CO₂ emissions

How much CO₂ does the world emit? Which countries emit the
most?

By: Hannah Ritchie and Max Cite this article

Roser Reuse our work freely
This page was first published in June 2020
and last revised in January 2024.

Carbon dioxide emissions are the primary driver of global climate

change. It's widely recognized that to avoid the worst impacts of
climate change, the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. But,
how this responsibility is shared between regions, countries, and
individuals has been an endless point of contention in international
discussions.

This debate arises from the various ways in which emissions are
compared: as annual emissions by country; emissions per person;
historical contributions; and whether they adjust for traded goods
and services. These metrics can tell very different stories.

We teamed up with the YouTube channel, Kurzgesagt, to produce a

video that explored these different metrics in detail: ‘Who is
responsible for climate change? – Who needs to fix it?’.

‘Who is responsible for climate change? – Who needs to fix it?’

We teamed up with the YouTube channel Kurzgesagt to make a video on
comparisons of CO₂ emissions.

This page is just one in our collection of work on CO2 and

Greenhouse Gas Emissions where you can explore emissions of other
greenhouse gases; where our emissions come from; what trajectories
of future emissions look like; and what is driving emissions across the
world.

You can also download our complete Our World in Data CO2 and
Greenhouse Gas Emissions database.

Other research and writing on CO₂ emissions on Our World in Data:

Many countries have decoupled economic growth from CO2

emissions, even if we take offshored production into account

How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?

Global inequalities in CO2 emissions

Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels

How have global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)

changed over time?

In this chart, we see the growth of global emissions from the mid-
18th century through to today.

We see that before the Industrial Revolution, emissions were very

low. Growth in emissions was still relatively slow until the mid-20th
century. In 1950 the world emitted 6 billion tonnes of CO2. By 1990
this had almost quadrupled, reaching more than 20 billion tonnes.
Emissions have continued to grow rapidly; we now emit over 35
billion tonnes each year. Emissions growth has slowed over the last
few years, but they have yet to reach their peak.
Annual CO₂ emissions
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

World
35 billion t

30 billion t

25 billion t

20 billion t

15 billion t

10 billion t

5 billion t

0t
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land use change

How have global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuels
and land use changed over time?

We see that while emissions from fossil fuels have increased,

emissions from land use change have declined slightly in recent
years. Overall, this means total emissions have roughly stabilized over
the past decade.

CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change, World

Table Chart Change country or region Settings

Total (fossil fuels and land-use change)

40 billion t

Fossil fuels
35 billion t

30 billion t

25 billion t

20 billion t

15 billion t

10 billion t

5 billion t
Land-use change

0t
1850 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2022

1850 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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CO2 emissions by region

This interactive chart shows the breakdown of global CO2 emissions

by region. We see that until well into the 20th century, global
emissions were dominated by Europe and the United States. In 1900,
more than 90% of emissions were produced in Europe or the US;
even by 1950, they accounted for more than 85% of emissions each
year. But in recent decades this has changed significantly. In the
second half of the 20th century, we see a significant rise in emissions
in the rest of the world, particularly across Asia, and most notably,
China. The US and Europe now account for less than one-third of
emissions.
Annual CO₂ emissions by world region
Emissions from fossil fuels and industry are included, but not land-use change emissions. International aviation and shipping
are included as separate entities, as they are not included in any country's emissions.

Table Chart Settings

International
35 billion t aviation
International
shipping
30 billion t Oceania
Asia (excl. China
and India)
25 billion t
China
20 billion t

15 billion t India
Africa
South America
10 billion t North America
(excl. USA)
United States
5 billion t European Union
(27)
Europe (excl.
0t EU-27)
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

Per capita CO2 emissions

Where in the world does the average person emit the most carbon
dioxide (CO2) each year?

We can calculate the contribution of the average citizen of each

country by dividing its total emissions by its population. This gives us
CO2 emissions per capita. In the visualization, we see the differences
in per capita emissions across the world.

Here we look at production-based emissions – that is, emissions

produced within a country’s boundaries without accounting for how
goods are traded across the world. In our post on consumption-
based emissions, we look at how these figures change when we
account for trade. Production figures matter – these are the numbers
that are taken into account for climate targets1 and thanks to
historical reconstructions they have been available for the entire
world since the mid-18th century.

