MODULE-5(Chapter-8)

Demand-Side Planning

Introduction
Demand-Side Planning (DSP) is the planning and implementation of those electric-utility
activities designed to influence uses of electricity in ways that will produce desired changes
in the utility’s load shape.

 Reduces consumer energy bills

 Reduces the need for power plant, transmission, and distribution expansion
 Can reduce maintenance and equipment replacement costs
 Reduces emissions that contribute to national and international environmental
problems.

8.1 Demand Response (DR)

DR should be considered one of the resources during the planning stage. Demand Response
Planning(DRP) can be defined as a programme established to motivate changes in electric
use by end-use consumers in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to
give incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high market
prices or when grid reliability is jeopardized.
8.1.1 Demand-Response Categories
1. Voluntary Demand Response

2. Contractual Demand Response

8.1.2 Types of Demand Response

1. Emergency demand response

2. Economic demand response

3. Ancillary service demand response

8.2 Demand-Response Programmes

1. Advanced Meter Infrastructure (AMI) / Smart Metering Systems

2. Peak-hour Restrictions

3. Interruptible/Curtailable(I/C) Loads

4. Off-day Restrictions

5. Buyback Programmes

6. Power-Market Ancillary Services

7. Time of Use (TOU) Pricing

8. Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)

9. Real-Time Pricing (RTP)

10. Development of Renewable /Distributed Generation/Co-Generation

Co-generation

8.3 Demand-Response Technologies:communication with consumers

1. End-User Interfaces

2. Load-Control Devices

3. AMI

8.4 Energy Efficiency

Energy-Efficiency programmes should be considered as one of the resources during the
planning stage. Energy efficiency is the least expensive course of action, as the power
industry can take given the current economic and environment situation. Energy-efficiency
savings (kWh) made are equal to a capacity of 1.3 times kWh of the generation plant.
8.4.1 Low-hanging fruit-Energy Efficiency
1. Theft of Energy

2. Monitoring and Evaluation

8.4.2 Optimum Efficiency

The following are basic principles for achieving optimum efficiency

1. Go on increasing system energy efficiency until the cost of saved energy reaches the
cost of supplying and delivering electricity.
2. An optimum level of network losses is reached when the cost of further reduction
would exceed the cost of supplying the losses.
3. Least-cost planning puts investments in energy efficiency on an equal footing.

8.4.3 Energy-Service Companies (ESCOs)

8.4.4 Lifetime Costs
Consumers should be made aware and encouraged to think in terms of costs of operating the energy
efficient equipment over the course of its lifetime.

8.5 Energy Economical Products

All materials are frozen energy. Energy consumed in a plant is incidental to whether we make
or buy material. An overview of energy needs of a product from raw material to end product
is useful to evaluate in social terms. In a society, minimum clean norms be culture such as the
following:

1. ‘Do not make river dirty’ instead of ‘Cleaning the Rivers’ mission. ‘Cleaning
the Rivers’ mission will become an industry as, for example, the case of The
Ganga cleaning project. Keep cleanness instead of cleanliness.
2. Minimise superfluous rubbish instead of creating ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’.
3. Minimise use of electricity to reduce power-system losses, save the
environment, and power-system capacity.

8.6 Efficient-Energy Uses

8.6.1 Lighting
Today, in India, lighting consumes about 18% of the overall electrical
consumption. For energy conservation, switching off lights is not the only solution, as this
could result in loss of production, reduction in efficiency, increases in accidents and crime
rate, lowering environmental standards, etc.

1. Good Lighting System

2. Intelligent Lighting:like LEDs

8.6.2 Agriculture Pumpsets

1. Pump-efficiency Improvement

2. Electricity Saving in Tubewells by Tubewell Siting [5(]

 (a) Spacing of Tubewells

(b) Location of the Tubewell

8.6.3 Efficient Energy Use in Motors

1. Efficiency

2. Oversized Motors

3. Soft Starters for Induction Motors

4. Efficient Motor Designs

5. Delta to star Connection

6. Variable-Speed Drives

7. Motor Rewinding

8. Energy-Use Awareness
 a) Water Heaters

b) Electronic Devices

c) Computers

d) Refrigerators

e) Washing Machines

f) Air Conditioners

8.7 Supply-Side Efficiency

8.7.1 Power Plant

It is necessary to ensure that existing plants are utilized to the optimum level, higher
Plant Load Factor (PLF), Plant availability, etc.

