar

1. Central banks could hold their international reserves in two forms : gold and foreign exchange (in
any proportion they chose)
2. US balance-of-trade surplus in the late 1940s contributed to a dollar shortage.
3. US distributed dollars throughout the world through economic aid and military expenditures.

24
 4. Us provided public goods to Europeans and others, opening its market to imports, providing long-
term loans and grants.
5. European Recovery Program or Marshall Plan and supplying the US dollar was the main source of
international liquidity.
o Under the IMF guidance other countries at times changed the par value of their currencies
relative to gold and the US Dollar, but the dollar’s value remain fixed at $35 per ounce of
gold.
o This was designed to ensure that the dollar would be as good as gold, thus the US agreed to
exchange all dollars held by foreign central banks and treasuries for gold at official rate.
o With this regime, the US was also receiving private benefit of seignories. Seignories is the
profit that come from seigneur or sovereign power.
o The US gained financial power and influence, and it was largely exempt from the discipline
the international financial system imposed to other countries.
o A major change that raised questions about US control over monetary relations pave the
way of the growth of the Eurocurrency market.
o Eurocurrencies are national currencies traded and deposited in banks outside the home
country, this was developed in Europe.

B. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)

 During great depression of 1930’s the international trade
was badly affected and various countries imposed import
restrictions for safeguarding their economies.
 It resulted in sharp decline in world trade.
 1n 1945, USA put forward many proposals for extending
international trade and employment.
 On October 30th, 1947; 23 countries at Geneva signed an
agreement related to tariffs imposed on trade.

Headquarter
• WTO Headquarters in Geneva UN body set up in 1948.
• GATT had 110 members when it was renamed the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995.

ROUNDS OF GATT NEGOTIATION

 Between 1947 and the last year of GATT there were 8 rounds of negotiations between the
participating countries.
 The first 6 rounds were related to curtailing tariff rates. 7th round included the non tariff obstacles.
 The 8th round was entirely different from the previous rounds because it included a number of new
subjects for consideration. This 8th round was known as “URUGUAY ROUND”.
 The discussions at this round only gave birth to WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO).

Following the UR agreement, GATT was converted from a provisional agreement into a
formal international organization called World Trade Organization (WTO), with effect from
January 1, 1995 FROM GATT TO WTO

Functions of WTO:
WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its functions are:
 Administering the multilateral trade agreements which together make up the WTO
 Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations
 Seeking to resolve trade disputes
 WTO is not a “Free trade” institution. It permits tariffs and other forms of protection but only in
limited circumstances.

Objective of GATT / WTO

1. Expansion of international trade,
2. Increase of world production by ensuring full employment in the participating nations,
3. Development and full utilization of world resources, and
25
 4. Raising standard of living of the world community as a whole.

Conclusion
• The creation of GATT-Negotiations in 1947 was but a big step towards trade liberalization.
Between 1947 and 1993 Eight- GATT rounds have taken place for regulating trade amongst
nations and solving various trade disputes.

C) WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

What is the WTO?
 The World Trade Organization (WTO) is responsible for providing the common
institutional framework for the conflict of trade relations among its members
 It represents a rules-based approach to multilateral cooperation.
 Trade in Goods (GATT)
 Trade Services
 Trade in Related Intellectual Property (TRIPs)
 Dispute Settlement and Trade Policy Review

Functions of the WTO

• Facilitate the implementation of multilateral trade agreements.
• Provide a forum for negotiations on trade- related issues.
• Administer the Understanding among members on Dispute Settlement and Trade Policy
Review.
• Enhance coherence in global economic policy- making.

Perspectives on the WTO

• A code of conduct among members.
• The WTO can be seen as a club of countries with respect to trade.
• Member countries must abide by the club’s rules or receive sanctions accordingly.
• A market for members.
• The WTO can be understood as a market where countries exchange trade policies.
• The objective of such exchange is to secure the maximum benefit for the countries concerned.