Per capita CO₂ emissions, 2022

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart World

No data 0 t 0.1 t 0.2 t 0.5 t 1t 2t 5t 10 t 20 t

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023); Population based on various sources (2023) – Learn more about this data
OurWorldInData.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions | CC BY

Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

There are very large inequalities in per capita emissions across the
world.

The world’s largest per capita CO2 emitters are the major oil-
producing countries; this is particularly true for those with relatively
low population size. Most are in the Middle East and include Qatar,
the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait.
However, many of the major oil producers have a relatively small
population meaning their total annual emissions are low. More
populous countries with some of the highest per capita emissions –
and therefore high total emissions – are the United States, Australia,
and Canada which on average have emissions that are around 3
times higher than the global average.

Since there is such a strong relationship between income and per

capita CO2 emissions, we’d expect this to be the case: countries with
high standards of living would have a high carbon footprint. But what
becomes clear is that there can be large differences in per capita
emissions, even between countries with similar standards of living.
Many countries across Europe, for example, have much lower
emissions than the US, Canada, or Australia.

In fact, some European countries have emissions not far from the
global average, including Portugal, France, and the UK. This is also
much lower than some of their neighbors with similar standards of
living, such as Germany, the Netherlands, or Belgium. The choice of
energy sources plays a key role here: in the UK, Portugal, and France,
a much higher share of electricity is produced from nuclear and
renewable sources – you can explore this electricity mix by country
here. While approximately half of Germany's electricity is derived
from fossil fuels, the percentage in France is markedly lower.

Prosperity is a primary driver of CO2 emissions, but clearly, policy and

technological choices make a difference.

Many countries in the world still have very low per capita CO2
emissions. In many of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa –
such as Chad, Niger, and the Central African Republic – the average
footprint is around 0.1 tonnes per year. That’s around 150 times
lower than the USA, Australia, and Canada. The average American or
Australian produces the same amount of emissions in under two days
as the average person in Mali or Niger does in an entire year.

Annual CO2 emissions

Who emits the most CO2 each year? In the following visualization,
we show annual CO2 emissions aggregated by region, with a special
focus on the leading emitters including India, China, and the United
States. The emissions shown here relate to where CO2 is produced
(i.e., production-based CO2), not where the goods and services that
generate emissions are finally consumed. We look at the difference in
each country’s production vs. consumption (trade-adjusted)
emissions here.

Asia is by far the largest emitter, accounting for around half of global
emissions. As it is home to almost 60% of the world’s population this
means that per capita emissions in Asia are slightly lower than the
world average, however.

China is, by a significant margin, Asia’s and the world’s largest

emitter: it emits more than one-quarter of global emissions.

North America – dominated by the USA – is the second largest

regional emitter at one-fourth of global emissions and it’s followed
closely by Europe. Here we have grouped the countries in the
European Union since they typically negotiate and set targets as a
collective body. You can see the data for individual EU countries in
the interactive maps that follow.

Africa and South America are both fairly small emitters: accounting
for 3-4% of global emissions each. Both have emissions similar in size
to international aviation and shipping combined. Aviation and
shipping are not included in national or regional emissions. This is
because of disagreement over how emissions that cross country
borders should be allocated: do they belong to the country of
departure or country of origin? How are connecting flights accounted
 for? The tensions in reaching international aviation and shipping
deals are discussed in detail in the Carbon Brief here.

Annual CO₂ emissions by world region

Emissions from fossil fuels and industry are included, but not land-use change emissions. International aviation and shipping
are included as separate entities, as they are not included in any country's emissions.

Table Chart Settings

100%
International
aviation
International
shipping
80% Oceania
Asia (excl. China
and India)

60% China

40% India
Africa
South America
North America
(excl. USA)
20% United States
European Union
(27)
Europe (excl.
0% EU-27)
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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OurWorldInData.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions | CC BY

Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

How did CO2 emissions change over time?

The same data is also explorable by country and over time in the
interactive map.

