Pollution Detection from the Vehicle’s

Exhaust

A Mini-Project Report Submitted in the

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted by

Bagam Harshith 20881A05J6

Varkoor Divya 20881A05Q0
Gajavalli Charishma 20881A05K6

SUPERVISOR
Dr.Gouse Baig Mohammad
Associate Professor

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

May, 2023
 Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled Pollution Detection from the
Vehicle’s Exhaust is carried out by

Bagam Harshith 20881A05J6

Varkoor Divya 20881A05Q0
Gajavalli Charishma 20881A05K6

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering during
the year 2022-23.

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the HOD

Dr.Gouse Baig Mohammad Ramesh Karnati
Associate Professor Head, CSE

Kacharam (V), Shamshabad (M), Ranga Reddy (Dist.)–501218, Hyderabad, T.S.

Ph: 08413-253335, 253201, Fax: 08413-253482, www.vardhaman.org
 Acknowledgement

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task

would be put incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts
with success.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.Gouse Baig Mo-

hammad, Associate Professorand Project Supervisor, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, for his able guid-
ance and useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the project in time.

We are particularly thankful to Ramesh Karnati, the Head of the De-

partment, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, his guidance,
intense support and encouragement, which helped us to mould our project
into a successful one.

We show gratitude to our honorable Principal Dr. J.V.R. Ravindra, for

providing all facilities and support.

We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and heart-
ful thanks to Dr. Teegala Vijender Reddy, Chairman and Sri Teegala
Upender Reddy, Secretary of VCE, for providing a congenial atmosphere to
complete this project successfully.

We also thank all the staff members of Computer science and Engineering
department for their valuable support and generous advice. Finally thanks to
all our friends and family members for their continuous support and enthusiastic
help.

Bagam Harshith
Varkoor Divya
Gajavalli Charishma

ii
 Abstract

Vehicles have become an integral part of every one’s life. Situations and
circumstances demand the usage of vehicles in this fast paced urban life. As
a coin has two sides, this has its own effects, one of the main side effects
being air pollution. Every vehicle will have emission but the problem occurs
when it is beyond the standardized values. The primary reason for this breach
of emission level being the incomplete combustion of fuel supplied to engine,
which is due to the improper maintenance of vehicles. This emission from
vehicles cannot be completely avoided but, it definitely can be controlled.
With the evolvement of semi-conductor sensors for detecting the various gases,
using those semi-conductor sensors at the emission outlets of vehicles which
detects the level of pollutants. When the pollution/ emission level shoots
beyond the already set threshold level, there will be a buzz in the model
which warns us about high emission levels.
Higher exhaust emissions were brought about by an increase in the number
of automobiles[1]. As a result, pollution rises and can result in a number of
respiratory illnesses. The presence of different poisons in exhaust emissions,
including nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide(CO2), and
hydrocarbons(HC), makes them a major issue . Designing an emission gas
detector is the goal of this project (EGD). Motorcycle exhaust HC, CO, and
CO2 concentrations are measured using EGD. Its emission level revealed how
well it was working
Therefore, with the aid of this prototype, we are able to identify the gases
that are emitted from the exhaust, and when the gas concentration (ppm)
exceeds the threshold limit, it will alert us so that we can change our vehicle
or have it serviced, restoring it to good condition and avoiding gas emissions.
Keywords: Pollutants, Exhaust emissions, Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen ox-
ide, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Emission gas detector, Parts per
million(ppm).

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 Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
CHAPTER 2 Background Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Hardware Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Arduino UNO: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 Breadboard: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.3 LCD screen: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.4 MQ135 Sensor: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.5 peizo Buzzer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Software Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Arduino IDE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Modules: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 GSM Module: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CHAPTER 3 Design and working of the project . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Basic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1 Data Acquisition and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1 Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
CHAPTER 4 Code and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1 Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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CHAPTER 5 Future Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CHAPTER 6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 List of Figures

2.1 Aurdino Uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Breadboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 LCD screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 MQ135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 GSM module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Architecture of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2 Working of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1 Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 VoidSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 voidLoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5 LCD output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.6 GSM Sending Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

IDE Integrated Development Environment

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this project is detection of emission from vehicle exhaust
is to accurately monitor and analyze the emissions released by vehicles. These
sensors provide real-time data on the levels of harmful gases such as car-
bon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and other volatile organic
compounds. By measuring and tracking these pollutants, we can assess the
environmental impact of vehicle emissions and take necessary actions to miti-
gate air pollution. This data can aid in the development of effective pollution
control strategies, improvement of vehicle engine efficiency, and the implemen-
tation of regulations to reduce harmful emissions, ultimately contributing to
cleaner air and a healthier environment for all.