The Structure of the World Trade Organization

Some Features of the World Trade Organization
“New” Issues Addressed
• Agriculture and Textiles • Anti-dumping agreement
• Trade Facilitation • Agreement on subsidies and
• Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers countervailing measures
• Trade Remedies • Agreement on safeguards

Trade in Goods
• Customs tariff: in principle, the only instrument of protection allowed under the GATT.
• Non-discriminatory application of tariffs.
• Binding of tariff rates.
• Prohibition against quantitative restrictions (except for agricultural commodities under
certain conditions).
• Trade in goods in the WTO can be described as a form of “shallow integration”.
• i.e. Cooperative agreements not to do certain things.

Trade in Services
1. • General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
• Application of the MFN principle and national treatment to the service sector.
26
 • Applies to the following types of services:
• Cross-border
• Movement of consumer abroad
• Movement of supplier abroad
• Temporary movement of people

TRIMs and TRIPs

• Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) pertain to government policies that impose

performance standards on foreign investors.
• Examples: local content requirements, export obligations, trade balancing
requirements, etc.

• The Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) imposes member
governments to adopt specific, similar policies.
• Minimum standards of protection as outlined by existing IPR conventions and eventual
harmonization with standards of industrialized countries.

D. WORLD BANK
HISTORY
 The world bank is one of the two Breton Woods Institutions which were created in 1944 to rebuild a
war torn Europe after World War II.
 Since inception in 1944, the World Bank has expanded from a single institution to a closely
associated group of five development institutions.
 Their mission evolved from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
 Development to the present-day mandate of worldwide poverty alleviation in close coordination
with their affiliate.
 the International Development Association, and other members of the World Bank Groups
 International Bank of Reconstruction and development (IBRD)
 International Development Association(IDA)
 International Finance Corporation(IFC)
 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA)
 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

Membership of World Bank

 The organizations that make up the World Bank Group are owned by the governments of member
nations, which have the ultimate decision making power within the organizations on all matters,
including policy, financial or membership issues.
 Member countries govern the World Bank Group through the Boards of Governors and the Boards of
Executive Directors. These bodies make all major decisions for the organizations.
 To become a member of the Bank, under the IBRD Articles of Agreement, a country must first join
the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Membership in IDA, IFC and MIGA are conditional on
membership in IBRD.

OPERATIONS
• Fund generation
• Grants
• Analytic & Advisory Services
• Capacity building
• Granting reconstruction & development
loans
• Providing loans to governments & private
concerns
• Promoting foreign investment
• Providing technical, economic and
monetary advice
• Encouraging industrial development
27
5 PRIORITIES OF WORLD BANK
• World bank provides the largest external funds for education.
• It is a big support in reducing poverty.
• It provides fund for biodiversity projects.
• it helps to bring clean water, electricity, and transport to poor people.
• It helps in controlling emerging conflicts.

IMF- International Monetary Fund

Roles Of IMF:
• Tracks global economic trends and performance
• Alerts its member countries
• Provides a forum for policy dialogue
• Provides policy advice and financing to members
Objectives:
• To provide the global public good of financial stability
• Facilitate the growth of international trade, thus promoting job creation, economic growth, and
poverty reduction
• Promote exchange rate stability and an open system of international payments
• Lend countries foreign exchange when needed, on a temporary basis and under adequate
safeguards, to help them address balance of payments problems

IMF’s 9 Functional Departments

• External Relations Department • Monetary and Capital Markets Department
• Finance Department • Research Department
• IMF Institute • Statistics Department
• Legal Department • Strategy, Policy, and Review Department

Difference Between IMF & World Bank

• The International Monetary Fund
• Oversees the international monetary system
• Promotes exchange stability and orderly exchange relations among its member countries Assists all
members--both industrial and developing countries--that find themselves in temporary balance of
payments difficulties by providing short- to medium-term credits
• Draws its financial resources principally from the quota subscriptions of its member countries Has
at its disposal fully paid-in quotas now totaling SDR 145 billion (about $215 billion)
• Has a staff of 2,300 drawn from 182 member countries.

E. EUROPEAN UNION
At-a-Glance
• The European Union (EU) represents a further stage of political and economic
integration in the history of Europe.
o It is, by far, the most ambitious attempt at regional integration attempted in modern history.
• Politically, the EU is a cross between an international governmental organization (IGO)
and a regional government.
o Its institutions are a hybrid those geared towards consensus- building and those oriented
towards policy administration.
• Economically, the EU is an example of an economic union.