By clicking on any country you can see how its annual emissions have
changed, and compare it with other countries.

Annual CO₂ emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

China

10 billion t

8 billion t

6 billion t

United States

4 billion t

India
2 billion t
Germany
Brazil
United Kingdom
0t France
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

Share of global CO2 emissions by country

In the interactive chart, you can explore each country’s share of

global emissions. Using the timeline at the bottom of the map, you
can see how the global distribution has changed since 1750. By
clicking on any country you can see its evolution and compare it with
others.

The distribution of emissions has changed significantly over time. The

UK was – until 1888 when it was overtaken by the US – the world’s
largest emitter. This was because the UK was the first country to
industrialize, a transition that later contributed to massive
improvements in living standards for much of its population.

Whilst rising CO2 emissions have clear negative environmental

consequences, it is also true that they have historically been a by-
 product of positive improvements in human living conditions. But, it’s
also true that reducing CO2 emissions is important to protect the
living conditions of future generations. This perspective – that we
must consider both the environmental and human welfare
implications of emissions – is important if we are to build a future
that is both sustainable and provides high standards of living for
everyone.

Rising emissions and living standards in North America and Oceania

followed soon after developments in the UK.

Many of the world’s largest emitters today are in Asia. However,

Asia’s rapid rise in emissions has only occurred in very recent
decades. This too has been a by-product of massive improvements in
living standards: since 1950 life expectancy in Asia has increased by
more than 30 years, it has seen a dramatic fall in extreme poverty;
and for the first time, most of its population received formal
education.

Whilst all countries must work collectively, action from the very top
emitters will be essential. China, the USA, and the 28 countries of the
EU account for more than half of global emissions. Without a
commitment from these largest emitters, the world will not come
close to meeting its global targets.

Share of global CO₂ emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

100%

80%

60%

40%
China
United States
India
20% European Union (27)
Canada
Brazil
South Africa
0% United Kingdom
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

Annual change in CO2 emissions

This interactive chart shows the year-on-year growth rate of CO2
emissions.

A positive figure in a given year indicates that emissions were higher

than the previous year. A negative figure indicates they were lower
than the year before. For example, a change of 1.5% indicates that
global emissions were 1.5% higher than the previous year (–1.5%
would mean they were 1.5% lower).

This measure allows us to see firstly where emissions are rising, and
where they are falling; and secondly, the rate at which emissions are
changing – whether the growth in emissions is slowing down or
accelerating.
Annual percentage change in CO₂ emissions, 2022
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart World

No data -10% -5% -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 5% 10%

1751 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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R E L A T E D C H A R T:

Absolute annual change in CO₂ emissions

Year-on-year change in CO₂ emissions, 2022
Absolute annual change in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, measured in tonnes.

No data -50 million t -20 million t -10 million t 0t 10 million t 20 million t 50 million t 100 million t
What is the absolute (as opposed to the percentage) change in CO₂
Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) OurWorldInData.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions | CC BY

emissions from year to year?

Cumulative CO2 emissions

Since 1751 the world has emitted over 1.5 trillion tonnes of CO2.2 To
reach our climate goal of limiting average temperature rise to 2°C,
the world needs to urgently reduce emissions. One common
argument is that those countries that have added most to the CO2 in
our atmosphere – contributing most to the problem today – should
take on the greatest responsibility in tackling it.

We can compare each country’s total contribution to global

emissions by looking at cumulative CO2. We can calculate cumulative
emissions by adding up each country’s annual CO2 emissions over
time. We did this calculation for each region and the largest CO2
emitters over the period from 1751 through to 2017.3

There are some key points we can learn from this perspective:

The United States has emitted more CO2 than any other country to
date: at around 400 billion tonnes since 1751, it is responsible for
almost one-quarter of historical emissions;

This exceeds the contribution of China, the world's second-largest

national contributor, by more than 1.5 times;

The countries of the European Union – which are grouped together

here as they typically negotiate and set targets on a collaborative
basis – are also a large historical contributor at almost a fifth of all
emissions;

Many of the large annual emitters today – such as India and Brazil
– are not large contributors in a historical context;
Africa’s regional contribution – relative to its population size – has
been very small. This is the result of very low per capita emissions –
both historically and currently.
Cumulative CO₂ emissions by world region
Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by region from the year 1750 onwards. This measures CO₂ emissions from fossil
fuels and industry only – land-use change is not included.