1.2 Overview
Pollution detection from vehicle exhaust involves the use of sensors like
MQ135 and MQ9 [2] to monitor emissions released by vehicles. These sensors
provide real-time data on harmful gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. The purpose is to assess
the environmental impact of vehicle emissions and take necessary actions to
mitigate air pollution. By analyzing these pollutants, effective pollution control
strategies can be developed, vehicle engine efficiency can be improved, and
regulations can be implemented to reduce harmful emissions. The goal is to
achieve cleaner air and a healthier environment through accurate pollution
detection and subsequent mitigation measures.

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1.3 Problem Statement
The problem at hand is the detection of pollution from vehicle exhaust,
which has significant environmental and health implications. The release of
harmful gases and particulate matter from vehicle emissions contributes to
air pollution, leading to respiratory problems, environmental degradation, and
climate change. However, the lack of reliable and efficient detection methods
hinders the accurate assessment and monitoring of these emissions. This poses
a challenge in implementing effective pollution control measures, enforcing reg-
ulations, and developing targeted strategies to reduce vehicle-related pollution.
Therefore, there is a critical need to explore innovative and cost-effective
approaches[3] for pollution detection from vehicle exhaust, enabling informed
decision-making and facilitating the development of sustainable solutions for
cleaner air and a healthier environment.

1.4 Goals
The goals of pollution detection from vehicle exhaust are as follows:
1.Accurate Monitoring: The primary goal is to develop reliable and accurate
monitoring systems that can effectively measure and track the emissions from
vehicle exhaust. This involves capturing real-time data on pollutants to gain
a comprehensive understanding of their levels and fluctuations.
2.Environmental Assessment: By analyzing the collected data, the goal is to
assess the environmental impact of vehicle emissions. This includes evaluating
the contribution of pollutants to air pollution, climate change, and ecosystem
degradation.
3.Health Impact Evaluation: Another objective is to evaluate the health
effects of vehicle emissions on human populations. This involves studying
the relationship between pollutants and respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular
diseases, and other health complications caused by poor air quality.
4.Mitigation Strategies: An essential goal is to identify effective mitigation
strategies to reduce pollution from vehicle exhaust. This includes promoting
the use of electric and hybrid vehicles, improving fuel efficiency, encouraging

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public transportation, and implementing infrastructure to support sustainable
transportation options.
5.Public Awareness and Education: Creating awareness among the public
about the impact of vehicle emissions and the importance of pollution detection
is crucial. The goal is to educate individuals about their role in reducing
pollution and promoting sustainable transportation practices.

1.5 Vision
Our vision is to create a future where pollution from vehicle exhaust is
significantly reduced, leading to clean and breathable air, improved public
health, and a sustainable environment for generations to come.

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 CHAPTER 2

Background Materials

2.1 Hardware Components

2.1.1 Arduino UNO:

A microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button.

Figure 2.1: Aurdino Uno

2.1.2 Breadboard:
A solderless construction base used for developing an electronic circuit and
wiring for projects with microcontroller boards like Arduino.

4
 Figure 2.2: Breadboard

2.1.3 LCD screen:

To display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or
fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden.

Figure 2.3: LCD screen

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2.1.4 MQ135 Sensor:
The MQ 135 sensor can be implemented to detect smoke, benzene, vapors,
and other hazardous gases. It can detect various harmful gases. It can be used
for air quality monitoring, noxious gas detection, home air pollution detection,
industrial pollution detection, portable air pollution detection, etc.

Figure 2.4: MQ135

2.1.5 peizo Buzzer:

A buzzer is a type of electronic device that’s used to produce a tone,
alarm or sound. It’s lightweight with a simple construction, and it’s typically
a low-cost product.

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 Figure 2.5: Buzzer

2.2 Software Components

2.2.1 Arduino IDE:

The Arduino Software (IDE), often known as the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (IDE), has a text editor for writing code, a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for basic functions, and several
kinds of menus.

2.3 Modules:

2.3.1 GSM Module:

A GSM module is a compact electronic device that enables communication
via the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. It is
commonly used in various applications that require wireless connectivity, such as
remote monitoring systems, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, home automation,
and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.
The GSM module integrates a GSM modem, which includes a SIM card
slot for connecting to the GSM network. It communicates with the network
using radio waves, allowing data transfer and voice communication over long
distances. The module is usually controlled through serial communication
protocols such as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) or
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface). Key features of a typical GSM module
include:

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 • GSM Network Compatibility

• SIM Card Support

• Voice Communication

• SMS (Short Message Service) Support

• Data Transfer

• GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) Pins

Figure 2.6: GSM module

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 CHAPTER 3

Design and working of the project

3.1 Basic Design

Basically our project contains sensors MQ135 and MQ9 for detecting gases
like hydrocarbons, smoke emissions, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane,
sulpher dioxide, sulpher oxide, nitrogen oxides.
These sensors are connected to a microcontroller, we used aurdino board
microcontroller for this project as it is very amazing and fast and a good
one. And aurdino is easy to use, it is open-source platform,versatile, contains
abundance libraries and due to its high compatibility.
We used peizo-meter for buzzer, which is to indicate the warning levels of
gases emitted.We used GSM module to send message to the user about levels
of gases emitted.

