DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

Chapter 01 9

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

DETERMINANTS
1.3 Evaluation of Determinant

Value of any determinant can be obtain by adding product of all

elements of a row (or column) to their corresponding cofactors.
1. INTRODUCTION TO DETERMINANTS
a11 a12 a13
1.1 Definition
e.g. D = a21 a22 a23
(i) The determinant consisting two rows and two columns is a31 a32 a33
a1 b1
D= . Its value is given by : D = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13
a2 b2
= a21 C21 + a22 C22 + a23 C23
D = a 1b 2 – a 2 b 1
= a31 C31 + a32 C32 + a33 C33
(ii) A determinant which consists of 3 rows and 3 columns is
called a 3rd-order-determinant and is of the following form. = a11 C11 + a21 C21 + a31 C31

a11 a12 a13 = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32 C32

D = a 21 a 22 a 23 = a13 C13 + a23 C23 + a33 C33
a31 a32 a 33
2. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
It’s value is :
D= a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32a13 (i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the rows
and columns are interchanged,
– a13a22a31 – a23a32a11–a12a21a33

1.2 Minors and Cofactors a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3

D = a2 b2 c 2 = b1 b 2 b3
a11 a12 a13 a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
Let D = a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33 (ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be
interchanged, the value of determinant changes in sign only.
Here aij = Element in ith row and jth column of D.
Minor of aij : a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
It is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by D = a2 b2 c 2 and D’ = a 1 b1 c1
eleminating the ith row and jth column of D. a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
We donote the minor of aij by Mij .
D’ = – D.
a 22 a 23
e.g. M11 = minor of a11 = = a22 a33 – a32 a23 (iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
a 32 a 33
column) then its values is zero.
Cofactor of aij :
0 0 0
Denoted by Cij
a
D= 2 b2 c2 = 0
Cofactor of aij (Cij) = (–1)i + j Minor of aij
a3 b3 c3
e.g. Cofactor of a11 (C11) = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
10

(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical or

3. CRAMER’S RULE
proportional, then its values is zero.
(Not in CBSE Syllabus)
a1 b1 c1 (i) Two Variables
D = ka1 kb1 kc1 = 0 If a1x + b1y = c1 ... (i)
c1 c2 c3
a2x + b2y = c2 ... (ii)

(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by Dx Dy
then x= ,y=
the same number, then the determinant is multiplied by that D D
number.
a1 b1
values of x, y are unique, if D ¹ 0. where, D = ,
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1 a2 b2
D = a2 b2 c 2 ; and D’ = a 2 b2 c2
c1 b1 a1 c1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 Dx = , Dy =
c2 b2 a2 c2

Then D’ = KD Similarly ‘n’ equations in ‘n’ variables can be solved.

(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as (ii) Three Variables
a sum of two terms then the determinant can be expressed Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 .................(i)
as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .................(ii)

a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 .................(iii)

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a b2 c2
= + 2 Dx Dy D
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 Then, x = ,y = ,z = z
D D D

(vii) The value of determinant is not altered by adding to the

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
elements of any row (or column) a constant multiple of the
a
Where, D = 2 b2 c 2 ; Dx = d 2 b2 c2 ;
corresponding elements of any other row (or column).
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
e.g.

R1 ® R1 + mR2 (change R1 as sum of R1 and m (R2)). a1 b1 d1

a1 d1 c1
R3 ® R3 + nR2 (change R3 as sum of R3 and n (R2)). Dy = a 2 d2 c 2 and Dz = a 2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
a1 b1 c1
Consistency of a System of Equations
a b2 c2
D= 2 and
a3 b3 c3 (i) If D ¹ 0 then the given system of equations are consistent
and have unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then the
a 1 + ma 2 b1 + mb 2 c1 + mc 2 equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
D’ = a2 b2 c2 (iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of equations
a 3 + na 2 b 3 + nb 2 c 3 + nc 2 are consistent and have infinite solution except the case of
parallel planes when there is no solution.
Then D’ = D. (iv) If d 1= d 2 = d 3 = 0 then system of equation is called
Homogenous system of equations.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
11

(v) Solution of Homogenous Equations is always consistent,

5. SOME MORE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
as x = 0 = y = z is always a solution. This is known as
TRIVIAL solution. (i) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D ¹ 0. Then
x = 0 = y = z is the only solution.
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists non 0 2 9
zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTONS] also. e.g. D = - 2 0 log a b = 0
æ1ö
- 9 log a ç ÷ 0
4. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS èbø

Following examples of short hand writing of large expressions (ii) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is
are: always a perfect square.
(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr) ; r = 1, 2, 3, is:
0 5
e.g. D = = 25
- 5 0 2´2
x1 y1 1
1
D = | x2 y2 1 | (iii) Dn–1, where n is order of the determinant is equal to the
2
x3 y3 1 determinant made from cofactors of elements of D.

If D = 0 then the three points are collinear. 3-1

a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
(ii) Equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1) & a2 b2 c2 A B2 C2
e.g. = 2
a3 b3 c 3 3´3 A 3 B3 C3
x y 1
(x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0 Where Ai’s are co-factors of ai’s
x2 y2 1
(iv) Determinant of a diagonal matrix is product of its diagonal
elements
(iii) The lines :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...........(1) 5 0 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0............(2) e.g. D = 0 2 0 = 5 × 2 × 6 = 60
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0............(3) 0 0 6

a1 b1 c1 (v) If a determinant considered as a polynomial becomes zero

when x = a, then x – a is factor of this. (This is an application
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2 = 0
of Factor Theorem)
a3 b3 c3

x a a2
This is condition for the consistency of simultaneous linear
equation in two variables. D= a x x2
a x a
(iv) ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of
straight lines if :
Because D = 0 when x = a so x – a is factor of D.
a h g (vi) The sum of the products of the elements of the ith row/
2 2 2
abc + 2 fgh – af – bg – ch = h b f = 0 column with the co-factor of the corresponding elements of
g f c kth row/column is zero provided i ¹ k.

(v) To find the variable (x, y, z etc) in linear equations (Cramer’s

rule)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
12

n
1 1 1
i.e. (i) åa C ij kj =0; if i ¹ k
j=1
(iii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
n
(ii) åa C
i=1
ij ik =0 if j ¹ k

1 1 1
(vii) | AB | = | A | | B|
(iv) a2 b2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
5 -2 -2 -3 - 2 - 17 a3 b3 c3
i.e. A = ; B= ; AB =
-1 - 1 -4 1 6 2

|A| = – 7 | B | = – 14 7. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS

| A | | B | = – 7 × –14 = 98,
a1 l1
b1 m1 a1l1 + b1l 2 a1m1 + b1m2
| AB | = – 4 + 102 Þ| AB| = 98. (a) ×
a2 b2 l 2 m 2 = a 2 l1 + b 2 l 2 a 2 m1 + b2 m2
(viii) Determinant of a triangular matrix is product of its
diagonal elements only.
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
3 2 1 (b) a2 b2 c2 ´ l 2 m2 n2
D= 0 4 3 = 3 × 4 × – 1 = – 12 a3 b3 c3 l 3 m3 n3
0 0 -1

a1l1 + b1l 2 + c1l 3 a1m1 + b1m 2 + c1m3 a1n1 + b1n 2 + c1n 3

5 0 0
= a 2l 1 + b 2l 2 + c 2 l 3 a 2 m1 + b2 m 2 + c 2 m 3 a 2 n1 + b 2 n 2 + c 2 n 3
D’ = 4 9 0 = 5 × 9 × 1 = 45 a 3l1 + b 3l 2 + c3l 3 a 3m1 + b 3 m 2 + c3m 3 a 3n1 + b 3n 2 + c3n 3
3 2 1

8. SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS
6. SPECIAL DETERMINANTS

(i) Circulant Determinants :

f (r ) a l
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic
Let Dr = (r ) b m
g
arrangement h (r ) c n

a b c
Where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants independent of r, then
b c a = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc).
c a b
n
= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac) å f (r )
r =1
a l
n n
1 1 1 å D = å g(r )
r b m
(ii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) r =1 r =1
n
a2 b2 c2
å h (r )
r =1
c n
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
13

Here functions of r can be the elements of only one row or column. Sol. We have
None of the elements other than row or column should be
dependent on r. 4
- x3 cos 2 x 2x
5
9. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION f(–x) = - tan x 1 sec 2 x = – f(x)
OF DETERMINANT - sin 3 x x4 5

f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x ) p/2
\ f (x )dx = 0 . (since f(x) is an odd function)
g (x ) g 2 ( x) g 3 (x )
D(x) = 1 ò
-p / 2
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )

Then x 3 sin x a
Example : If f(x) =
1 2
, then ò f (x) dx is
-a
f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) f 3 ' ( x ) f1 ( x ) f 2 (x) f 3 (x )
D’(x) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x ) + g1 ' ( x ) g 2 ' ( x ) g 3 ' ( x )
1 1
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) (a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d) -
2 2

f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x ) a a
a
x 3dx ò sin xdx = 10 0
ò f (x ) dx = ò
g (x ) g 2 ( x) g 3 (x )
+ 1 Sol. =0
h1 ' ( x ) h 2 ' (x ) h 3 ' ( x ) -a -a 1
-a 1 2
Integration of determinant
Hence (a) is correct answer.
f ( x ) g( x )
MATRICES
If D(x) = ,
l1 l2

b b
b
1. INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES
then ò D(x) dx = ò f (x) dx
a
ò g(x) dx
a
.
a
l1 l2 A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m
rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.

Here f (x) and g (x) and functions of x and l1, l 2 are constants. A = [a ij ]m´n
NOTES:
é a11 a12 ... a1n ù
This formula is only applicable if there is a variable only in êa ... a 2 n úú
one row or column, otherwise expand the determinant and ê 21 a 22
or A = ê a 31 a 32 ... a 3n ú is a matrix of order m×n.
then integrate. ê ú
ê ... ... ... ... ú
êa m1 a m 2 ... a mn úû
ë
4
x3 cos 2 x 2x p/ 2
5
Example : If f(x) = tan x 1 sec 2 x then NOTES:
sin 3 x x4 5
ò f (x)dx =
-p / 2
The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value. But it is
an arrangement of numbers.
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
14

A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called identity or unit matrix if

2. TYPES OF MATRICES
(i) aij = 0 for all i ¹ j, and
2.1 Row Matrix (ii) aii = 1 for all i Î {1, 2, ..., n}

A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a row vector. The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.

e.g. A = [1 2 –1 –2] is a row matrix of order 1×4. é1 0 0ù

é1 0 ù ê ú
2.2 Column Matrix e.g. I2 = ê ú , I3 = ê 0 1 0 ú
ë0 1 û
êë0 0 1úû
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a
column vector. 2.7 Null Matrix

é3ù A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero
é1ù ê2ú matrix, represented by O.
e.g. A = êê 2 úú and B = ê ú are column matrices or order 3×1 and
ê5ú
êë-1úû ê ú é 0 0 ù é0 0 0 ù
ë4û e.g. ê0 0 ú , ê ú
ë û ë0 0 0 û
4×1 respectively.
2.8 Upper Triangular Matrix
2.3 Square Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of aij = 0 " i > j.
column, say (n × n) is called a square matirx of order n.
é5 4 3ù
é2 1 - 1ù ê ú
e.g A = ê0 2 1ú
e.g. the matrix ê3 - 2 5 ú is square matrix of order 3.
ê ú êë0 0 6úû
êë1 5 - 3úû

Sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix is called its trace (tr 2.9 Lower Triangular Matrix
(A)). Here tr(A) = 2-2-3= -3
A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower triangular
2.4 Diagonal Matrix if aij = 0 i < j.