Rationale Behind European Union

28
Political Stability
• Desire to overcome the historical French-German rivalry by tying the interests of both to that of the
broader European community.
• Attempt to check potential German nationalism by integrating unified Germany with the rest of
Europe.
Economic Stability
• To stabilize the continent’s monetary affairs, making the continent attractive for investment.

International Importance
• To reassert European influence on the international stage.

Views on Regional Integration

Federalist
• Emphasis on maintaining the sovereignty of independent member-states.
• Regional integration should result in a Federal structure that recognizes the equality of each
member state.

Functionalist
• Emphasis on the relative power of member-states.
• Regional arrangements must account for the relative importance of member-states to the region
(and thus would include mostly very similar states).

Goals of European Union

 Unified Economic and Monetary Policy
• Coordinated economic policies and subsequent adoption of a common currency.
• Common economic policy as a means of ensuring continental stability and thereafter further
political unity.
 Unified Foreign and Security Policy
• Decreased dependence on American military support.
 Unified Social Policy
• Common policies on migration, welfare, and those towards organized labor.

The Copenhagen Criteria

Conditions established in 1993 that applicant countries must fulfill in order to join the EU:
• Political: Stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the
protection of minorities.
• Economic: A functioning market economy and the capacity to handle competition arising within
the EU’s internal market.
• Administrative: Institutions and infrastructure that can implement the EU’s laws.

Five criteria that countries have to meet in order to join the final stages of economic
and monetary union:
1. Deficit: Government deficit must be below 3% of GDP.
2. Debt: Government debt must fall below 60% of GDP.
3. Inflation: Inflation rate must be within 1.5% of the three lowest inflation rates in the EU.
4. Interest Rates: Long-term rates must be within 2% of the three lowest rates in the EU.
5. Exchange Rates: Rates must be within normal fluctuating margins within the ERM.

Benefits of Monetary Union

• Increased market efficiency given the elimination of price uncertainties.
• Decreased transaction costs (no more currency valuations).
• Elimination of competitive currency devaluations across the region.
• Increased transparency in economic policy and transactions.
• Acceleration of political integration and the preparation for fiscal federalism.

29
Criticism of European Union
Optimum Currency Area
 When the setting of nominal exchange rates between currencies does not impose real costs on
their economies.
• If labor and capital are perfectly mobile.
• If prices and wages are flexible.

The EU is not an optimum currency area.

 Labor and capital are realistically tied to specific places.
 Prices and wages are not flexible: a recession hitting one country is likely to affect the rest of the
region badly.

Hindsight: Lessons Learned

The evolution of the EU has entailed managing different facets of political-economic
integration.
 Its workings are at once international, multinational, and supranational.
 It is both an international arena and an international actor.

The experience of European integration demonstrates that political union (or at the very least
political will) furthers economic union.
 The opposite, however, does not appear to hold.

Quiz 6.1 : Drivers of Globalization

Multiple Choice. Encircle the one alternative that best completes the statement of answer the
question.
1. This pertains to the structures and process that we are working toward greater
integration within a region in terms of economic, political, and other kind of linkage.
a. Globalization d. Global Integration
b. Regionalization e. Internationalization
c. Regionalism
2. What type of regional integration exist when country members eliminate tariffs among
themselves but keep their own tariff against the rest of the world?
a. Free trade area d. Economic Union
b. Custom union e. Monetary Union
c. Common market
3. Which country is not a member of ASEAN?
a. Singapore d. New Zealand
b. Thailand e. Indonesia
c. Philippines
4. Which international trade organization shares a standard monetary policy and currency?
a. ASEAN d. AU
b. EU e. OPEC
c. NAFTA
5. It is regional economic forum with the primary goal of promoting free trade and
sustainable development in the Pacific Rim economies.
a. WTO d. ASEAN
b. NATO e. APEC
c. NAFTA
(Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/ www.psu.ed.ph)

Assignment 6.1 : Discussion Questions

1) Why did the Bretton Woods System collapse in the 1970s?

2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of free trade? Do these arguments fully
hold in relation to both developed and developing countries?

30
 Assignment 6.2 : Discussion Questions

1) In what ways does the UN’s system contribute to the formation of global consciousness?
2) What is the UN’s “ideational” role in global problem solving?