8.7.2 Network Losses

The efficiency of a transmission and distribution network is improved by reducing

transmission and distribution losses which is related to maintaining proper voltage in the
system, keeping the reactive-power balance.

8.7.3 System Utilization

If the consumers have to be supplied electricity for a specific number of hours in a years, the
installed capacity would be much higher, depending upon the planned outages which could
be due to any number of factors. Even if the power stations are in position to run
continuously, there would be few consumers to take power during the lean period.

System average utilization = Available generation capacity in MW

Connected load MW

8.8 Energy Audit

An energy audit identifies where the potential for improvement lies. Energy audits are now
mandatory as per the Energy Conservation ACT 2001 for the designated consumer as
identified by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. India’s energy intensity per unit of GDP is
higher compared to Japan, USA and Asia as a whole by 3.7, 1.6, 1.5 times respectively.

8.8.1 Energy Audit-Case Studies

Electrical energy audit at the plant level must undertake the following activities:

 Electrical energy month-wise vis-à-vis finished product-wise (kWh/finished

product)
 Power bill study for each month regarding kVA, pf, and production in
numbers.
 Load analysis of load curves for curtailing or shifting of some loads to off
peak.
 Monitoring of energy consumptions of various equipment separately with
power-quality meters to check efficiency, harmonics, starting currents, pf,
etc., of the equipment and taking the remedial measures for higher efficiency.

1. Power Audits

Power audits done in a few industries and utilities on behalf of the energy and Fuel Users
Association of India Chennai [4], revealed several possibilities of saving power
generation, payments for energy used, and also investments.

Common observations are the following:

(a) In HT supplies, reducing consumer’s monthly demand to power utility saves power-
system investments and energy losses for the power utility.
(b) Attaining overall power factor nearer unity by installation of appropriate and needed
shunt capacitors at optimal locations saves much energy and power.
(c) The type of energy meter provided by the power utility for metering the HT supply,
whether electronics or mechanical, like L&G, also helps in conservation. These
meters correctly punish consumers for lagging pf by measuring the pf correctly.
(d) Stagger the working hours of non-process auxiliary and service loads to keep the
demand low. Also, there should be provision of peak demand controllers to give
 alarm at the appropriate time, either for manual switching off of non-essential loads or
for their automatic switching off.
(e) Reduction of power consumption and marginal reduction of power demand by
improved and more energy-efficient lighting systems was substantial.
(f) Induction motors, taking fluctuation loads or considerably underloaded, would
considerably save their power consumption if fitted with electronics motor controllers
with soft starters.

2. Arc Furnace Steel Mill [3]

The manufacture of billet steel from scrap iron in an electric arc furnace and subsequent
production of steel bars and wires rods are identified as energy-intensive processes.

8.8.2 Energy Audit-Measuring Instruments

Power-Quality Meters

It is necessary to study the quality of power lines at the premises where sophisticated
electronic instruments are to be deployed. Microprocessor-based instruments with user-
friendly interfaces can measure voltage limits and frequency limits of any disturbance.
Portable power meters are available in the market, up to eight analogue channels, to
measure the following values in the power circuit,

 Voltage (rms)
 Current (rms)
 Active and reactive power plus power factor
 Unbalance of three-phase system
 Voltage dips, overvoltage’s and short interruptions of more than 10 ms
 Level of harmonics and harmonic distortion
 Detection of ripple control signals

Typically, the meter has three operating modes;

(a) Investigation Mode

(b) Cyclical Mode
(c) Monitoring Mode

8.8.3 Mobile Unit Instruments for Energy Audit

A mobile energy audit bus for electrical energy audit service should contain the appropriate
measuring, instruments for voltage (V), current (I), power factor, active power (kW),
apparent power (demand) (KVS), reactive power (kVAr), Energy consumption (kWh),
frequency (Hz), harmonics, etc., temperature and heat flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquid
flow, RPM, air velocity, noise and vibration, dust concentration, TDS, PIL, moisture content,
relative humidity, flue-gas analysis of CO2, O2, CO, SO2, NO2, combustion efficiency, etc.

1. Illumination Levels
 2. Ultrasonic Instruments
3. Contact Thermometer
4. Infrared Thermometer
5. Combustion Analyser
6. Fuel-efficiency Monitor

8.8.4 Energy-Efficiency Process

(a) Identify sectors, end-uses and efficiency measures to target.

(b) Develop programme design with ESCOs.

(c) Conduct financial

(d) Prepare an implementation plan including engaging an ESCO and/or a franchisee.

(e) Implementation the programme.

(f) Evaluate the programme.