A square matix is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements,

é2 0 0 ù
except those in the leading diagonal, are zero. ê ú
e.g A = ê3 2 0 ú
A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i ¹ j êë4 5 3úû
2.5 Scalar Matrix
2.10 Singular Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is
called the scalar matrix. A square matrix with zero determinant is called a singular matrix.
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES
(i) aij = 0 for all i ¹ j and
(ii) aii = C for all i Î {1, 2, ..., n} Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if
(i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number of rows
2.6 Identity or Unit Matrix
in B.
A square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity and each (ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the number of
of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero is called an identity columns in B.
or unit matrix.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
15

(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

6. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, otherwise
we write A ¹ B. If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n
4. SUM OF MATRICES
p
Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n. or C = AB = [cik]m×n where cik = åa bj =1
ij jk

Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.

Where, [cij] = [aij + bij] For multiplication number of columns of first matrix should be
equal to number of rows of second matrix.
é1 2 4ù é7 3 2 ù
e.g. A = ê0 5 3ú and B = ê5 1 9 ú i.e. cik = ai1 b1k + ai2b2k + ... aipbpk
ë û ë û
In other words cik = Sum of the products of ith row of A (having p
elements) with kth column of B (having p elements).
é1 + 7 2 + 3 4 + 2ù é8 5 6 ù
A+B= ê ú =ê ú
ë0 + 5 5 + 1 3 + 9 û ë5 6 12û
é2 3ù
é 1 - 2 3ù ê ú
é1 - 7 2 - 3 4 - 2ù é- 6 - 1 2 ù e.g. If A = ê ú and B = ê4 5ú
A – B = ê0 - 5 5 - 1 3 - 9 ú = ê - 5 4 - 6 ú ë- 4 2 5û 2´3 êë2 1úû
ë û ë û 3´2

Properties of Matrix Addition Compute AB and show that AB ¹ BA. A is 2×3 type and B is 3×2
(i) Matrix addition is commutative type and hence both AB and BA are defined because the number
A+ B = B + A of columns in pre factor is equal to the number of rows in post
factor.
(ii) Matrix addition is associative
Sol.
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
é 1.2 - 2.4 + 3.2 1.3 - 2.5 + 3.1 ù é 0 - 4ù
5. SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX AB = ê ú= ê10 3 ú
ë -4.2 + 2.4 + 5.2 -4.3 + 2.5 + 5.1û ë û 2´2
If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or complex.
Then matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the elements of é2 3ù é- 10 2 21ù
kA are k times of the corresponding elements of A. ê ú é 1 - 2 3ù ê ú
BA = ê4 5ú ê- 4 2 5ú = ê- 16 2 37 ú
êë2 1úû ë û 2´3 êë - 2 - 2 11 úû
é2 3 1 ù 3´2 3´3
e.g. If A = ê ú
ë5 2 4 û
Hence A B ¹ BA.
é3.2 3.3 3.1ù é6 9 3ù
Then 3A = ê ú =ê ú 7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
ë3.5 3.2 3.4û ë15 6 12û
Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar (i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to a
addition of matrices.
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same order and a and b are
any scalars, then A (B + C) = AB + AC and (A + B) C = AC + BC
(i) a (A + B) = aA + aB (ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is
assured.
(ii) (a + b) A = aA + bA
(iii) a (bA) = (ab) A. i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.

(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’ (iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative.
i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
Then |kA| = kn |A|
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
16

(iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable Properties of Transpose

with A for multiplication is a null matrix i.e. AO = O.
(i) (A')' = A.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null
(ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
matrix of the same order, then OA = AO = O.
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.
(v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that
A = O or B = O. (iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'.
é 0 0 ù é1 0 ù é 0 0 ù
ê0 1 ú ê0 0ú = ê0 0 ú
ë û ë û ë û 9. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their (i) A sqaure matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if AT = A.
products is a null matrix.
i.e. every ijth element = jith element.
(vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
Let A be a m × n matrix.
éa h g ù
Then AIn = A and Im A = A.. e.g. A = êêh b f úú
(vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’ êëg f c úû
3´3

Then |AB| = |A| |B|

(ii) A square matrix A = [a ij ] will be called
(viii) Positive Integral Powers of Matrix skew symmetric if AT = –A.
Let A be any square matrix of order n. i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element).
Then A2 = A.A (iii) For any square matrix A, A + A T is symmetric and
3
A = A.A.A A – AT is skew - symmetric.

Am = A.A.A ... m times (iv) Any square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a
symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
All are square matrix of order n.
(i) Am . An = (A.A.A ... m times) (A.A.A ... n times) 1
A + AT is symmetric
2
= A.A.A.... (m + n) times
= Am+n 1
and A - AT is skew-symmetric
(ii) m n
(A ) = A mn 2

Also, we define A0 = I (v) Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then
the following hold:
8. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX 1. An is symmetric for all positive integers n.

If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix obtained 2. AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA.
by changing the rows of A into columns and columns of A into 3. AB + BA is symmetric.
rows is called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A' or AT.
Hence the matrix A' is of order n × m. 4. AB – BA is skew - symmetric

NOTES:
é3 4ù
ê ú é3 2 5ù
e.g. A = ê2 1ú then AT = A' = ê4 1 9ú For a skew symmetric matrix :
êë5 9úû ë û 2´3
3´2 aii = – aii for all values of i
[i = j when elements are diagonals].
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
17

2aii = 0 \ aii = 0
1 –1
(v) (kA)–1 = A if k ¹ 0.
Hence the diagonal elements of skew symmetric matrix are k
zero.
(vi) Let A, B, C be square matrix of the same order n. If A is non–
singular matrix then
é0 h gù
ê
e.g. ê- h 0 f úú is a skew symmetric matrix (a) AB = AC Þ B = C (left cancellation law)
êë - g - f 0úû (b) BA = CA Þ B = C (right cancellation law)
(vii) If A is non singular matrix such that A is symmetric then
10. ADJOINT A–1 is also symmetric.

If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made from 12. ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS
cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of A. It’s denoted
by adj A. Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called an
elementary transformation.
Properties of Adjoint Matrix
(i) Interchanging any two rows (or column).
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or column) by a
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
non zero scalar quantity.
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row (or
(iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT) column) to the corresponding element of any other row (or
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A) column).

(iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1 Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from the
other by elementary transformation. The sysmbol » is used for
2 equivalence.
(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | = |A|(n-1)
Method to Find Inverse by Elementary Transformations :
11. INVERSE OF MATRIX (A) Row Transformation
(i) A–1 exists if |A| ¹ 0.
11.1
(ii) To find A–1 by row transformation, then we write IA = A.
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible or non-
singular if there exists a square matrix B of order n such that (iii) Apply row transformations to the pre-factor I on L.H.S. & to
A on R.H.S. such that A becomes a unit matrix.
AB = I n = BA
(iv) Now equation becomes BA = I, so B = A-1
where In is the identity matrix of order n, B is called inverse of A
and is denoted by A–1. 13. SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR
1
EQUATION BY MATRIX METHOD
A–1 = adj(A)
|A| Consider a system of linear equation

11.2 Properties of Inverse Matrices a11 x1 + a12x2 + ....................... a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22x2 + ....................... a2n xn = b2
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
.....................................................................
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
.....................................................................
(iii) (A–1)–1 = A
an1 x1 + an2x2 + ....................... ann xn = bn
1
(iv) |A -1|=
|A|
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
18

We can express these equations as a single matrix equation.

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
 a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n   x1   b1  =0
a  x  b  a3 b3 c3
 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n   2  2
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
    =  14. SOME OTHER TYPES OF MATRICES
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
a a n2 a nn  x   b 
 n1  n  n (a) Orthogonal Matrix : A square matrix A is called an orthogonal
matrix if the product of the matrix A and its transpose A’ is
A X B identity matrix.
Let | A |  0 so that A–1exists uniquely AA’ = I
pre-multiplying both sides of AX = B by A–1 we get
NOTES:
A–1 (AX) = A–1 B  (AA–1) X = A–1 B
(i) If AA’ = I then A–1 = A’
 I X = A–1 B  X = A–1 B
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal then AB is also orthogonal.
Criterion of Consistency
(iii) All above properties are defined for square matrix only.
Let AX = B be a system of n linear equation in n variables.
(iv) Elements of all 3 rows (or columns) of orthogonal matrix
(i) If | A |  0 then the system of the equations is consistent and
of order 3 × 3 represent unit vectors.
has a unique solution given by X = A–1 B.
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B = O then the system of equations is (b) Idempotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ such that A2 = A is called
consistent and has infinitely many solutions except the case idempotent..
of parallel planes when there is no solution.
 Only square matrix can be idempotent matrix.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B  O then the system of equations is
 Identity matrix (unit matrix) is also idempotent matrix.
inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.
Homogeneous Equation 1 0 0
The system of equations AX = B is said to be homogeneous if the  
Example : A = 0 1 0
constants b1, b2, b3..... bn are all zero. That is if the matrix B is a 0 0 0
zero matrix and the system is of the form
AX = O
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Where O is the null matrix of order n × 1. 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
A2 =     =  
(i) If | A |  0 then its only solution X = 0 is called trivial solution. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(x = y = z = 0)
(ii) If | A | = 0 then AX = O have both trivial and non trivial type (c) Periodic Matrix : A matrix ‘A’will be called a periodic matrix if
solutions. In this case number of solutions will be Infinite. Ak+1 = A where k is +ve integer and k is least positive integer
for which Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be the period of A.
(iii) The condition for
(d) Nilpotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called nilpotent matrix
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0; if Ak = 0 (null matrix), k is least positive integer and k is
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and called index of the nilpolent matrix.

a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 (e) Involutary Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called an involutary
matrix if A2 = I (Unit Matrix). Unit matrix is also involuntary
to have non-zero or non-trivial solutions is :
matrix.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
19

15.4
15. SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS
(Cayley-Hamilton) Every square matrix satisfies its characteristic
15.1 equation; that is, if A is a square matrix of order n and
Let f x = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + .... + am x m be a polynomial in x where
f x = A - xI = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ..... + an x n = 0
a0 , a1 , a2 ,......, am are real numbers, such that a0 ¹ 0 . If A is a
is its characteristic equation, then
non-singular matrix such that f(A) = 0, then
f A = a0 I n + a1 A + a2 A2 + ... + an An = O
-1-1
A = a1 + a2 A + a3 A2 + ... + am Am -1
a0 Also if a0 ¹ 0 , then
15.2
To find the inverse of a square matrix A, or to express A–1 in terms -1
A- 1 = a1 I + a2 A + a3 A2 + ... + an An -1
of A, the concept of a characteristic polynomial of a square matrix a0
and the much known Cayley-Hamilton Theorem are useful,
Note that A–1 exists if and only if the constant term of the
especially for 2×2 and 3×3 matrices.
characteristic of A is non-zero.
15. 3
If A is a square matrix and I is the corresponding unit matrix, then
the polynomial |A – xI| in x is called characteristic polynomial of A
and the equation |A – xI| = 0 is called the characteristic equation of
the matrix A.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
20

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1
1 2
M 31 = ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
Find minors and cofactors of elements of the following 0 1
determinants
=1–0=1 =1

0 1 2 -1 0 4
0 2
(i) 3 0 1 (ii) -2 1 3 M 32 = ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
3 1
2 3 0 0 -4 2
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6

0 1 2 0 1
M 33 = ; A33 = (–1)3+3 M33
Sol. (i) D = 3 0 1 3 0
2 3 0
= 0 – 3 = –3 = –3
Minors Cofactors
-1 0 4
0 1 (ii) D = -2 1 3
M11 = ; A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
3 0 0 -4 2

=0–3=–3 =–3
Minors Cofactors
3 1
M12 = ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12 1 3 A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
2 0 M11 = ;
-4 2
=0–2=–2 =2
= 2 + 12 = 14 = 14
3 0
M13 = ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13 -2 3
2 3 M12 = ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12
0 2
=9–0=9 =9
= –4 –0 = –4 =4
1 2
M 21 = ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21 -2 1
3 0 M13 = ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13
0 -4
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6
= 8 –0 = 8 =8
0 2
M 22 = ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22 0 4
2 0 M 21 = ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21
-4 2
= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4
= 0 + 16 = 16 = –16
0 1 A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
M 23 = ; -1 4
2 3 M 22 = ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22
0 2
= 0 – 2 = –2 =2
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
21

= –2 + 0 = –2 = –2 Example – 3

Evaluate
-1 0
M 23 = ; A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
0 -4
16 29 35
(i) 50 100 110
= 4 –0 = 4 = –4
82 158 180
0 4
M 31 = ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
1 3 5 13 17
(ii) 30 68 105
= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4 25 66 84

-1 4
M 32 = ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
-2 3 16 29 35
Sol. (i) D = 50 100 110
=–3+8=5 = –5 82 158 180

-1 0
M 33 = ; A33 = (–1)3+3 M33 Using æ 1 R ö ,
-2 1 ç 2÷
è 10 ø

= –1 + 0 = –1 = –1
16 29 35
Example – 2 D = 10 5 10 11
82 158 180

x-y y-z z-x R1 = R1 –3R2, R3 ® R3 – 16 R2

Show that y - z z - x x - y = 0
z-x x -y y-z 1 -1 2
D = 10 5 10 11 = 0
2 -2 4
x -y y-z z-x
Sol. D = y - z z - x x-y Q (R3 º 2 × R1)
z-x x-y y-z
5 13 17
(ii) D = 30 68 105
C3 ® C3 + C2 + C1 gives
25 66 84

x-y y-z 0 R2 ® R2 – 6R1, R3 ® R3 – 5R1

D = y-z z-x 0
z-x x-y 0 5 13 17
\ D = 0 -10 3
0 1 -1
=0

[ Q all elements of C3 are zero.] = 5 (10 – 3)

(Expanding along 1st column) = 35
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
22

Example – 4 Take common x, y, z from R1, R2, R3 resp.