Activity 6.1 : Watch Film

Watch the documentary “The Corporation” in youtube.com, directed by Mark Achbar and
Jennifer Abbot. Answer the following questions:
1) How have digital technologies transformed the structures and operations of global
corporation.
2) Has the rapid growth of global corporate capitalism led to a diffusion of influence in the
global economy?

Quiz 6.2: Drivers of Globalization

Classification. Determine the driver of globalization involved in each of these cases. Write T
for Technological, P for Political, M for Market. CS for Cost, or CM for Competitive in the blank
space provided.
1) Saturation of different markets in a domestic economy. __________
2) Increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) among emerging economies. __________
3) Offshoring activities in the global supply chain. __________
4) Use of commercial jet aircraft in international trade. __________
5) Advancement of cellular network technology from 2G to 4G. __________
6) Creation of World Trade Organization. __________
7) Reduction in trade barriers. __________
8) Rapid global presence of multinational enterprise. __________
9) Access of different online shopping platforms. __________
10) Opportunity to build scale economies. __________
Contemporary World Worksheet from PSU, Lingayen, Pangasinan/
www.psu.ed.ph)

Requirement 6.1 : Essay

1) What are the effects of the information revolution in today’s global market?
2) What are the effects of multinational corporations in the Philippine economy?
31
 3) Analyze socialism and capitalism in relation with the Philippine society. Which Economic
system would work in our country?
4) Why European countries more globalized than Asian countries?

LESSON
4
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM

CHAPTER VII – The Global Interstate System

Introduction

The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest to scholars of global
politics because it is viewed as “the institute that creates warfare and sets economic
policies for a country. “Furthermore, the state is a political unit that has authority over
its own affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by other countries. It is
assumed that whoever is in charge of those borders has the right to determine exactly
what is going to happen in their country. The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established
the notion of the nation-state and the idea of state sovereignty. Today, the globalization
of politics created an atmosphere where the ides of the nation-state, state sovereignty,
government control, and state policies are challenged from all sides.

1. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

There is a series of specific factors behind the emergence of global governance some
of them are:
 Declining of power of nation-states.
 The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through the borders of nation-
states.
 Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into various nation-states.
 The horrendous events within nation-states.
 Global financial crises and panic that sweep the world periodically.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
There is no world government to coordinate and facilitate cooperation among all
actors to deal with threats and challenges.
Therefore, global governance is especially needed.

What is Global Governance?

…sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common
affairs…” (Commission on Global Governance)“
… collection of governance-related activities, rules and mechanisms, formal and informal, existing
at a variety of levels in the world today, also referred to as the ‘pieces of global governance’…”
(Karns and Mingst)
How is the world governed even in the absence of a world government to produce
norms, codes of conduct and regulatory, surveillance and compliance instruments? How

32
 are values allocated quasi-authoritatively for the world and accepted as such, without a
government to rule the world?

The answer lies in “global governance”: the sum laws, norms, policies, and institutions that
define, constitute and meditate trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens,
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the market- the wielders and the
objects of the exercise of international public power. There is a “crazy quilt” of authority (Rosenau,
1999:293) that is constantly shifting, and the patchwork of institutional elements varies by sector.
All actors depend upon multilateralism and the underwriting of regularity and public goods in the
international system. But it they are to remain viable, international organizations and the vales of
multilateralism embedded in them be reconstituted in line with twenty-first century principles of
governance and legitimacy. Just as importantly, they must be capable of addressing contemporary
challenges effectively. This may involved moving beyond the original roots of today’s multilateral
order, reassessing the values on which multilateralism is based and promoted and recognized that
contemporary and prospective challenges call for more agility, nimbleness, flexibility, adaptability
and anticipation rather than reaction.

2. INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

There are several international organizations that governments of countries
around the world and individuals participate in. These include the United Nation, the
international Court of Justice, NAFTA, and NATO. There are also non-governmental
organizations promoting social and economic growth.