Table Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

1.6 trillion t China

India
Africa
1.4 trillion t
Oceania
South America
1.2 trillion t North America
(excl. USA)
Asia (excl. China
1 trillion t and India)

800 billion t
United States

600 billion t

400 billion t European Union

(27)

200 billion t
Europe (excl.
EU-27)
0t
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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OurWorldInData.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions | CC BY

Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

All of this data is also explorable by country and over time in the
interactive map. By clicking on any country you can see the country’s
cumulative emissions over time, and compare it with other countries.

Cumulative CO₂ emissions

Running sum of CO₂ emissions produced from fossil fuels and industry since the first year of recording, measured in tonnes.
Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

United States
400 billion t

300 billion t European Union (27)

China

200 billion t

100 billion t
United Kingdom
India
Canada
South Africa
0t Brazil
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

How has each region’s share of global cumulative CO2

emissions changed over time?

In the paragraph above we focused on each country or region’s total

cumulative emissions in absolute terms.

In the following chart, we see the change in the share of global

cumulative emissions by region over time from 1751.

Up until 1950, more than half of historical CO2 emissions were

emitted by Europe. The vast majority of European emissions back
then were emitted by the United Kingdom; as the data shows, until
1882 more than half of the world’s cumulative emissions came from
the UK alone.

Over the century that followed, industrialization in the USA rapidly

increased its contribution.

It’s only over the past 50 years that growth in South America, Asia,
and Africa has increased these regions’ share of total contribution.
Cumulative CO₂ emissions by world region
Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by region from the year 1750 onwards. This measures CO₂ emissions from fossil
fuels and industry only – land-use change is not included.

Table Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

100%
China
India
Africa
80% Oceania
South America
North America
(excl. USA)
60% Asia (excl. China
and India)

United States
40%

European Union
20% (27)

Europe (excl.
EU-27)
0%
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

How has each country’s share of global cumulative CO2

emissions changed over time?

In the final visualization you can explore the same cumulative CO2
emissions as you have seen above but now split by country. Using the
timeline at the bottom of the chart you can see how contribution
across the world has evolved since 1751. By clicking on a country
you can see an individual country’s cumulative contribution over
time.

The map shows large inequalities of contribution across the world.

The USA has emitted the most to date: around a quarter of all
historical CO2: twice that of China which is the second largest
contributor. In contrast, most countries across Africa have been
responsible for less than 0.02% of all emissions since 1750.

What becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world

today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history
are not always the biggest emitters today. The UK, for example, is
now responsible for less than 1% of global emissions. Reductions
here will have a relatively small impact on emissions at the global
level – or at least fall far short of the scale of change we need. This
creates tension with the argument that the largest contributors in the
past should be those doing the most to reduce emissions today. This
is because a large fraction of CO2 remains in the atmosphere for
hundreds of years once emitted.4

This inequality is one of the main reasons that makes international

agreement on who should take action so challenging.
Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions
Cumulative emissions are the running sum of annual emissions since 1750. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions.
Land-use change is not included.

Table Map Chart Edit countries and regions Settings

100%

80%

60%

40%

United States
20%
European Union (27)
China
United Kingdom
0% India
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2022

1750 2022

Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023) – Learn more about this data
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OurWorldInData.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions | CC BY

Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs

How do we measure or estimate CO2 emissions?

Historical fossil fuel CO2 emissions can be reconstructed back to
1751 based on energy statistics. These reconstructions detail the
production quantities of various forms of fossil fuels (coal, brown
coal, peat, and crude oil), which when combined with trade data on
imports and exports, allow for national-level reconstructions of fossil
fuel production and resultant CO2 emissions. More recent energy
statistics are sourced from the UN Statistical Office, which compiles
data from official national statistical publications and annual
questionnaires. Data on cement production and gas flaring can also
be sourced from UN data, supplemented by data from the US
Department of Interior Geological Survey (USGS) and the US
Department of Energy Information Administration. A full description
of data acquisition and original sources can be found at the Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).