10 24 36 1 x x2 1 x x2
2
Show that 36 10 24 is divisible by 35. = -1 1 y y 2 + xyz 1 y y 2
24 36 10 1 z z2 1 z z2

(Using C3 « C2 and then C1 « C2)

10 24 36
Sol. D = 36 10 24 1 x x2
24 36 10 =1 y y 2 1 + xyz
1 z z2
R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3

70 70 70 1 x x2
\ D = 36 10 24 = 1 + xyz 0 y - x y2 - x 2
24 36 10 0 z-x z2 - x 2

(Using R2 ® R2 – R1 and R3 ® R3 – R1)

1
Using R , we get
35 1 Taking out common factor (y – x) from R2 and (z – x) from R3,
we get
2 2 2
D = 35 36 10 24 1 x x2
D = (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) 0 1 y+x
24 36 10
0 1 z+x
All elements in determinant are natural numbers
= (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) (z – y) (on expanding along C1)
\ Its value will be whole number
Since D = 0 and x, y, z are all different, i.e., x – y ¹ 0,
\ D is multiple of 35 i.e. it is divisible by 35.
y – z ¹ 0, z – x ¹ 0, we get 1 + xyz = 0
Example – 5
Example – 6

x x2 1 + x3 If l, m, n are pth, qth and rth terms of an arithmetic progression

2 3
If x, y, z are different and D = y y 1 + y = 0,
l p 1
z z2 1 + z3
respectively, prove that m q 1 = 0
n r 1
then show that 1 + xyz = 0
Sol. We have Sol. In arithmetic progression
T1 = a
x x 2 1+ x3
D = y y 2 1 + y3 T2 = a + d
2 3
z z 1+ z (where d is constant difference)
T3 = a + 2d

x x2 1 x x2 x3 Tn = a + (n – 1) d
= y y2 1 + y y2 y3 \ l = Tp = a + (p – 1) d = a + pd – d
(Using Property 6)
z z2 1 z z2 z3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
23

m = Tq = a + (q–1) d = a + qd – d
Using æ 1 ö C3, we get
n = Tr = a + (r – 1)d = a + rd – d ç ÷
è xyz ø

l p 1
\ L.H.S = m q 1 1 x2 1
xyz
n r 1 D= 1 y2 1
xyz
1 z2 1

a + pd - d p 1
= a + qd - d q 1 = 0 (Q C1 º C3 )
a + rd - d r 1
0 b c
gives C1 ® C1 – d × C2 (ii) D = -b 0 a
-c -a 0
a -d p 1
L.H.S. = a - d q 1
0 -b -c
a -d r 1 3
= (-1) b 0 -a (Taking –1 common from R1, R2 & R3)
c a 0
æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ C1 , we get
è a -d ø
0 -b -c
1 p 1 So D = – b 0 -a
c a 0
L.H.S. = (a–d) 1 q 1
1 r 1
0 b c
=0 (Q C1 º C3) = – - b 0 a (Interchanging rows with columns & vice-versa).
Example – 7 -c -a 0

Without expanding the determinants, show that =–D

\ 2D = 0 Þ D = 0.
1/ x x yz 0 b c
(i) 1/ y y zx = 0 (ii) -b 0 a = 0 Example – 8

1/ z z xy -c -a 0 Show that

1/ x x yz 1 x yz
Sol. (i) D = 1/ y y zx 1 y zx = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
1/ z z xy 1 z xy

using xR1, yR2 and zR3, we get

1 x yz
Sol. D = 1 y zx
1 x2 xyz
1 z xy
1
D= 1 y2 xyz
xyz
1 z2 xyz R1 ® R1 – R3, R2 ® R2 – R3 , gives
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
24

0 x - z - y(x - z) æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ C1 and ç b + c ÷ C2 we get
D = 0 y - z - x(y - z) è a + c ø è ø
1 z xy
1 -1 -b
D = (a + c) (b + c) -1 1 -a
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
Using ç ÷ R1 and ç ÷ R2 , we get 1 1 a +b+c
èz-xø è y-zø
R1 ® R1 + R2 gives
0 -1 y
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 - x 0 0 -(a + b)
1 z xy D = (b +c) (c + a) 1 1
- -a
1 1 a +b+c
R1 ® R1 + R2 gives
Expanding along R1
0 0 y-x
= (b + c) (c + a) × [–(a+b) (–1 –1)]
D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 - x
1 z xy = 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
= R.H.S.
Expanding along R1
Example – 10
0 1
\ D = (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) Show that
1 z

= (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) (0–1) 1+ a 1 1

æ 1 1 1ö
1 1+ b 1 = abc ç1+ + + ÷ = abc + bc + ca + ab
= (x–y) (y–z) (z–x) è a b cø
1 1 1+ c
= R.H.S.
Sol. Taking out factors a,b,c common from R1, R2 and R3, we get
Example – 9

Show that 1 1 1
+1
a a a
a+b+c -c -b 1 1 1
L.H.S. = abc +1
-c a +b+c -a b b b
-b -a a+b+c 1 1 1
+1
c c c
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
Applying R1 ® R1 + R2 + R3, we have
a +b+c -c -b
Sol. D = -c a + b+c -a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-b -a a+b+c 1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
C1 ® C1 + C3 ; C2 ® C2 + C3 gives D = abc +1
b b b
1 1 1
a+c -(b + c) -b +1
c c c
D = -(a + c) b+c -a
a+c b+c a +b+c
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
25

Applying R2 ® R2 –x R1, we get

æ 1 1 1ö
Taking ç1 + + + ÷ common from R1
è a b cø
a c p
D = 1- x2 b d q
u v w
1 1 1
æ 1 1 1ö 1 1 1 = RHS
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ +1
è a b cø b b b
1 1 1 Example – 12
+1
c c c
Find x, if

Now applying C2 ® C2 – C1, C3 ® C3 – C1, we get

1 x x2 1 2x 4x 2
(i) 1 2 4 =0 (ii) 1 4 16 = 0
4 6 9 1 1 1
1 0 0
æ 1 1 1ö 1
D = abc ç1 + + + ÷ 1 0
è a b cø b
1 x x2
1
0 1 Sol. (i) 1 2 4 =0
c
4 6 9
Expanding along C3
Expanding along R1
æ 1 1 1ö \ 1(18 – 24) – x (9 – 16) + x2 (6 – 8) = 0
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ ëé1 1 - 0 ûù
è a b cø
\ – 6 + 7x – 2x2 = 0

æ 1 1 1ö \ 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
= abc ç1 + + + ÷ = abc + bc + ca + ab = R.H.S.
è a b cø \ (2x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
\ 2x – 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
Example – 11
3
Prove that \ x= or x = 2
2
a + bx c + dx p + qx a c p
D = ax + b cx + d px + q = 1 - x 2
b d q 1 2x 4x 2
u v w u v w (ii) Given 1 4 16 = 0
1 1 1
Sol. Applying R1 ® R1 – x R2 to D, we get
Method I: Here a13 = (a12)2 (element in third column is equal
a 1 - x2 c 1- x
2
p 1 - x2 to square of respective element in 2nd column)

D= ax + b cx + d px + q We know, when two rows are identical then the determinant

u v w is zero.
\ for R1 º R2, 2x = 4 i.e. x = 2
2
Taking 1 – x common from R1 1
\ for R1 º R3, 2x = 1 i.e. x =
2
a c p
2
= 1- x ax + b cx + d px + q 1
\ solution is x = ,2
u v w 2
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
26

Method II: if we expand the given determinant by R1, we get = – 20

1 (4 – 16) – 2x (1–16) + 4x2 (1–4) = 0
1 2 3
 –12 –2x + 32x – 12x2 = 0
D z  3 1 1
 –12 x2 + 30x – 12 = 0 2 2 2
2
 4x – 10x + 4 = 0
= 1 (–2 +2) – 2 (6 –2) + 3 (–6 + 2)
 (4x – 2) (x – 2) = 0
= – 20
 4x – 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
By Cramer’s Rule
1
 x  or x = 2
2 Dx 5
x   1
D 5
Example – 13
Dy 20
Solve the following equations using Cramer’s Rule y  4
D 5
x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1,
2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Dz 20
z  4
D 5
Sol. The given equations are
 Solution is x = –1, y = 4, z = 4
x + 2y – z = 3
3x – y + 2z = 1 Example – 14

2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Show that the following equations are consistent

2x + 3y + 1 = 0, x + 2y + 1 = 0, x + y = 0
1 2 1
D  3 1 2 Sol. Given
2 2 3 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x + 2y + 1 = 0
Expanding along R1
x+y=0
= 1 (–3 +4) – 2 (9 – 4) – 1 (–6 + 2)
By condition of consistency
= 1 – 10 + 4 = –5
a1 b1 c1
3 2 1
a2 b2 c2  0
D x  1 1 2
a3 b3 c3
2 2 3

Expanding along R1 2 3 1
= 3 (–3 + 4) –2 (3 – 4) – 1 (–2 +2) Now, 1 2 1
1 1 0
=5

R1  R1 – R2 gives
1 3 1
D y  3 1 2
1 1 0
2 2 3
 1 2 1 0 (R1  R3)
1 1 0
Expanding along R1
= 1 (3 – 4) – 3 (9 – 4) – 1 (6 – 2)  The given equations are consistent.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
27

Example – 15 Example – 17

Find k, if the following equations are consistent Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
(k – 2) x + (k – 1) y = 17, P (–3, 1), Q(1, –1), R(2, 1), S(0, 3).
(k – 1) x + (k – 2) y = 18,
x+y=5
Sol. The given equation are
(k–2)x + (k–1) y – 17 = 0
Sol.
(k–1) x + (k–2) y – 18 = 0
x+y–5=0
Q The equations are consistent
A(PQRS) = A (DPQR) + A (DPRS)
a1 b1 c1 k - 2 k - 1 -17
a2 b2 c 2 = k - 1 k - 2 -18 = 0
a3 b3 c3 1 1 -5 -3 1 1
1
A(DPQR) = 1 -1 1
R1 ® R1 – R2 gives 2
2 1 1

-1 1 1
= k - 1 k - 2 -18 = 0
1 1 -5 1
= [–3 (–1 –1) –1 (1–2) + 1 (1 + 2)]
2
C2 ® C2 + C1, C3 ® C3 + C1 gives