Pieces of Global Governance

1. International Law
 There are 5 sources of international law: treaties or conventions, customary practices, the
writings of legal scholars, judicial decisions, and general principles of law)
 Much of the growth has been in treaty law (1951-1995:3,666 new multilateral treaties were
concluded)
 What is the role of the international law?
2. International Norms or Soft Law
Not a binding legal documents, but rather the standards of behaviors, such as: some human
rights, labor rights, framework conventions on climate change and biodiversity.
3. International Organizations (IGOs)
 In 2003/04, there were around 238 IGOs.
 Types: Global (UN, WTO, WHO…), Regional (ASEAN,EU, AU, SAARC..), General purpose (UN,
OAS),Specialized (WTO, WHO, ILO, NATO..)
 Functions:
 Informational – gather, analyze,  Rule-creating – drafting treaties
disseminate data  Rule-supervisory – monitoring
 Forum – exchanges of views and compliance
decision-making  Operational – actions to achieve goals
 Normative – defining standards of
behavior
4. NGOs
 There are over 6,500 NGOs that have an international dimension either in terms of
membership or commitment to conduct activities.
 Advocating a particular cause such as human rights, peace or environmental protection.
 Providing services such as disaster relief, humanitarian aid…
5. International Regimes
 Encompassing rules, norms and principles as well as the practices of actors that show both
how their expectations converge and their acceptance of and compliance with rules.
E.g. IAEA, Kyoto Protocol
6. Global Conference
 The Summit for Children in1990 in New York
 Rio Earth Summit in 1992 Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995
 Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change (COP15)
33
  Cancun Conference on Climate Change (COP16)
 COP17
7. Private Governance
 Private governance is a growing, but little studies phenomenon.
 Private firms are attempting to establish enforce able intellectual property rules for music,
software, harmonization of labor standards, sanitation regulation…

What Actors in Global Governance?

States Experts
IGOs Global Policy Networks
NGOs MNCs…

Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and NATO

Global politics entails relationship of countries and different governments and non-governmental
organizations. The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations in the world where
nation-states meet and deliberates. However, it remains as an independent actor in global politics. The
premise for its establishment was the restructuring of the world devastated after the Second World War.
The term “United Nations” was coined by former U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 “United
Nations” was coined by former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 (United Nations, 2011). Its
operations began on October 24, 1945. It started with 50 representatives from different countries.
Generally, it functions in for areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental issues, and human
protection. It is made up of close to 200 counties from around the world, 193 member states to be exact,
with its headquarters in New York, was designed to be a place where countries could come to discuss their
issues without resorting to violence and war, which had plagued or planet for several years in the past.
Maintaining peace and building friendship is the number one goal of the UN, as well as providing a forum
where countries could gather to discuss global issues. The General Assembly is the gathering of all these
countries. It is held in an auditorium where speeches are given. Representatives from different member
states can vote on issues.

The UN is not all about fights. It has programs called UNICEF or the United Nations Children’s
Emergency Fund. Its primary goal is to help children around the world. They collect funds to distribute
emergency relief from famine and poverty and disease. It also provides education programs in areas
where there are no schools. While UNICEF is part of the United Nations, they operate semi-independently
and rely on fundraising.

In terms of economic issues, the main focus on the UN is the reduction of global inequality. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover a range of concerns for the improvement of all aspects of
life. According to the UN (2017), sustainable development encompasses economic prosperity, social well-
being, and environmental protection. Since the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) did not end poverty
for all people, the UN’s post-2015 sustainable development agenda showcases the vision of the
organization when it comes to broader issues such as climate change, disaster risk reduction, and gender
equality.

Environmental issues, such as pollution wastes, are address through United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP). The increasing rate of greenhouse emissions, rising sea level, and occurrence of
extreme weather patterns are the effects of climate change. As a response, the UN’s Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) took efforts that can mitigate climate change like assessment of climate
science, facilitation of climate agreements, and giving assistance to countries to countries to reduce
emissions (UN, 2011).

The UN also has the International Court of Justice (ICJ), usually referred to as the World Court. It is
located in the Netherlands in a town called The Hague. This is where countries can settles disputes in a
court of law, as well as a place where war criminals and ruler who have done terrible things to their people
can be put to trial for their crimes. Aside from this, there are also a variety of international courts and

34
tribunals created by the UN such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea (ITLOS).