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 Figure 3.1: Architecture of model

3.1.1 Data Acquisition and Processing

Data acquisition involves collecting data from the deployed sensors. This
data includes the concentration of gases released from vehicles exhaust. The
data is then processed, which is converted into electric signals and compated
with threshold level.[4]

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3.2 Working
Basically first we need to switch on our prototype and take it near to the
vehicle whose gases emissions we want to measure. Then we need to start
our vehicle and place our prototype near its exhaust, then it measures the
emissions of different gases and it gives us reading and alerts us if the gases
exceed the threshold level and even sends a message to our mobile about level
of gases released from our vehicle exhaust

Figure 3.2: Working of model

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3.2.1 Circuit

Figure 3.3: Circuit

This is the circuit for our model, and we used an Airtel SIM in the GSM
module to link the LCD and buzzer to the Arduino Uno. When the MQ135
sensor is exposed to the gases emitted, it transforms the concentration of gases
into electric signals and transmits them to the Ardiuno Uno board, where it
is checked to see whether the threshold value for the gases has been reached
and necessary action is then taken.
1. If the gas values is below the threshold level then it just display’s the
value.
2.If the gas values exceed threshold level then it display’s the value on lcd
screen and gives us alarm and even sends message to our phone number.

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 CHAPTER 4

Code and Results

4.1 Code

Figure 4.1: Library

The purpose of this code snippet is to set up the necessary libraries,

initialize the LCD display and software serial communication, and define the
pin assignments for the buzzer and gas sensor. However, without the complete
code or further context, it is difficult to determine the intended functionality
and execution flow of the program.

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 Figure 4.2: VoidSetup

The voidsetup() function is a special function in Arduino that is executed

only once when the microcontroller is powered on or reset
1.mySerial.begin(9600); and Serial.begin(9600);: These lines initialize the
software serial communication with a baud rate of 9600. mySerial is used to
communicate with another device, while Serial is used for communication with
the Arduino’s serial monitor.
2.pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);: This line configures the buzzer pin as an
output pin, allowing the microcontroller to control the buzzer.
3.lcd.setCursor(3, 0);: This line sets the cursor position on the LCD display
to column 3 and row 0. This determines where the following text will be
printed.
4.lcd.print(”welcome to”);: This line prints the text ”welcome to” on the
LCD display at the specified cursor position.
5.lcd.setCursor(1, 1);: This line sets the cursor position on the LCD display
to column 1 and row 1.
6.lcd.print(”Infinite Xpro”);: This line prints the text ”Infinite Xpro” on
the LCD display at the specified cursor position.
7.delay(5000);: This line introduces a delay of 5000 milliseconds (5 seconds),

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causing the microcontroller to pause its execution for that duration.
The setup() function in this code initializes the LCD display, sets up the
serial communication, configures the buzzer pin as an output, and displays a
welcome message on the LCD for 5 seconds before moving on to the void
loop() function where the main program execution takes place.

Figure 4.3: voidLoop

The void loop() function continuously reads the gas sensor value, calculates
the gas level, and displays it on the LCD screen. If the gas level exceeds
the predefined threshold (50), it triggers the sending of a text message and
activates the buzzer to indicate danger. The LCD displays ”DANGER” in this
case. If the gas level is below the threshold, the LCD displays ”NORMAL”
and the buzzer is deactivated. The function loops and updates the display
with a short delay (500ms) before clearing the LCD for the next iteration.

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 Figure 4.4: GSM

The SendTextMessage() function utilizes software serial communication to

send a text message. It sets the SMS mode to text mode, specifies the
recipient’s phone number, and defines the content of the message. The
function sends commands and data to the GSM module with appropriate
delays to allow for processing. The stopping character is sent to indicate the
end of the message and trigger the module to send the text. The function
includes delays to ensure proper timing. Overall, SendTextMessage() configures
and activates the GSM module to send a text message with the provided
content to the specified recipient.

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4.2 Result

Figure 4.5: LCD output

This is how we get the output in LCD screen, when we check for gas
emission

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 Figure 4.6: GSM Sending Messages

This is how GSM module alerts us by sending message to our phone about
gas emitted.