-1 0 0 1
= (6 + 1 + 3)
k - 1 2k - 3 k - 19 2
1 2 -4
= 5 Sq. units
Expanding along R1
\ –1 (–8k + 12 – 2k + 38) = 0
-3 1 1
\ 10k – 50 = 0 1
A (DPRS) = 2 1 1
\ k=5 2
0 3 1
Example – 16

Find k if the area of the triangle ABC is 35 sq. units, where

1
A = (2, 6), B = (5, 4) and C = (k, 4) = [–3 (1–3) – 1 (2 –0) + 1 (6 –0)]
2
2 6 1
1
Sol. Area = 5 4 1 = 35 sq. units
2 1
k 4 1 = [6 – 2 + 6]
2

1 = 5 sq. units
Þ (k - 5) 2 = ± 35
2
\ A(PQRS) = 5 + 5 = 10 Sq. units.
Þ k – 5 = ± 35
Þ k = 40, – 30.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
28

Example – 18 By Cramer’s Rule

The sum of first and second numbers is greater than the D x -24
x= = =6
third number by 5. The sum of first and third numbers is D -4
more than the second number by 7. The sum of second
and third numbers is greater than the first number by 2. Dy -14 7
Find such three numbers. y= = =
D -4 2
Sol. Let the numbers be x, y, z respectively. We get the following
equations. D z -18 9
z= = =
x+y– z=5 D -4 2

x– y+z=7 7 9
\ The numbers are 6, 2 and 2 respectively..
– x+y+z=2
Example – 19
1 1 -1 2 0 0
\ D = 1 -1 1 = 1 -1 1
é 2 2ù é6 2ù
-1 1 1 -1 1 1
If A = -3 1 andB = ê1 3ú , find matrix C such that
ê ú
ê ú ê ú
Expanding along R1 êë 4 0úû êë0 4úû

= 2 (–1 –1) A + B + C = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix.

=–4 Sol. Given, A + B + C = 0
\ C = – [A + B]
5 1 -1 12 0 0
D x = 7 -1 1 = 7 -1 1 é 2 2 ù é 6 2ù
2 1 1 2 1 1 A + B = êê -3 1 úú + êê 1 3 úú
êë 4 0 úû êë 0 4úû
Expanding along R1
= 12 (–1 –1)
é 8 4ù é -8 -4ù
= – 24 C = – [A + B] = – ê -2 4 ú = ê 2 -4ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 4 4úû êë -4 -4 úû
1 5 -1
Dy = 1 7 1
Example – 20
-1 2 1
Find matrices A and B, where
Expanding along R1
= 1 (7 –2) – 5 (1 + 1) – 1 (2 + 7) é1 -1ù é 0 1ù
2A–B = ê ú and A + 3B = ê ú
ë0 1 û ë -1 0 û
= – 14

1 1 5 é1 -1ù
Sol. Given 2A – B = ê ú ... (i)
Dz = 1 -1 7 ë0 1 û
-1 1 2
é 0 1ù
A + 3B = ê ú ... (ii)
Expanding along R1 ë -1 0 û
=1 (–2–7) –1 (+2 +7) + 5 (1–1) From 3 × (i) + (ii), we get
= – 18
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
29

Example – 22
é 3 -3ù é 0 1 ù
7A = ê ú+ê ú
ë 0 3 û ë -1 0 û
é2 1ù é1 2 ù
If A = ê ú ,B=ê ú , verify that |AB| = |A| |B|.
ë 0 3û ë3 -2 û
é3 + 0 -3 + 1ù é 3 -2 ù
=ê ú=ê ú
ë 0 - 1 3 + 0 û ë -1 3 û
é 2 1ù é1 2 ù
Sol. AB = ê úê ú
ë 0 3 û ë3 - 2 û
1 é 3 -2 ù é 3 / 7 -2 / 7 ù
\ A= =
7 êë -1 3 úû êë -1/ 7 3 / 7 úû
é2 + 3 4 - 2ù
=ê ú
ë0 + 9 0 - 6 û
é1 -1ù
\ B = 2A - ê ú ... (i)
ë0 1 û
é5 2 ù
\ AB = ê ú
ë9 -6 û
\ é 3 / 7 -2 / 7ù é1 -1ù
B=2ê ú-ê ú
ë-1/ 7 3/ 7 û ë0 1 û
2 1
|A|= =6–0=6
0 3
é 6 / 7 -4 / 7 ù é1 -1ù
=ê ú-ê ú
ë -2 / 7 6 / 7 û ë 0 1 û
1 2
|B|= = –2 – 6 = – 8
3 -2
é -1/ 7 3 / 7 ù
=ê ú
ë -2 / 7 -1/ 7 û
5 2
| AB | = = – 30 – 18 = – 48
Example – 21 9 -6

Also, |A| . |B| = 6(–8) = – 48

é cos a sin a ù
If A a = ê ú , show that Aa.Ab = Aa+b Hence, |AB| = |A| . |B| is verified.
ë - sin a cos a û
Example – 23
é cos a sin a ù
Sol. A a = ê ú
ë - sin a cos a û é 3 -5 ù 2
If A = ê ú , show that A – 5A – 14I = 0
ë - 4 2 û
é cos b sin b ù
then Ab = ê ú
ë - sin b cos b û é 3 -5 ù
Sol. A = ê ú
ë -4 2 û
é cos a sin a ù é cos b sin b ù
A a .Ab = ê úê ú
ë - sin a cos a û ë - sin b cos b û \
é 3 -5 ù é 3 -5 ù
A2 = A . A = ê úê ú
ë -4 2 û ë -4 2 û
é cos a cos b - sin a sin b cos a sin b + sin a cos b ù
=ê
ë - sin a cos b - cos a sin b - sin a sin b + cos a cos b úû é 9 + 20 -15 - 10 ù é 29 -25 ù
=ê ú=ê ú
ë -12 - 8 20 + 4 û ë -20 24 û
é cos(a + b) sin(a + b) ù
=ê ú
ë - sin(a + b) cos (a + b) û é 29 -25ù é 3 -5 ù é1 0 ù
\ A2 – 5A – 14I = ê ú -5ê ú - 14 ê ú
ë -20 24 û ë -4 2 û ë0 1û
= A(a+b)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
30

\ AB = BA
é 29 -25 ù é 15 -25 ù é14 0 ù
=ê ú-ê ú-ê ú
ë -20 24 û ë -20 10 û ë 0 14 û é -3 2 ù é 1 x ù é 1 x ù é -3 2 ù
\
ê 2 -4 ú ê y 0 ú = ê y 0 ú ê 2 - 4 ú
ë ûë û ë ûë û
é 29 - 15 - 14 -25 + 25 + 0ù
=ê ú
ë -20 + 20 - 0 24 - 10 - 14 û é -3 + 2y -3x + 0 ù é -3 + 2x 2 - 4x ù
\ ê 2 - 4y 2x + 0 ú = ê -3y + 0 2y + 0 ú
ë û ë û
é0 0ù
=ê ú Comparing corresponding elements.
ë0 0û
–3x = 2 – 4x and –3y = 2 – 4y
\ A2 – 4A + 3I = 0
\ x=2 y = 2
Example – 24
[\ x = y = 2]

é0 1 ù é0 -1ù Example – 26
If A = ê ú and B = ê1 0 ú
ë1 0û ë û
é 2 -1ù 3
show that (A+B).(A–B) ¹ A2 – B2. If A = ê ú , find A
ë 3 -2 û
Sol. (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – AB + BA – B2
é 2 -1ù
é 0 1 ù é 0 -1ù é 0 + 1 0 + 0 ù Sol. A = ê ú
AB = ê úê ú=ê ú ë 3 -2 û
ë1 0 û ë1 0 û ë 0 + 0 -1 + 0 û

é 2 -1ù é 2 -1ù
é1 0ù \ A2 = A . A = ê úê ú
=ê ú ë 3 -2 û ë 3 -2 û
ë0 1 û

é 4 - 3 -2 + 2 ù é1 0 ù
é0 -1ù é0 1 ù =ê ú=ê ú=I
And, BA = ê úê ú ë 6 - 6 -3 + 4 û ë0 1 û
ë1 0 û ë1 0û

é 2 -1ù
é 0 - 1 0 + 0 ù é -1 0 ù \ A3 = A . A2 = A . I = A = ê ú
=ê ú=ê ú ë 3 -2 û
ë0 + 0 1 + 0 û ë 0 1 û

AB ¹ BA Example – 27
Q

\ –AB + BA ¹ 0
é1 2 3ù é 1 -1 1 ù
\ (A + B) (A – B) ¹ A2 – B2
If A = 2 4 6 , B = ê -3 2 -1ú ,
ê ú
ê ú ê ú
Example – 25 êë1 2 3úû êë -2 1 0 úû

é -3 2 ù é1 xù show that AB and BA are both singular matrices.

2 2
If A = ê ú ,B=ê ú , and (A + B).(A–B)=A –B ,
ë 2 -4 û ë y 0 û
é1 2 3ù é 1 -1 1 ù
find x and y ê úê ú
Sol. AB = ê 2 4 6 ú ê -3 2 -1ú
Sol. Condition given êë1 2 3úû êë -2 1 0 úû
(A+B) (A–B) = A2 – B2
\ A2 – AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2 é 1 - 6 - 6 -1 + 4 + 3 1 - 2 + 0 ù
\ – AB + BA = 0 = êê 2 - 12 - 12 -2 + 8 + 6 2 - 4 + 0 úú
ëê 1 - 6 - 6 -1 + 4 + 3 1 - 2 + 0 ûú
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
31

é -11 6 -1ù
é -3 -3 ù
= êê -22 12 -2 úú ê2 2 2ú
êë -11 6 -1úû ê ú
-3
Now P¢ = ê 3 1 ú=P
ê2 ú
ê ú
é -11 6 -1ù ê -3 1 -3 ú
| AB |= êê -22 12 -2úú = 0 (Q R1 = R 3 ) ëê 2 ûú
êë -11 6 -1úû

Similarly, 1
Thus P = B + B¢ is a symmetric matrix.
2
é 1 -1 1 ù é1 2 3ù Also, let
BA = êê -3 2 -1úú êê 2 4 6 úú
êë -2 1 0 úû êë1 2 3úû
é -1 -5 ù
ê0 2 2ú
é 0 -1 -5ù ê ú
1 1 1
é 1- 2 +1 2-4+ 2 3-6+ 3 ù Q = B - B¢ = êê1 0 6 úú = ê 0 3ú
ê ú
= ê -3 + 4 - 1 -6 + 8 - 2 -9 + 12 - 3úú
ê 2 2
êë 5 -6 0 úû ê
2
ú
êë -2 + 2 + 0 -4 + 4 + 0 -6 + 6 + 0 úû ê5 -3 0 ú
êë 2 úû

é0 0 0ù
= êê 0 0 0 úú
é 1 5ù
êë 0 0 0 úû ê0 2 3ú
ê ú
-1
\ |BA| = 0 ( Q it is zero matrix) Then Q¢ = êê 0 -3ú = -Q
ú
2
ê ú
Hence, AB and BA both are singular. ê 5
-
3 0ú
êë 2 úû
Example – 28

é 2 -2 -4 ù 1
ê ú Thus Q = B - B¢ is a skew symmetric matrix.
Express the matrix B = ê -1 3 4 ú as the sum of a 2
êë 1 -2 -3 úû
Now
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Sol. Here
é -3 -3 ù é -1 -5 ù
ê2 2 2ú ê
0
2 2 ú é 2 -2 -4ù
é 2 -1 1 ù ê ú ê ú
-3 1
B¢ = êê -2 3 -2 úú P+Q = ê 3 1 ú+ê 0 3 ú = êê -1 3 4 úú = B
ê2 ú ê2 ú
ëê -4 4 -3 úû ê ú ê ú êë 1 -2 -3úû
ê -3 1 -3 ú ê
5
-3 0ú
ëê 2 ûú ëê 2 ûú