Finally, the UN promotes and protects human rights through different organizations and
mechanisms. Since, 1948, human rights have been brought into the realm of international law. This is
reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A variety of UN-sponsored human rights treaties
and agreements have been done for human protection. Other mechanisms include the Office of UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Human Rights Council, Human rights treaty bodies, the UN
Development Group’s Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism (UNDG-HRM), and the Special Advisers on
the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect (UN, 2011). There are also legal instruments
that help the organization like the International Bill of Human Rights which consists of three legal
documents: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant
on Economics, Social, and Cultural Rights. The UN also believes in democracy and that it is interdependent
with development and respect for all human rights.

The efforts of countries and governments in the world to cooperate and collaborate together is very
important. The international and regional economic bond bodies, such IMF and the World Bank, must also
be considered as they often push for neoliberal reforms in the world. Multinational corporations and non-
government organizations, such as Amnesty International, are significant organizations that put into
question the strength of national autonomy and global politics. The emergence of non-state organizations,
like Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and terrorist organizations, which seek power try to depose a government and replace
the system with their own ideological belief.

Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs)

Another example of an international organization that was developed out of war is the Red Cross
(Red Crescent in Muslim countries). It is considered as a non-governmental organization (NGO). NGOs are
not tied to any country. They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and medical supplies for those
whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war. They also monitor the treatment of
prisoners of wars and go to conflicts to make sure that no war crimes are taking place. In fact, the Red
Cross began as an organization to help those who were wounded during wars. The big Red Cross worn by
NGOs is the identification that they are not soldiers’. Part of why it is important for the Red Cross to be an
NGO is that they remain neutral and would hep the wounded from both sides of war. Since they are
neutral, governments are more likely to let them come into their countries to help. While the headquarters
of the international Red Cross is in Geneva, Switzerland, they have branches all around the world.

Global Economic Associations: WTO and NAFTA

The next group is an economic association – WTO. It is made p of 162 countries around the world
and was created with the goal, of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from
one another without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. In addition, tariffs are used to protect business and
companies inside their country.
Another famous economic organization in NAFTA, this is an economic treaty between the United
States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other.

Requirement 7.1: Collecting Posts, Connecting the World

We live in a world where we are surrounded by vast amount of information. It is all

arounds. We can get information from books, television, newspaper, and online websites. The
World Wide Web has made us familiar with digital technology and allows us to communicate
with other people around the world.
Moreover, our collective learning could also be aided by modern technology. Social media is
one of the ways in which information is exchanged today. In this activity, we will realize how
connected we are in terms of the posts that we see in the Web. Although we do not have a
face-to-face interaction, we could somehow relate with others in this virtual space-the
internet-which largely shaped the flow of information in the contemporary world.

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 1) Using your social media account (e.g., Facebook or Twitter accounts), browse your home page and
observe the posts of your friends.
2) Choose and list down at least 30 randomly selected posts. The names of your friends can be
excluded.
3) Group the post according to theme. Some of the themes may be about a product, an educational
post, a movie, an opinion, a religious verse, or a status about one’s personal life. Feel free to
construct your own title for the posts you are going to group together.
4) Share the themes you have created with a classmate and answer the following questions:
a. Which theme has the most number of posts?
b. Which post has the most number of shares?
c. What are the common themes that you and your classmate have identified?
d. Have you posted anything in the past that is similar with the posts you listed down?

Requirement 7.2 KWL Chart What I want to know

What I know What I learned

LESSON
4
GLOBAL
CITIZENSHIP

CHAPTER VIII – Global Citizenship

Global Citizenship
In this chapter we will read most of Prince Kennex Aldama has to say about Global
Citizenship in his book “The Contemporary World”. He defines citizenship associated with
rights and obligations. The right to vote and the obligation to pay taxes. Both rights and
obligations link the individual to the state. It has to do with attitudes. We need to be willing to
engage and to spend time and effort to the community of which we feel part of. Community
has traditionally been regarded as something very local.” (Aldama, 2018)
In addition, the following were some of context about citizenship which was mentioned by
Aldama (2018) in his book:
 We must remember that globalization is not a single phenomenon; rather, there are many
globalizations. While some need to be resisted, others are welcomed and should be encouraged.
They are bound to be multiple futures for multiple globalizations. These globalizations created
enemies because according to one broad view, globalization failed to deliver its promises (Cohen,
2006). The so-called bottom billion lacks infrastructures and has been disenfranchised. The
opponents of globalization blame either Westernization or global capitalism. Thus, enemies resist
globalization, especially when it comes to global economy and global governance.

