Chapter 3

Grade 09
 Content
3.1.The UK at work;
3.2.So where the jobs;
3.4.The UK’s changing employment structure;
3.5.Changing in and around Doncaster;
3.6.Where did the UK’s factory job go?
3.7.The clothing industry in Bangladesh;
3.8.Working to bring you a mobile;
 People in employment

➢ Most of people work everyday;

➢ First they provide good and services we need;
➢ Second, most of people pay the government part what they
earn. As income tax;
➢ This money → National health services, Education, Police and
other military, and other services;
 Sectors of employments;
1.Primary Sector → people take thing from the land and sea;
Farmers, fishermen, miners, oil workers, forestry workers; they
are producing raw materials;

2. Secondary sector → people make or build things by using

raw materials; Factory workers, house builders, people
constructing road and railways;
 Sectors of employments;

3.Tertiay sector → People provide services for other people;

teacher, Doctor, Seller, Servers;

4.Quaternary sector → People use high level expertise to help

other sectors; develop new types of medical treatment, new
technology, help to companies make financial decisions;
 The structure of the employment
➢ Percentage of people working different sectors;
➢ The UK →

o Tertiary sector – 79%

o Secondary sector – 19%

o Primary sector – 2%

➢ There is no slice for the quaternary sector – Small sector

 Homework
➢ Find out the structure of employment of Sri Lanka
 The economy
➢ The economy is the network of business activity going on in
producing, supplying and buying (consuming) good and
services;
➢ Quantity of good and services produced, supplied and
consumed is rising, with more money flowing → Economy is
growing;
➢ The economy can also Shrink;
 Homework
➢ Answer to your turn questions in page No 49;
 Summary
➢ A business will consider a range of factors when deciding where to
locate;
E.g. ease of access to materials and transport network; access to
workers with the required skills;
➢ Working with the primary sector means being where the raw
materials are;
E.g. Farming need land, fishing is at the coast, etc
 Summary
➢ In the secondary sector, business which process raw materials may choose to be
close to the source;

➢ E.g. Cement is made from rock which would be bulky and expensive to transport
far, Vegetable must be processed very soon after picking;

➢ The tertiary sector, you need to be within easy physical reach of your costumers,

➢ E.g. Doctors, dentists, shop staff

➢ But if you provide services online → web design and online banking
 Homework
➢ Answer to your turn questions in page No 51;
 Summary
➢ How the UK’s employment structure has changed since 1600;
➢ Britain in 1600 around 70% of the working population was in
the primary sector – mainly farming;
➢ By 1850, the % in the primary sector has shrunk to around
27%, largely;
➢ Because changes in farming meant more food could be
produced with fewer people;
➢ Secondary sector has grown to about 43%, thanks to the
industrial revolution;
 Summary

➢ By 1970 manufacturing was already in decline, thanks to largely

to competitions from abroad (as failure to invest, in Britain);

➢ Today, 79% of the workforce is in the tertiary sector, 19% in

the secondary sector, and just 2% in primary;
 Summary
➢ But remember;

▪ The UK’s population has grown 13 fold from 1600 to today; So for
farming, for example, we are talking about 2% of a much bigger
number;

▪ Manufacturing, like farming, has become more proactive. It takes

people to produce more, thanks to advances in technology;
 Homework
➢ Answer to your turn questions in page No 53;
 Summary
➢ The chances in employment in Doncaster over time mirror
those in the UK as a whole;
➢ Beginning as a Roman fort on the route from London to York;
it developed as a market town for the surrounding farmers.
With the Industrial Revolution, it became a manufacturing and
mining center;
➢ About 50 years ago, severe decline set, in both manufacturing
and coal mining. Over time the railway works and mines closed.
(The last mine closed in 2015)
 Summary Cont.
➢ As usual with major job losses, the town went in to decline.
Areas became run-down. There was a rise in ill health,
depression, crime, and other problems.
➢ Now Doncaster is regenerating itself. Because of its location,
transportation links, it is becoming a hub for warehousing and
distribution, for companies as IKEA.
➢ So like the UK overall the primary and secondary sectors have
shrunk in and around Doncaster in the last 50 years, while the
tertiary sector has grown.
 Doncaster
➢ What are the main
geographical factors
in Doncaster ?
 Homework
➢ Answer to your turn questions in page No 55;
Employment structures of other countries

➢ Employment structure varies from country to country;

➢ Employment structure also changes over time;
➢ It gives clues about a country’s level of development;
➢ Example : if the primary slice is very large, and secondary very small, the
country likely to be less developed, with most people in farming, and quite
poor, with few services;
➢ For more developed countries, the pie chart tend to be similar
to the UK’s, with a very small primary slice, and the tertiary
slice biggest;
 Decline in manufacturing in the UK
➢ Industrial revolution began in Britain;
➢ Manufacturing began to decline in early decades of the 20 th
century;
➢ But even by 1950, produced a quarter of the world’s
manufacturing exports;
➢ Today the UK import most of manufactured goods;
➢ A big factor in the decline was the lower wages in other
countries. It meant they could make goods more cheaply;
 Decline in manufacturing in the UK
➢ The UK also failed to invest in and modernize, its industry;
➢ The UK does still have some manufacturing, involving highly
skilled workers making high value goods;
➢ ex: aerospace,
➢ Manufacturing of some low cost high frequency goods is
unlikely to move abroad.
➢ Ex : food processing – bread, frozen vegetables, etc.
 Key Vocabulary

➢ Import – a good or service bought in one country that was

produced in another.
➢ Export- the goods and services produced in one country and
purchased by residents of another country
➢ Labour intensive – needing a large workforce or a large amount
of work in relation to output.
 Key Vocabulary
➢ Manufacturing – the making of goods by hand or by machine that
upon completion the business sells to a customer.
➢ High tech – using, requiring, or involved in high technology.
➢ Aerospace – the branch of technology and industry concerned with
both aviation and space flight.
➢ Pharmaceuticals – shares in companies manufacturing medicinal
drugs.
 The Clothing industry
➢ When a country begins to industrialize, the clothing industry in
a good place to start, because the whole world need clothes;
➢ Bangladesh is one of the world’s top countries for making
clothing. The money it earns from the clothing industry is
helping Bangladesh to develop;
➢ Clothing store in Britain and elsewhere get clothing mage in
Bangladesh because wages are low there;
➢ So the clothing store keep costs down, and can sell the cloths
cheaply while still making a profit;
 The Clothing industry
➢ The Bangladeshi clothing industry employs about 4 million
people – Many of them young women who would otherwise
have little chance of earning;
➢ But working condition in the clothing factories are often poor,
and even dangerous;
➢ Under pressure, foreign companies have agreed to monitor and
improve working conditions in the Bangladeshi factories they
use, and to check buildings for safety.
 Activity
➢ Answer to your turn questions 1,2 and 5 in page No 61
 Productions of mobile phones
➢ Workers in all employment sectors are involved in bringing us
mobile phones;
➢ The design of mobiles, phone networks, facilities take place in
the quaternary sector;
➢ Workers in the primary sector extract the many raw materials
from which phones are made;
➢ Workers in secondary sector process the raw materials, and
assemble the phone components;
 Productions of mobile phones
➢ Workers in tertiary sector sell phones and call plans, provide
support, and so on;
➢ The raw materials and components may come from many
different counties;
➢ Apple design and markets iPhone – but dose not make them. It
arranges component manufacture and assembly in factories
around the world;
➢ With branches in many countries, Apple is a multinational
corporation. Its business in an example of globalization.
 Activity
➢ Answer to your turn question No 3 rd in the page No 63.