é -3 -3 ù
ê2 2 2ú Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
é 4 -3 -3ù ê ú
1 1 ê ú ê -3 skew symmetric matrix.
Let P = B + B¢ = ê -3 6 2 ú = ê 3 1ú
2 2 2 ú
êë -3 2 -6 úû ê ú
ê 3
-
1 -3 ú
êë 2 úû
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
32

Example – 29 Example – 30

The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number

by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. By adding é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù
first and third numbers, we get double of the second Use product ê 0 2 -3ú ê 9 2 -3ú to solve the
ê úê ú
number. Represent it algebraically and find the numbers êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
using matrix method.
Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and system of equations
z, respectively. Then, according to given conditions, we x – y + 2z = 1
have
2y – 3z = 1
x+y+z=6
3x – 2y + 4z = 2
y + 3z = 11
x + z = 2 y or x – 2y + z = 0 é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù
This system can be written as A X = B, where ê úê ú
Sol. Consider the product ê 0 2 -3ú ê 9 2 -3ú
êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
é1 1 1ù éx ù é6ù
A = ê0 1 3ú , X = ê y ú and B = êê11úú
ê ú ê ú

ëê1 -2 1úû ëê z ûú ëê 0 ûú é -2 - 9 + 12 0 - 2 + 2 1 + 3 - 4 ù é1 0 0 ù
= êê 0 + 18 - 18 0 + 4 - 3 0 - 6 + 6 úú = êê0 1 0 úú
Here |A| = 1 (1 + 6) – (0 – 3) + (0 – 1) = 9 ¹ 0. Now we find adj A êë -6 - 18 + 24 0 - 4 + 4 3 + 6 - 8 úû êë0 0 1 úû
A11 = 1 (1 + 6) = 7, A12 = – (0 – 3) = 3, A13 = – 1
A21 = – (1 + 2) = – 3, A22 = 0, A23 = – (–2 – 1) = 3 -1
é1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1 ù
A31 = (3 – 1) = 2, A32 = –(3 – 0) = –3, A33 = (1 – 0) = 1 ê ú = êê 9 2 -3úú
Hence ê0 2 -3ú
êë3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2úû
é 7 -3 2 ù
ê ú
Hence adjA = ê 3 0 -3ú
Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix
êë -1 3 1 úû
form, as follows

é 7 -3 2 ù é1 -1 2 ù é x ù é 1 ù
1 1ê ê0 2 -3ú ê y ú = ê1 ú
Thus A =
-1
adj A = ê 3 0 -3úú ê úê ú ê ú
|A| 9
êë -1 3 1 úû êë3 -2 4 úû êë z úû êë 2úû

–1
Since X = A B
-1
é x ù é 1 -1 2 ù é 1 ù é -2 0 1 ù é 1 ù
é 7 -3 2 ù é 6 ù ê y ú = ê 0 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú = ê 9 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú
1ê or ê ú ê ú ê ú ê úê ú
X = ê 3 0 -3úú êê11úú êë z úû êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 2 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû êë 2 úû
9
êë -1 3 1 úû êë 0 úû

é -2 + 0 + 2ù é0ù
éxù é 42 - 33 + 0 ù é 9 ù é1 ù
ê y ú = 1 ê 18 + 0 + 0 ú = 1 ê18 ú = ê 2ú = êê 9 + 2 - 6 úú = êê5 úú
or ê ú 9ê ú 9ê ú ê ú êë 6 + 1 - 4 úû êë 3úû
êë z úû êë -6 + 33 + 0 úû êë 27 úû êë 3úû

Thus x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 Hence x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
33
Example – 31
é -4 3 ù é1 0 1 ù
PA = ê ú´ê ú
ë 3 -2 û ë 0 1 0 û
é1 1 1ù
é 2 3ù
Given A = ê 2 4 1ú , B = ê ú.
ê ú
êë 2 3 1úû ë 3 4û é -4 3 -4 ù
Þ PA = ê ú
ë 3 -2 3 û

é1 0 1 ù Post-multiplying both sides by A–1

Find P such that BPA = ê ú.
ë0 1 0û
é -4 3 -4 ù -1
PAA -1 = ê úA
é1 0 1 ù ë 3 -2 3 û
Sol. Given BPA = ê ú.
ë0 1 0 û
é - 4 3 - 4 ù -1
–1 Þ PI = ê úA
Pre-multiplying both sides by B ë 3 -2 3 û

é1 0 1 ù
B–1 BPA = B–1 ê ú é -4 3 -4 ù -1
ë0 1 0 û \ P=ê úA ... (ii)
ë 3 -2 3 û

é1 0 1 ù For A–1 :
Þ IPA = B–1 ê ú
ë0 1 0û
é1 1 1ù
A = ê2 4 1ú .
é1 0 1 ù since ê ú Now |A| = –1 ¹ 0
Þ PA = B–1 ê ú ... (i)
ë0 1 0 û êë 2 3 1úû

To find B–1. Þ it is non-singular matrix and hence A–1 exists

é2 3 ù
Now B = ê ú é 1 2 -3ù
ë3 4 û
adj.(A) = êê 0 -1 1 úú
êë -2 -1 2 úû
2 3
|B|= = 8 – 9 = –1 ¹ 0. As | B | ¹ 0
3 4
é-1 -2 3 ù
Adj.A ê
so it is non-singular matrix and hence inverse of B exists. A -1
= = ê 0 1 -1úú
|A|
êë 2 1 -2úû
Adj.B é -4 3 ù
Þ B1 = =ê ú
|B| ë 3 -2 û
Now From (ii),
NOTES :
é -1 -2 3 ù
For a 2×2 matrix, adjoint can be obtained by swapping é -4 3 -4ù ê ú
P=ê ú ´ ê 0 1 -1ú
diagonal elements and changing the sign of non-diagonal ë 3 -2 3 û ê 2 1 -2ú
elements. ë û

Now from (i),

é -4 7 -7 ù
Þ P=ê ú
ë 3 -5 5 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
34

Example – 32
é1 2 3 ù é0 1 0ù
Solve the system of equations : ê0 1 2 ú = ê1 0 0ú A
or ê ú ê ú (applying R3 ® R3 – 3R1)
x + 2y + z = 2 êë0 -5 -8úû êë0 -3 1úû
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
3x + 6y + 3z = 6
é1 0 -1ù é -2 1 0 ù
st rd
Sol. 1 and 3 equations are integral mutiple of each other. or ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 0 0 ú A (applying R ® R – 2R )
ê ú ê ú 1 1 2

(dependent equations) êë0 -5 -8úû êë 0 -3 1 úû

Þ D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
Þ infinite solutions é1 0 -1ù é -2 1 0 ù
or ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 0 0ú A (applying R ® R + 5R )
consider x + 2y + z = 2 ê ú ê ú 3 3 2

êë0 0 2 úû êë 5 -3 1 úû
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
Let z = k

ì x + 2y = 2 - k é ù
Þ í é1 0 -1ù ê -2 1 0ú
î 2x - 3y = 1 - 4k ê0 1 2 ú = ê 1 ú 1
or ê ú ê 0 0 ú A (applying R3 ® R3 )
2
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1ú
3 + 2k 8 - 11k ê ú
Þ y= and x = ë2 2 2û
7 7

é 8 - 11k 3 + 2k ù
Hence : ê x = ,y= and z = k ú
ë 7 7 û é1 -1 1ù
é1 0 0 ù ê 2 2 2ú
where k is an arbitrary constant. or ê 0 1 2ú = ê 1 0
ú
0 ú A (applying R1 ® R1 + R3)
ê ú ê
êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1ú
Example – 33 ê ú
ë2 2 2û
Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary
operations

é1 -1 1 ù
é0 1 2ù é1 0 0 ù ê 2 2 2ú
A = êê1 2 3úú or ê0 1 0 ú = ê -4 ú
3 -1ú A (applying R2 ® R2 –2 R3)
ê ú ê
êë 3 1 1 úû êë0 0 1 úû ê 5 -3 1 ú
ê ú
ë2 2 2û
Sol. Write A = I A, i.e.,

é0 1 2ù é1 0 0ù
ê1 2 3 ú = ê 0 1 0 ú A é 1 -1 1 ù
ê ú ê ú ê2
êë 3 1 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû 2 2ú
- 1 ê ú
Hence A = ê -4 3 -1ú
ê 5 -3 1 ú
ê ú
é1 2 3 ù é 0 1 0 ù ë2 2 2û
or ê0 1 2ú = ê1 0 0ú A (appplying R « R )
ê ú ê ú 1 2
êë 3 1 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
35

Example – 34  IB = 0  B = 0 [Note true]

If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MT M = I and det (M) = I, then (ii) AB = 0 and B non-singular implies
prove that det (M – I) = 0. –1 –1
ABB = 0 (B) = 0  AI = 0
Sol. (M – I)T = MT – I = MT – MTM = MT (I – M)
 A = 0 [Not true]
 | (M – I)T | = | M – I | = | MT || I – M |
 Both A and B are singular.
= | I – M| |M – I| = 0.
(iii) Consider the counter example
Alternate Method :
det (M – I) = det (M – I) det (MT) 0 1 1 0
A  and B   
= det (MMT – MT) 0 0 0 0
= det (I – MT) = – det (MT – I)
= – det (M – I)T = – det (M – I) 0 11 0 0 0
AB     
0 00 0 0 0
 det (M – I) = 0.

Example – 35 1 0 0 1 0 1
whereas BA     0
 0 0 0 0  0 0
If S is a skew-symmertric matrix of order n and I + S is
non-singular, then prove that
Example – 37
–1
A = (I – S) (I + S) is an orthogonal matrix of order n.
Let A and B be matrix of order n. Prove that if (I – AB) is
T 1 T invertible, then (I – BA) is also invertible and
Sol. A   I  S 
T
 I  S –1 –1
(I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A.
–1 –1 –1
= (I – S) (I + S), Sol. I – BA = BIB – BABB
T –1
[since S = – S; S being skew symmertric]. = B (I – AB) B ...(i)
T –1 –1 –1
 A A = (I – S) (I + S) (I – S) (I + S) Hence, |I – BA| = |B| |I – AB| |B |
–1 –1 –1
= (I – S) (I – S) (I + S) (I + S) , = |I – AB| |B| |B |
–1
since (I + S) (I – S) = (I – S) (I + S) = |I – AB| |B| |B |
=I = |I – AB| ...(ii)
–1 –1
 A is orthogonal, I – S is a square matrix of order n. Since |B| |B | = |BB | = |I| = I
–1
 A = (I – S) (I + S) is a square matrix of order n. If I – AB is invertible, |I – AB| has to be non-zero.