 That, there are three approaches to global economic resistance. Trade perfectionism involves the
systematic government intervention in foreign trade through tariffs and non-tariff barriers in order
to encourage domestic producers and deter their foreign competitors. (McAleese, 2007). Although
there exists a widespread consensus regarding its inefficiency, trade protectionism is still popular
since it shields the domestic economy from systemic shocks. Fair trade is a different approach to
economic globalization, which emerged as a counter to neoliberal “free trade” principles (Nicolls
and Opal, 2005). Fair trade alms at a more moral and equitable global economic system in which,
for instance, price is not set by the market; instead, it is negotiated transparently by both

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 producers and consumers. While it is popular among consumers in the North, it has met only
limited acceptance among producers (Ritzer, 2015). Its ability to supply a mass market and its
applicability to manufacture products are also doubted. The third form of resistance to economic
globalization relates to helping the bottom billion based on Collier (2007). Increasing aid is only one
of the many measures that are required. International norms and standards can be adapted to the
needs of the bottom billion. The reduction of trade barriers would also reduce the economic
marginalization of these people and their nations.

 When it comes to dealing with political globalization, increased accountability (Germain, 2004) and
transparency are the key issues. All political organizations, at different levels, should be more
accountable for their actions because they are not surrounded by an “ocean of opacity” (Holzner
and Holzner, 2006, p. 336). Increased transparency has been aided by various mechanisms such as
transnational justice systems, international tribunal, civil society, and particularly the Transparency
International.

 Like globalization, resistance to globalization is multiple, complex, contradictory, and ambiguous.

This movement also has the potential to emerge as the new public sphere, which may uphold
progressive values such as autonomy, democracy, peace, ecological sustainability, and social
justice. These forces of resistance are themselves products of globalization and can be seen
globalization from below (Smith, 2008). According to Della Porta et al. (2006), the impetus for such
a movement comes from individuals, groups, and organization which are oppressed (i.e, self-
perception) by globalization from above (neoliberal economic system or aggressively expanding
nations and corporations). They seek a more democratic process of globalization. However,
globalization from below also involves less visible, more right-wing elements, such as the America
First Party and the Taliban.

 The World Social Forum (WSF) is centered on addressing the lack of democracy in economic and
political affairs (Fisher and Ponniah, 2003). However, the diversity of elements involved in WSF
hinders the development of concrete political proposals. A significant influence on WFS has been
that of cyberactivism, which is based on the “cultural logic of networking” (Juris, 2005) and virtual
movements,” sch as Global Huaren. This cyberpublic was formed as a protest against the violence,
discrimination, and hatred experienced by Chinese residents in Indonesia after the 1997 Asian
financial crisis. In 1998, world wide rallies condemning the violence were made possible through
the global Huaren which according to Ritzer (2015) “became an interesting global watchdog for
Chinese interests”. (p.307).

 Since there is no single globalization, the future is also multi-dimentional. Some forsee the
continuing expansion of globalization both in general as well as in more specific globalization.
Others have more pessimistic vision of “Mad Max” scenarios that cold end the current era of
globalization (Turner, 2007)

 In any case given that there is no world government, the idea of global citizenship demands the
creation or rights and obligations. Moreover, fulfilling the promises of globalization and the solution
to the problems of the contemporary world does not lie on single entity or individual, but on
citizens, the community, and the different organizations in societies. The dynamics of globalization
demands the efforts of the whole array of inter-governmental organizations such as the United
Nations and the World Bank; international organizations such as the United Nations and the West
Bank; international NGOs like Greenpeace and Amnesty International; and the citizen initiatives and
community action groups that reach above the nation-state level like the World Social Forum and
Occupy Movement. Ultimately, reforms in global governance are required to allow world citizens to
take more part directly in all aspects of human life at the global level.

Activity 8.1: Global Citizen

Classification. Determine of each item positively characterized a global citizen. Put a
checkmark (/) in the Yes column (if it characterizes a global citizen) or put a wrong mark (x) if
otherwise in the blank space provided.