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 CHAPTER 5

Future Scope and Limitation

5.1 Future Scope

The future scope of pollution detection from vehicle exhaust holds immense
potential for advancements and improvements in various aspects. Here are
some key areas of future development:
1. Advanced Sensor Technologies: Continued research and development in
sensor technologies will lead to the creation of more accurate, sensitive, and
reliable sensors for pollution detection. These sensors may integrate multiple
detection capabilities, expand the range of detectable pollutants, and offer
enhanced durability and longevity.
2. IoT Integration: The integration of pollution detection systems with the
Internet of Things (IoT) will enable seamless data collection, transmission, and
analysis. This will allow for real-time monitoring on a larger scale, remote
accessibility, and automated reporting, leading to more efficient pollution
management.
3. Big Data Analytics: As pollution detection systems generate vast
amounts of data, advancements in big data analytics will enable the extraction
of valuable insights and patterns. This data can be used to identify pollution
hotspots, assess the effectiveness of mitigation strategies, and develop predictive
models for future pollution trends.
4. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: By leveraging AI and
machine learning algorithms, pollution detection systems can enhance data
processing, anomaly detection, and predictive modeling. These technologies
can improve the accuracy of pollution assessments, enable proactive measures,
and optimize pollution control strategies.
5. Integration with Smart Cities: Pollution detection systems will play a
crucial role in the development of smart cities. By integrating with smart city

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infrastructure, such as intelligent transportation systems and real-time data
platforms[5], pollution detection can contribute to efficient traffic management,
emission reduction, and urban planning.
6. Public Engagement and Awareness: Future developments in pollution
detection will focus on engaging the public and raising awareness about the
impact of vehicle emissions. User-friendly interfaces, mobile applications, and
public access to real-time pollution data will empower individuals to make
informed choices, promote sustainable transportation, and actively participate
in pollution reduction efforts.
The future scope of pollution detection from vehicle exhaust lies in the
continual advancement of sensor technologies, data analytics, and integration
with emerging technologies. These developments will enable more comprehen-
sive and effective pollution monitoring, leading to improved air quality, better
health outcomes, and sustainable urban environments.

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5.2 Limitations
There are several limitations in pollution detection from vehicle exhaust:
1. Sensor Accuracy: The accuracy of sensors used for pollution detection
may vary, leading to potential measurement errors and inaccuracies in the
collected data.
2. Sensor Specificity: Some sensors may have limitations in detecting
specific pollutants, resulting in a partial understanding of the overall emission
profile.
3. Sensor Calibration and Maintenance: Regular calibration and mainte-
nance of sensors are essential for accurate readings, but the process can be
time-consuming and costly, posing challenges for large-scale implementation.
4. Detection Range: Sensors may have limited detection ranges, making
it challenging to capture emissions from vehicles located at a distance or in
high traffic scenarios.
5. Environmental Factors: External factors such as temperature, humid-
ity, and atmospheric conditions can influence sensor performance, potentially
affecting the accuracy of measurements.
6. Cost and Accessibility: High-quality pollution detection systems can be
costly, limiting their accessibility, especially in resource-constrained areas or
for small-scale monitoring initiatives.
7. Data Interpretation: Analyzing and interpreting the collected data
requires expertise and resources, and incorrect interpretations may lead to
misguided decision-making.
Addressing these limitations through ongoing research, technological ad-
vancements, and standardized protocols is crucial for enhancing the accuracy,
reliability, and accessibility of pollution detection from vehicle exhaust.

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 CHAPTER 6

Conclusion

The prime objective of our project is to detect the emissions from vehicle
exhaust and warn the user if they exceed the threshold level.The prototype
warns the user by buzz sound and also sends the message to the users phone
indicating the emission level when checked.
With this project we can monitor the gases emitted into the atmosphere by
vehicles and can reduce the emission by taking certain measures like replacing
the old vehicles with new one’s or changing the damaged parts of vehicles
which are leading to increase in harmful emission into atmosphere.
So, by monitoring the air pollution released from vehicles we can reduce
the health issues which are caused by air pollution drastically and we will be
able to maintain clean and good quality air in the environment.

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[2] R Akhila, BM Amoghavarsha, BC Karthik, YM Prajwal, and Bajarang-
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[4] Smily Chaudhary and Kriti Sahroha. “Vehicular Pollution Monitoring Sys-
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vances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N).
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[5] P. Arun Mozhi Devan, Fawnizu Azmadi Hussin, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Kishore
Bingi, and M. Nagarajapandian. “IoT Based Vehicle Emission Monitoring
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