Example – 36 Hence, |I – BA|  0 and therefore I – BA is also invertible

–1
Now (I – BA) {I + B (I – AB) A}
If A and B are n-rowed non-zero square matrix such that
–1
AB = 0, then show that both A and B are singular. If both = (I – BA) + (I – BA) B (I – AB) A
A and B are singular and AB = 0, does it follows that = (I – BA) + {B (I – AB) B } B (I – AB) A
–1 –1

BA = 0.
(Using (i))
Justify your answer. –1
= (I – BA) + B (I – AB) ( I – AB) A
Sol. (i) AB = 0 and A non-singular implies
–1 –1
= I – BA + BA = I
A AB = A (0) = 0 –1 –1
Hence, (I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A
–1
 (A A) B = 0
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
36

Example – 38 Example – 39

é cos q sin q ù éa 0 1 ù éa 1 1 ù éf ù éa 2 ù
If A = ê ú , prove that
ë - sin q cos q û ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
A = ê1 c b ú , B = ê0 d c ú , U = êg ú , V = ê 0 ú , ab ¹ 1
êë1 d búû êëf g h úû êë h úû ê0ú
ë û
é cos nq sin nq ù
An = ê ú for all n Î N
ë - sin nq cos nqû If there is vector matrix X, such that AX = U has infinitely
many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have
é cos nq sin nq ù unique solution. If afd ¹ 0 then prove that BX = V has no
Sol. Consider A n = ê ú solution.
ë - sin nq cos nq û
Sol. AX = U has infinite solutions
é cos q sin q ù Þ |A| = 0
for n = 1, A1 = ê ú,
ë - sin q cos q û
a 0 1
it is true as given 1 c b =0
\ An is true for n = 1 1 d b
Let An is true for n = r, where r Î N
Þ ab = 1 or c = d
é cos rq sin rq ù
\ Ar = ê ú a 0 f
ë - sin rq cos rq û
| A1 |= 1 c g = 0
and
then, 1 d h
Ar+1 = A . Ar g = h; [Here A1 is actually D1 for A : Cramer’s Rule in
Þ
Determinants section]
é cos q sin q ù é cos rq sin rq ù
=ê úê ú
ë - sin q cos q û ë - sin rq cos rq û a f 1
| A 2 |= 1 g b = 0 Þ g = h
é cos q cos rq - sin q sin rq cos q sin rq + sin q sin rq ù 1 h b
=ê ú
ë - sin q.cos rq - cos q sin rq - sin q sin rq + cos q cos rq û

f 0 1
é cos(q + rq) sin(q + rq) ù
=ê ú Þ | A3 |= g c b = 0 Þ g = h, c = d
ë - sin(q + rq) cos(q + rq)û h d b

é cos(r + 1)q sin(r + 1)q ù Þ c = d and g = h

=ê ú
ë - sin(r + 1)q cos(r + 1)qû So, for infinite solutions c = d and g = h
i.e. An is true for n = r + 1, BX = V

\ An is true for n = 1 a 1 1
n
And A is true for n = r + 1, if it is true for n = r | B |= 0 d c = 0 (Since C2 and C3 are equal)
\ An is true for all n Î N f g h

é cos nq sin nq ù Þ BX = V has no unique solution

\ An = ê ú for all n Î N.
ë - sin nq cos nq û
a2 1 1
and | B1 |= 0 d c = 0 (since c = d, g = h)
0 g h
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
37

a a2 1 æ A -1 0 öæA 0 ö
and ç -1 -1 ÷ç ÷
| B2 |= 0 0 c = a 2 cf = a 2 df (since c = d) è -C BA C -1 ø è B C ø
f 0 h
æ A -1 A 0 ö æI 0ö
ç -1 -1 ÷ =ç
-1 ÷
è -C B + C B C Cø è0 Iø
a 1 a2
| B3 |= 0 d 0 = a 2 df
æ A -1 0 ö æA 0ö
f g 0 Hence ç -1 -1 ÷ = I.
-1 ÷ is the inverse of ç
è C BA C ø è B Cø
Since if adf ¹ 0 then |B2| = | B3| ¹ 0. Hence no solution exists.
Second Part :
Example – 40
æ1 0 0 0ö
ç ÷
æA 0 ö æ A -1
0 ö ç1 1 0 0÷ æ A 0 ö
=ç
Prove that the inverse of ç ÷ is ç -1 -1 ÷ ç1 ÷
C -1 ø 1 1 0÷ è B Cø
è B C ø è -C BA ç ÷
where A, C are non-singular matrix and hence find the è1 1 1 1ø

æ1 0 0 0ö æ1 0 ö æ 1 1ö æ1 0 ö
ç ÷ where A = ç ÷, B = ç ÷ ,C = ç ÷.
ç1 1 0 0÷
è 1 1 ø è 1 1 ø è1 1 ø
inverse of ç1 1 1 0÷
ç ÷
è1 1 1 1ø
æ1 0 0 0ö æ 1 0 0
0ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
1 1 0 0 ÷ ç -1 1 0
0÷
Sol. First part : Inverse of ç =
ç1 1 1 0÷ ç 0 1 1 0÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
æ A 0 ö æ A -1 0 ö è1 1 1 1ø è 0 0 -1 1 ø
As ç ÷ ç -1 -1 ÷
è B C ø è -C BA C -1 ø
–1 –1 æ 1 0 öæ 1 1öæ 1 0 ö æ 0 1 ö
-1 since C BA = ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷=ç ÷
æ AA 0 ö æ I 0ö è -1 1 øè 1 1øè -1 1 ø è 0 0 ø
ç -1 -1 -1 ÷= ç ÷
è BA - CC BA CC-1 ø è 0 I ø
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 38

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

3
Properties of determinants 7. If a, b & g are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0 then
the value of the determinant
2 1 0 2 2 0
1. If P = 3 1 2 , then 9 6 6 is equal to a b g
5 2 3 5 4 3 b g a =
g a b
(a) 2P (b) 3P
(c) 5P (d) 6P (a) p (b) q
2
(c) p – 2q (d) none
11 12 13
2. 12 13 14 is equal to 8. Given a, b, c are in A.P. Then determinant
13 14 15
x +1 x + 2 x + a
(a) 1 (b) 0 x + 2 x + 3 x + b in its simplied form is :
(c) –1 (d) 67 x +3 x +4 x +c
3. If every element of a third order determinant of value D is
multiplied by 5, then the value of new determinant is (a) x3 + 3ax + 7c (b) 0
(a) D (b) 5 D (c) 15 (d) 10x2 + 5x + 2c
(c) 25 D (d) 125 D 9. If a + b + c = 0, one root of :

18 40 89
a-x c b
4. D = 40 89 198 is equal to c b-x a = 0 is
89 198 440 b a c-x

(a) 1 (b) – 1
(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2
(c) zero (d) 2
(c) x = a2 + b2 + c2 (d) x = 0
1 w w2
5. The value of w w2 1 , w being a cube root of unity, is b1 + c1 c1 + a1 a1 + b1
10. The determinant b + c c2 + a 2 a 2 + b2 =
w2 1 w 2 2
b3 + c 3 c3 + a 3 a 3 + b3
(a) 0 (b) 1

(c) w2 (d) w
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(a) a 2 b2 c2 (b) 2 a 2 b2 c2
0 p-q a-b a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3
6. D = q-p 0 x - y is equal to
b-a y-x 0
a1 b1 c1
(a) 0 (b) a + b (c) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (d) none of these
(c) x + y (d) p + q a3 b3 c3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 39

é 7 4ù é1 2 ù
15. If A + B = ê
8 9 ú and A - B = ê0 3 ú then the value of A
ë û ë û
r 2r - 1 3r - 2
is-
11. If n then the
n -1 a ,
2
é 3 1ù é4 3ù
1 2 1 (a) ê 4 3ú (b) ê 4 6 ú
n n -1 n -1 n - 1 3n + 4 ë û ë û
2 2

é6 2ù é7 6ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
n -1
ë8 6 û ë8 6û
value of å Dr :
r =1
16. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar,
(a) depends only on a then | kA | =
(a) kn | A | (b) k | A |
(b) depends only on n
(c) kn–1 | A | (d) none of these
(c) depends both on a and n
17. If A, B, C are matrices of order 1 × 3, 3 × 3 and 3 × 1
(d) is independent of both a and n. respectively, the order of ABC will be -
Algebra of matrices (a) 3 × 3 (b) 1 × 3
(c) 1 × 1 (d) 3 × 1
12. A matrix A = [ai j] of order 2 × 3 whose elements are such that
ai j = i + j is -
éa h gù éx ù
18. The order of [xyz] êêh b f úú êê y úú is
é 2 3 4ù é 2 3 4ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú êëg f c úû êë z úû
ë3 4 5û ë5 4 3û
(a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 1
é2 3 4ù (c) 1 × 3 (d) 3 × 3
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë5 5 3û
é2 3 1 ù é x ù
13. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices, then AB = O implies :
19. If [1 x 2] ê 0 4 2ú ê 1 ú = O, then the value of x is
ê ú ê ú
(a) A = O and B = O ëê 0 3 2ûú êë -1ûú
(b) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
(a) –1 (b) 0
(c) either |A| = 0 or |B| = 0
(c) 1 (d) 2
(d) A = O or B = O
é1 2ù é x ù é 5 ù
14. If X and Y two matrices are such that 20. If ê ú ê ú = ê ú then
ë2 1û ë y û ë4 û
é 3 2ù é1 -2ù
X-Y = ê ú and X + Y = ê ú then Y is given by (a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 2
ë -1 0 û ë3 4 û
(c) x = 3, y = 2 (d) x = 2, y = 3

é2 0 ù é -1 -2 ù é -1 2 ù 2
(a) ê 1 2 ú (b) ê 3 4 ú 21. If A = ê ú then element a21 of A is -
ë û ë û ë 3 -4 û

(a) 22 (b) –15

é -1 -2 ù
(c) ê ú (d) None of these (c) –10 (d) 7
ë2 2û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 40

é cos q sin q ù é 2 -1ù é4 1 ù T T

22. If E q = ê ú , then value of E (a) . E (b) is - 28. If A = ê ú and B = ê7 2 ú then B A is equal to –
ë - sin q cos qû ë - 7 4 û ë û

(a) E (0°) (b) E (90°) é1 0ù é1 1ù

(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
(c) E (a + b) (d) E (a – b) ë0 1 û ë1 1û

é0 1 1ù é x ù é0 1 ù é1 0 ù
(c) ê1 0 ú (d) ê 0 0 ú
23. The root of the equation x 1 2 ê1 0 1 ú ê -1ú = O is ë û ë û
ê úê ú
êë1 1 0úû êë 1 úû
é1 2 ù é3 4 ù
29. If A = ê ú ; B=ê ú then which of the following
(a) 1/3 (b) -1/3 ë3 0 û ë1 6 û
(c) 0 (d) 1 statements is true -
(a) AB = BA (b) A2 = B
é0 1 ù 4
24. If A = ê ú , the A =
ë1 0 û T é5 9ù
(c) AB =ê ú (d) none of these
ë16 12 û
é1 0 ù é1 1 ù
(a) ê0 1 ú (b) ê0 0 ú é1 0ù é1 0ù
ë û ë û 30. If A = ê ú and I = ê0 1ú, then which one of the following
ë1 1 û ë û
holds for all n ³ 1, by the principle of mathematical induction?
é0 0 ù é0 1 ù
(c) ê1 1 ú (d) ê1 0 ú (a) An = 2n–1 A – (n – 1) I (b) An = nA – (n – 1) I
ë û ë û
(c) An = 2n–1 A + (n – 1) I (d) An = nA + (n – 1) I
é p qù é r sù
25. If A = ê ú , B=ê ú then Type of matrices
ë -q p û ë -s r û
31. In the following, singular matrix is -
(a) AB = BA (b) AB ¹ BA
é 2 3ù é3 2ù
(c) AB = – BA (d) none of these (a) ê 1 3ú (b) ê 2 3 ú
ë û ë û
é0 1 ù
26. If A = ê ú and a and b are arbitrary constants then
ë0 0 û é1 2 ù é2 6 ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê 4 12 ú
(aI + bA)2 = ë1 0 û ë û

(a) a 2I + abA (b) a 2I + 2abA

é1 -3 2ù
(c) a2I+b 2A (d) none of these 32. If A = êê 2 k 5úú is a singular matrix, then k is equal to
êë 4 2 1 úû
é1 2 ù é3 4 ù
27. If A = ê ú and B = ê1 6 ú then (AB) equals -
T

ë 3 0 û ë û (a) –1 (b) 8
(c) 4 (d) –8
é5 16 ù é5 9ù 33. If A = [ aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n, then
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë9 16 û ë16 12û aii =
(a) 0 for some i (b) 0 for all i = 1, 2, ...... n
é5 9ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these (c) 1 for some i (d) 1 for all i = 1, 2, ......, n.
ë 4 3û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 41

é0 5 -7 ù é1 2 3 ù
34. Matrix ê -5 0 11 úú is a -
ê 39. If A = êê5 0 4 úú then adj A is equal to -
ëê 7 -11 0 úû ëê 2 6 7 úû