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Indicators YES NO

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 1. He is unaware of his right and responsible as a citizen
2. He behaves ethically in all situation
3. He is unable to collaborate or cooperate with others
4. He understands how the world works.
5. He finds ways to address global challenges
6. He uses knowledge about global issues to abuse others.
7. He does not respect and value diversity.
8. He is patriotic to his country but despises other countries.
9. He contributes actively to the community.
10.He is unwillingly to act to make the world a sustainable place.
11. He does know his duties and rights very well.
12.He is delighted by social injustice.
13.He is irresponsible for his actions.
14.He destroys the beauty of nature or environment.
15. He refuses to learn about other people’s culture

Activity 8.2: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice. Exercise the one alternative that best completes the statement or answer the
question.
1. A global citizen is someone who is not
a. Responsible d. Knowledgeable
b. Proactive e. Respectful
c. Intolerant
2. Who are considered global citizens?
a. Filipino citizens d. Wealthy citizens of developing
b. Business people in the world countries
c. Officials of the United Nations e. All citizens in the world
3. Which of the following is an example of civic personality?
a. Voting for the right political d. Appreciating other countries’
candidate culture
b. Planting tress every year e. Patronizing locally produced goods
c. Bullying underprivilege people
4. The fundamental value stipulated in the United Nations Millenium Declaration from
which suggests that no individual and no nation must be denied the opportunity to
benefit from development is referred to as
a. Freedom d. Tolerance
b. Solidarity e. Responsibility
c. Equality
5. Which of the following is considered one value in global citizenship education?
a. Creative thinking c. Sustainable development
b. Human rights understanding d. Verbal communication
e. Open-mindedness.

Quiz 8.1: Dimension of Global Citizenship

Classification. Determine what dimension of global citizenship is involved in the following.
Write FG formal global citizenship or MG moral citizenship in the blank space provided.
1. Participation in local and national election. ________________
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 2. Entitlement to social security benefits. __________________
3. Respect of life and dignity of every human person. __________________
4. Right to life, freedom and security. _______________
5. Involvement on fostering peace and security in national and global communities.
______________
6. Paying taxes on time. ______________
7. Access to education and health services. _____________
8. Collaboration with other people to help impoverish households. _______________
9. Recognition of global issues and concerns. ________________
10.Responsibility for managing worldwide economic and social development. __________

Quiz 8.2: What part of Global Citizenship

Classification. Determine what part of global citizenship is involved in the following. Write CR
for Civil responsibility, CA for Cultural awareness, E for environment, or GE for global economy
in the blank space provided.
1. Understanding the causes of the global recession. __________
2. Donating food and clothing to the homeless. __________
3. Becoming aware of different time zones. ___________
4. Performing community services. ___________
5. Learning some languages in Asia. ____________
6. Analyzing how flow of goods and services takes place between countries. _________
7. Practicing the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) for waste minimization. ___________
8. Planting tress every year. _________
9. Patronizing locally produced products. ___________
10.Celebrating traditional holidays and festival. ___________

Assignment 8.1: Essay

Review questions. Answer the following questions as concisely yet as clearly as possible. (3
points each).
1. In your own words, what is meant by global citizenship?
2. What is the relevance of global citizenship to the contemporary world?
3. How would you be an effective global citizen?
4. As a student, how will you contribute to the development of your community or society?

Requirement: 8.1: Project Endeavor

You got the opportunity to receive a budget of 100 million pesos, and this will be
used for the implementation of a project or endeavor to address one of the
contemporary world issues. Develop an action plan detailing how will the P100 million
pesos be spent. For your reference and guidance, use the action plan template below.
(30 points)

Name of Project

Description of the Project

Objective/Goals

Action Steps Time Frame

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Resources Needed Budget/ Allocated

References:
Textbooks:
 Aldama, P.K. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store.
 Stegger. M. et al. (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. SGAE Publication Ltd.

Other Readings:
 Claudio. L. (2014). “Locating the Global South.” The SAGE Handbook. SAGE Publications
Ltd.
 Juergensmeyer. M. (2014). “Religion in Global Conflict”. The SAGE Publications Ltd.
 Lee R. (2003). “The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change.”
Journal of Economic Perspective 17(4): 167-190

Films:
 Film: PBS Frontline: “The Rise of ISIS” (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/rise of-
isis/)
 Film: “The Corporation directed by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott

SHUKRAN JAZIILAN!

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