As an example: how do we estimate Canada's CO2 emissions in

1900? Let's look at the steps involved in this estimation.

Step 1: we gather industrial data on how much coal, brown coal,

peat, and crude oil Canada extracted in 1900. This tells us how
much energy it could produce if it used all of this domestically.

Step 2: we cannot assume that Canada only used fuels produced

domestically—it might have imported some fuel, or exported it
elsewhere. To find out how much Canada actually burned
domestically, we therefore have to correct for this trade. If we take
its domestic production (account for any fuel it stores as stocks),
add any fuel it imported, and subtract any fuel it exported, we have
an estimate of its net consumption in 1900. In other words, if we
calculate: Coal extraction − Coal exported + Coal imported − Coal
stored as stocks, we can estimate the amount of coal Canada
burned in 1900.

Step 3: converting energy produced to CO2 emissions. we know,

based on the quality of coal, its carbon content, and how much CO2
would be emitted for every kilogram burned (i.e. its emission
factor). Multiplying the quantity of coal burned by its emission
factor, we can estimate Canada's CO2 emissions from coal in 1900.

Step 4: by doing this calculation for all fuel types, we can calculate
Canada's total emissions in 1900.

Providing good estimates of CO2 emissions requires reliable and

extensive coverage of domestic and traded energy—the international
framework and monitoring of this reporting have significantly
improved through time. For this reason, our understanding of
emissions in the late 20th and 21st centuries is more reliable than
our long-term reconstructions. The Intergovernmental Panel on
 Climate Change (IPCC) provides clear guidelines on methodologies
and best practices for measuring and monitoring CO2 estimates at
the national level.5
There are two key ways uncertainties can be introduced: the
reporting of energy consumption, and the assumption of emissions
factors (i.e. the carbon content) used for fuel burning. Since energy
consumption is strongly related to economic and trade figures (which
are typically monitored closely), uncertainties are typically low for
energy reporting. Uncertainty can be introduced in the assumptions
nations make on the correct CO2 emission factor for certain fuel
types.

Country size and the level of uncertainty in these calculations have a

significant influence on the inaccuracy of our global emissions
figures. In the most extreme example to date, Lui et al. (2015)
revealed that China overestimated its annual emissions in 2013 by
using global average emission factors, rather than specific figures
for the carbon content of its domestic coal supply.6

As the world's largest CO2 emitter, this inaccuracy had a significant

impact on global emissions estimates, resulting in a 10%
overestimation. More typically, uncertainty in global CO2 emissions
ranges between 2-5%.7

ENDNOTES

1. The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines on national emissions accounting and
reporting are written on the basis of production-based, rather than consumption-based emissions. These are
the standards adopted internationally for emissions reporting. Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T.,
& Tanabe, K. (Eds.). (2006). 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories (Vol. 5). Hayama,
Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies]

2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion were almost zero prior to 1750. The United
Kingdom was the world’s first industrialized nation – and first fossil-fuel CO2 emitter. In 1751 its (and global)
emissions were less than 10 million tonnes – 3600 times less than global emissions today. We can conclude
that emissions prior to 1750 were very low (and inconsequential to the numbers we compare today). You can
find further information on how long historical emissions (dating back to 1751) are estimated here.

3. The underlying data sources for annual CO2 emissions data come from the Carbon Dioxide Analysis Center
(CDIAC) and the Global Carbon Project. The cumulative figures were calculated by Our World in Data based
on these annual estimate sources.

4. IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner,
M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.

5. IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Available online.

6. Liu, Z., Guan, D., Wei, W., Davis, S. J., Ciais, P., Bai, J., … & Andres, R. J. (2015). Reduced carbon emission
estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in China. Nature, 524(7565), 335-338.
Available online.

7. Macknick, J. (2011). Energy and CO2 emission data uncertainties. Carbon Management, 2(2), 189-205.
Available online.

Cite this work

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article, please also cite the underlying data sources. This article can be cited as:

Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020) - “CO₂ emissions” Published online at
OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions'
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