(a) diagonal matrix (b) upper triangular matrix

é -24 4 8 ù é-24 4 8 ù
(c) skew–symmetric matrix (d) symmetric matrix ê 4
(a) ê 1 2 úú ê 4
(b) ê 1 11 úú
35. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which of êë 8 11 -11úû êë 30 -2 -10 úû
the following is skew–symmetric –

A + AT AT + BT é -24 4 8 ù
(a) (b)
2 2 (c) -27 1 11 ú
ê (d) none of these
ê ú
êë 30 -2 -10 úû
A T - BT B - BT
(c) (d)
2 2
é1 2 3 ù
36. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then - 40. If A = êê0 3 1 úú , then A (adj A) equals -
(a) A is a diagonal matrix (b) A is a null matrix êë 2 1 2 úû

(c) A is a unit matrix (d) A is a triangular matrix

é9 0 0ù é9 0 0ù
é -1 7 ù ê ú
37. If A = ê ú , then skew–symmetric part of A is – (a) ê0 9 0ú (b) - ê0 9 0ú
ë 2 3û ê ú
êë0 0 9úû êë0 0 9úû

é -1 9 / 2 ù é -0 -5 / 2 ù
(a) ê -9 / 2 3 ú (b) ê5 / 2 0 úû
ë û ë é0 0 9ù
ê ú
(c) ê0 9 0ú (d) none of these
é -1 -9 / 2 ù é 0 5 / 2ù êë9 0 0úû
(c) ê (d) ê
ë9 / 2 3 úû ë -5 / 2 0 û
ú

41. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then the determinant of

Adjoint of matrix and its properties Adj. A =
(a) |A|n (b) |A|n + 1
é1 3 5 ù
(c) |A|n–1 (d) |A|n + 2
38. If A = êê3 5 1 úú , then adj. A is equal to -
êë5 1 3úû Inverse of a matrix and Its properties

42. If A and B are invertible matrices of the order n, then

é -14 4 22 ù (AB)–1 is equal to
é 14 -4 -22ù
ê ú ê 4 22 -14úú
(a) ê -4 -22 14 ú (b) ê (a) AB–1 (b) A–1B
êë -22 14 -4 úû êë 22 -14 4 úû
(c) B–1A–1 (d) A–1B–1
43. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is
é 14 4 -22ù (a) A (b) A + I
ê 4 -22 -14ú
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
(c) I – A (d) A – I
êë -22 -14 -4 úû
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 42

é2 3 ù é1 2 ù é1 0ù
44. If A = ê –1
ú , then 19 A is equal to
48. If A = ê ú , B=ê ú and X is a matrix such that
ë 5 -2 û ë3 -5û ë0 2 û
A = BX, then X equals -
(a) A’ (b) 2A
1 é -2 4 ù 1 é2 4 ù
(a) (b)
1 2 êë 3 5 úû 2 êë3 -5úû
(c) A (d) A
2
é2 4 ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
é - 6 5ù
-1 ë 3 -5 û
45. ê- 7 6 ú =
ë û
é l -1 4ù
49. Matrix êê -3 0 1úú is not invertible if -
é - 6 5ù é 6 - 5ù êë -1 1 2úû
(a) ê- 7 6ú (b) ê- 7 6 ú
ë û ë û
(a) l = – 15 (b) l = – 17
é6 5ù é6 - 5 ù (c) l = – 16 (d) l = – 18
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë7 6û ë7 - 6û
é1 0 ù
50. If A = ê –n
ú then A is equal to -
ë1 1 û
é 2 -3ù
46. Inverse matrix of ê ú is -
ë -4 2 û
é1 0ù é1 0ù
(a) ê n 1 ú (b) ê- n -1ú
ë û ë û
1 é2 3ù 1 é 2 4ù
(a) - ê (b) - ê
8 ë 4 2 úû 8 ë 3 2 úû é 1 0ù
(c) ê - n 1 ú (d) none of these
ë û

1 é2 3ù é2 3ù
(c) (d) ê -1
8 êë 4 2úû ú
ë4 2û 51.
é 1 - tan q / 2 ù é 1 tan q / 2 ù
is equal to
ê tan q / 2 1 ú ê - tan q / 2 1 úû
ë ûë

é0 1ù é sin q - cos q ù é cos q sin q ù

é 0 -1 2 ù ê ú –1 (a) êcos q sin q ú (b) ê - sin q cos q ú
47. If A = ê ú , B = ê1 0ú and M = AB, then M is ë û ë û
ë 2 -2 0 û ê1 1ú
ë û
écos q - sin qù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
equal to – ë sin q cos q û

Consistency of simultaneous Equations

é 2 -2 ù é 1/ 3 1/ 3 ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë2 1 û ë -1/ 3 1/ 6 û 52. The system of linear equations x + y +z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3,
3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if
(a) k ¹ 0 (b) –1 < k < 1
é1/ 3 -1/ 3ù é 1/ 3 -1/ 3ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë1/ 3 1/ 6 û ë -1/ 3 1/ 6 û (b) –2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 43
53. If the system of equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and 57. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations
x + 2y + l z = m has no solution, then the values of l and m are (k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
(a) l = 3, m = 10 (b) l = 3, m ¹ 10 kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1
(c) l ¹ 3, m = 10 (d) l ¹ 3, m ¹ 10 has no solution, is
54. Consider the system of equations a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = 0, (a) infinite (b) 1
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0, a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 if
(c) 2 (d) 3

58. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers and if the system of

a1 b1 c1 equations
a2 b2 c 2 = 0, then the system has
a3 b3 c3 (a - 1) x = y + z,

(b - 1) y = z + x,

(a) more than two solutions (c -1)z = x + y,

(b) only non trivial solutions has a non-trivial soltuion, then ab + bc + ca equals:

(c) no solution (a) a + b + c (b) abc

(d) only trivial solution (0, 0,0). (c) 1 (d) -1

55. Consider the system of linear equations 59. With the help of matrices, the solution of the equations

3x + y + 2z = 3, 2x – 3y – z = – 3,
x1 + 2x2 +x3 = 3
x + 2y + z = 4 is given by
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
(a) x = 1, y = 2, z = – 1 (b) x = – 1, y = 2, z = 1
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
(c) x = 1, y = – 2, z = – 1 (d) x = – 1, y = – 2, z = 1
The system has
60. Solution of
(a) Infinite number of solutions
x + 3y – 2z = 0
(b) Exactly 3 solutions
2x – y + 4z = 0
(c) A unique solution
x – 11y + 14z = 0 is
(d) No solution
x y z x y z
56. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of (a) = = =l (b) = = =l
8 -10 7 -10 8 7
equations

x – ky + z = 0 x y z
(c) = = =l (d) None of these
kx + 3y – kz = 0 7 8 -10

3x + y – z = 0 Numerical Value Type Questions

Then, the set of all values of k is

(a) {2, –3} (b) R – {2, –3} cos 2 q cos q sin q - sin q
æ pö
(c) R – {2} (d) R – {–3} 61. Let f ( q ) = cos q sin q sin 2 q cos q then f ç ÷ =
è6ø
sin q - cos q 0
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 44

62. If f(x) = tan x and A, B, C are the angles of 67. If l, m, n are the pth, qth and rth term of a G.P. all positive, then

f ( A) f (p / 4) f (p / 4) log l p 1
f (p / 4) f ( B) f (p / 4) log m q 1
D equals
f (p / 4) f (p / 4) f (C ) log n r 1

then is equal to é 2 -1ù 2

68. If A = ê ú and A – 4A – nI = 0, then –n is equal to -
ë - 1 2 û
109 102 95
63. 6 13 20 is equal to
é 3 0 3ù é x ù é 8 ù é 2 y ù
1 -6 -13 69. If ê 2 1 0ú ê y ú = ê 1 ú + ê z ú , then find the value of
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 4 0 2úû êë z úû êë 4 úû êë 3 y úû
64. If w (¹ 1) is a cube root of unity, then

1 1 + i + w2 w2 y z
x+ +
1- i -1 w2 - 1 = 2 3
-i - i + w -1 -1 70. If p and q are real so that the system of equations
px + 4y + z= 0, 2y + 3z = 1 and 3x – qz = –2 has infinite

y+z x x solutions then q 2 – p 2 is equal to -

65. If y z+x y = k xyz , then k is equal to 71. The system of equations lx + y + z = 1, x + ly + z = l and
z z x+y x + y + lz = l2 have no solution. Then the value of l4 is
72. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and x
2
+ y + kz = k have no solution if –k equals
3x x +1 x -1
66. If ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = x - 3 -2 x x + 2 73. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real
x + 3 x - 4 5x numbers x, y, z not all zero such that x = cy + bz,
y = az + cx and z = bx + ay. Then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal to
be an identity in x, where a, b, c are constants, then the 74. The number of values of k for which the linear equations
value of –d is 4x + ky + 2z =0, kx + 4y + z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 0 posses a
non-zero solution is

é1 1ù
75. If A = ê1 1ú and det (An – I) = 1 – ln, nÎN, then l is equal
ë û
to
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 45

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. The system of linear equations (2016) 5. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that A 2 -5A+7I=O.
x + ly – z = 0
1
Statement – I : A -1 = (5I-A).
lx – y – z = 0 7

x + y – lz = 0
Statement – II : The Polynomial A 3 -2A 2 -3A+I can be
has a non-trivial solution for : reduced to 5 (A – 4I). Then : (2016/Online Set–2)
(a) exactly one value of l. (a) Statement-I is true, but Statement-II is false.
(b) exactly two values of l. (b) Statement-I is false, but Statement-II is true.

(c) exactly three values of l. (c) Both the statements are true.

(d) infinitely many values of l. (d) Both the statements are false.

é 5a -b ù é -4 -1ù
If A = ê T 6. If A = ê ú , then the determinant of the matrix
2. ú and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b is equal ë3 1û
ë3 2û
to: (2016) (A 2016 - 2A 2015 - A 2014 ) is :
(a) 5 (b) 4 (2016/Online Set–2)
(c) 13 (d) –1 (a) 2014 (b) –175
(c) 2016 (d) –25
é 3 1 ù
ê ú 7. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following
2 2 ú , A = é1 1ù
3. If P = ê T
ê0 1ú and Q = PAP , then P
T
system of linear equations (2017)
ê 1 3ú ë û
ê- ú x+y+z=1
ë 2 2 û
x + ay + z = 1
Q2015 P is (2016/Online Set–1)
ax + by + z = 0
é0 2015ù é 2015 1 ù has no solution, then S is :
(a) ê (b) ê
ë0 0 úû ë 0 2015úû
(a) an empty set
(b) an infinite set
é 2015 0 ù é1 2015ù
(c) ê (d) ê
ë 1 2015úû ë0 1 úû (c) a finite set containing two or more elements
(d) a singleton
4. The number of distinct real roots of the equation,
8. Let w be a complex number such that 2w + 1= z where
cos x - sin x sin x z = -3. If (2017)
é p pù
sin x cos x sin x = 0 in the intervals ê - 4 , 4 ú is:
ë û
sin x sin x cos x 1 1 1
1 -w - 1 w2 = 3k, then k is equal to:
2
(2016/Online Set–1)
1 w2 w7
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1 (a) –z (b) z
(c) –1 (d) 1
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 46
9. Let A be any 3×3 invertible matrix. Then which one of the 14. If the system of linear equations
following is not always true ? (2017)
x + ky + 3z = 0
(a) adj A) = |A|. A–1
(b) adj (adjA))= |A|. A 3x + ky - 2z = 0
(c) adj (adjA)) = |A|2. (adj(A))–1
2x + 4y - 3z = 0
–1
(d) adj (adj(A)) = |A|. (adj(A))
xz
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to :
ì 0 cos x - sin x ü y2
ï ï
10. If S = í x Î 0, 2p : sin x 0 cos x = 0 ý , then
ï ï (2018)
î cos x sin x 0 þ
(a) 30 (b) -10
æp ö (c) 10 (d) -30
å tan çè 3 + x ÷ø is equal to :
xÎS
(2017)

x - 4 2x 2x
(a) 4 + 2 3 (b) -2 + 3 2
15. If 2x x - 4 2x = A + Bx x - A , then the
(c) -2 - 3 (d) -4 - 2 3 2x 2x x -4

é 2 -3ù ordered pair (A, B) is equal to : (2018)

2
11. If A = ê ú , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to:
ë -4 1 û (a) (4, 5) (b) (-4, -5)

(c) (-4, 3) (d) (-4, 5)

(2017)

é 72 -84 ù é 51 63ù é1 2 ù
16. Let A be matrix such that A ê ú is a scalar matrix and
(a) ê -63 51 ú (b) ê84 72 ú ë0 3 û
ë û ë û
|3A| = 108. Then A2 equals : (2018/Online Set–1)
é 51 84 ù é 72 -63ù
(c) ê63 72 ú (d) ê -84 51 ú é 4 -32ù é 36 0ù
ë û ë û (a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë0 36 û ë -32 4û
12. For two 3 × 3 matrices A and B, let A + B = 2B¢ and
3A + 2B = I3, where B¢ is the transpose of B and I3 is é 4 0ù é36 -32 ù
3 × 3 identity matrix. Then : (2017) (c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë -32 36 û ë0 4 û
(a) 5A + 10B = 2I3 (b) 10A + 5B = 3I3
(c) B + 2A = I3 (d) 3A + 6B = 2I3 cos x x 1
f' x
13. The number of real values of l for which the system of 17. If f x = 2 sin x x 2 2 x , then lim
x ®0 x
linear equations tan x x 1

2x + 4y – lz = 0
(2018/Online Set–1)
4x + ly + 2z = 0
(a) does not exist
lx + 2y + 2z = 0
(b) exists and is equal to 2
has infinitely many solutions, is (2017/Online Set–1)
(c) exists and is equal to 0
(a) 0 (b) 1
(d) exists and is equal to -2
(c) 2 (d) 3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 47
18. Let S be the set of all real values of k for which the system 23. The greatest value of c Î R for which the system of linear
of linear equations equations
x+y+z=2 x-cy-cz = 0
2x + y – z = 3
cx-y+cz=0
3x + 2 y + k z = 4
cx+cy-z=0
has a unique solution. Then S is :
has a non-trivial solution, is : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(2018/Online Set–1)
(a) an empty set (b) equal to {0} 1
(a) -1 (b)
2
(c) equal to R (d) equal to R -{0}
(c) 2 (d) 0
19. Suppose A is any 3×3 non-singular matrix and
(A - 3I) (A -5I) = O, where I = I3 and O = O3. 24. Let the numbers 2, b, c be in an A.P. and

If a A + b A-1 = 4 I , then a + b is equal to : é1 1 1ù

ê2 b c úú .
(2018/Online Set–2) A= ê If det(A) Î [2, 16], then c lies in the
êë 4 b 2 c 2 úû
(a) 8 (b) 7

(c) 13 (d) 12 interval : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)

20. If the system of linear equations (a) [2, 3) (b) (2 + 23/4 , 4)

x + ay + z = 3
(c) [4, 6] (d) [3, 2 + 23/4 ]
x + 2y + 2z = 6
25. If the system of linear equations
x + 5y + 3z = b
x - 2 y + kz = 1
has no solution, then : (2018/Online Set–2)
(a) a = –1, b = 9 (b) a = –1, b ¹ 9 2x + y + z = 2
(c) a ¹ –1, b = 9 (d) a = 1, b ¹ 9
3 x - y - kz = 3

é1 0 0 ù has a solution (x, y, z), z ¹ 0, then (x, y) lies on the

A = ê1 1 0 ú 20
21. Let ê ú and B = A . Then the sum of the straight line whose equation is : (2019-04-08/Shift-2)
êë1 1 1 úû
(a) 3x - 4 y - 1 = 0 (b) 4 x - 3 y - 4 = 0
elements of the first column of B is :
(c) 4 x - 3 y - 1 = 0 (d) 3x - 4 y - 4 = 0
(2018/Online Set–3)
(a) 210 (b) 211 é1 1ù é1 2ù é1 3ù é 1 n - 1ù é1 78ù
26. If ê0 1ú·ê 0 1 ú·ê 0 1 ú LL ê0 =
1 úû êë0 1 úû then
(c) 231 (d) 251 ë ûë ûë û ë
22. The number of values of k for which the system of linear
é1 n ù
equations, the inverse of ê ú is (2019-04-09/Shift-1)
ë0 1 û
(k+2) x + 10 y = k
kx + (k+3) y = k–1 é 1 0ù é1 -13ù
(a) ê12 1 ú (b) ê 0 1 ú
has no solution, is : (2018/Online Set–3) ë û ë û

(a) 1 (b) 2
é1 -12 ù é 1 0ù
(c) 3 (d) infinitely many (c) ê0 1 ú (d) ê13 1 ú
ë û ë û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 48

30. Let l be a real number for which the system of linear

æ 0 2y 1 ö equations:
ç
The total number of matrics A = 2 x
÷
27.
ç y -1 ÷ x+ y+z = 6
ç 2x - y 1 ÷
è ø
4x + l y - l z = l - 2

( x, y Î R, x ¹ y ) for which AT A = 3I3 is: 3x + 2 y - 4 z = -5

(2019-04-09/Shift-2) has infinitely many solutions. Then l is a root of the

quadratic equation: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) l 2 + 3l - 4 = 0 (b) l 2 - 3l - 4 = 0
(c) 6 (d) 4

28. If the system of equations 2x + 3y - z = 0, x + ky - 2z = 0 and (c) l 2 + l - 6 = 0 (d) l 2 - l - 6 = 0

2x - y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution (x,y,z), then 31. The sum of the real roots of the equation
x y z
+ + + k is equal to (2019-04-09/Shift-2) x -6 -1
y z x
2 -3 x x - 3 = 0 , is equal to: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
-3 2 x x + 2
3 1
(a) (b)
4 2
(a) 6 (b) 0

1 (c) 1 (d) -4
(c) - (d) -4
4
32. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric

x sin q cos q é2 3 ù
matrix such that A+B= ê ú , then AB is equal to :
29. If D1 = - sin q -x 1 and ë 5 -1û
cos q 1 x
(2019-04-12/Shift-1)

é -4 -1ù é 4 -2 ù
x sin 2q cos 2q (a) ê -1 4 ú (b) ê -1 -4 ú
ë û ë û
D 2 = - sin 2q -x 1 ,x¹0
cos 2q 1 x
é 4 -2 ù é -4 2 ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë 1 -4 û ë 1 4û
æ pö
then for all D1 = q Î ç 0, ÷ : (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
è 2ø
é5 2a 1ù
33. If B = ê 0 2 1 úú is the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix A,
(a) D1 - D 2 = -2x3 ê
ëêa 3 -1úû
(b) D1 - D 2 = x(cos 2q - cos 4q )
then the sum of all values of a for which det (A) + 1 = 0 ,
3
is (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
(c) D1 ´ D 2 = -2 x + x - 1
(a) 0 (b) -1

(d) D1 + D2 = -2x3 (c) 1 (d) 2

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 49

37. If the system of linear equations

34.
æ pö
A value of q Î ç 0, ÷ , for which
è 3ø x - 4y + 7z = g

1 + cos 2 q sin 2 q 4 cos 6q 3y - 5z = h

2 2
cos q 1 + sin q 4 cos 6q = 0 is _____.
-2x + 5y-9z = k
cos 2 q 2
sin q 1 + 4 cos 6q
is consistent, then : (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
(a) g + 2h + k = 0 (b) g + h + 2k = 0
p p
(a) (b)
9 18
(c) 2g + h + k = 0 (d) g + h + k = 0

7p 7p
(c) (d) é et
24 36 e -t cos t e - t sin t ù
ê ú
38. If A = êe t -e -t cos t - e-t sin t -e -t sin t + e- t cos t ú
35. The system of linear equations ê t ú
ëêe 2e-t sin t -2e-t cos t ûú
x+ y + z = 2
then A is: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
2x + 3y + 2z = 5 (a) invertible for all t Î R

(b) invertible only if t = π

2x + 3y + (a 2 – l)z = a + 1 (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
(c) not invertible for any t Î R
(a) is inconsistent when a = 4
p
(d) invertible only if t=
(b) has a unique solution for | a |= 3 2

39. If the system of equations

(c) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
x+ y+z =5
(d) is inconsistent when | a |= 3
x + 2 y + 3z = 9

écos q - sin q ù p x + 3y + a z = b
36. If A = ê sin q -50
cos q úû , then the matrix A when
q=
ë 12
has infinitely many solutions, then b - a equals:
is equal to (2019-01-09/Shift-1)
(2019-01-10/Shift-1)

40. The number of values of q Î (0, p ) for which the system

é 1 3ù é 3 1ù
ê - ú ê - ú of linear equations
ê 2 2 ú ê 2 2ú
(a) ê 3 1 ú (b) ê 1 3ú x + 3y + 7z = 0
ê ú ê ú
ë 2 2 û ë 2 2 û
-x + 4 y + 7z = 0

(sin 3q ) x + (cos 2q ) y + 2 z = 0 has a non-trivial solution,

é 3 1 ù é 1 3ù is (2019-01-10/Shift-2)
ê ú ê ú
ê 2 2 ú ê 2 2 ú
(a) three (b) two
(c) ê 1 3ú (d) ê 3 1 ú
ê- ú ê- ú (c) four (d) one
ë 2 2 û ë 2 2 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 50

(a) abc (b) -(a + b + c)

é2 b 1ù
ê 2 ú
41. Let A = ê b b +1 b ú where b > 0 . Then the minimum
(c) 2( a + b + c ) (d) -2(a + b + c )
ê1 b 2 úû
ë
45. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3 ´ 3 . If
det A
value of is: (2019-01-10/Shift-2) det(ABA T ) = 8 and det(AB–1)= 8 then det (BA-1 BT ) is
b
equal to : (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
(a) 2 3 (b) -2 3
1
(c) - 3 (d) 3 (a) (b) 1
4

42. Let a1 , a2 , a3 , ¼, a10 be in G.P. with ai > 0 for

1
i = 1, 2,¼ ,10 and S be the set of pairs (r, k), r, k Î N (the (c) (d) 16
16
set of natural numbers) for which
46. An ordered pair (a, b) for which the system of linear
log e a1r a2 k log e a2r a3k log e a3r a4 k equations
log e a4 r a5 k log e a5r a6 k log e a6 r a7 k = 0
log e a7 r a8 k loge a8r a9 k log e a9 r a10 k 1 + a x + b y + z = 2,

Then the number of elements in S , is : a x + 1 + b y + z = 3,

(2019-01-10/Shift-2) a x + b y + 2z = 2
(a) 4 (b) infinitely many
has a unique solution, is: (2019-01-12/Shift-1)
(c) 2 (d) 10
(a) (2, 4) (b) (-3,1)
43. If the system of linear equations

2x + 2y + 3z = a (c) (-4, 2) (d) (1, -3)

3x -y + 5z = b
é 1 sin q 1 ù
x-3y+ 2z = c A = êê- sin q 1 sin q úú
47. If ; then for all
êë -1 - sin q 1 úû
where, a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, has more than
one solution, then : (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
(a) b – c + a = 0 (b) b – c – a = 0 æ 3p 5p ö
q Îç , ÷ , det(A) lies in the interval :
è 4 4 ø
(c) a + b + c = 0 (d) b + c – a = 0
(2019-01-12/Shift-2)
a -b -c 2a 2a
44. If 2b b-c -a 2b
æ 5ù é5 ö
2c 2c c-a-b (a) ç1, ú (b) ê , 4 ÷
è 2û ë2 ø

= (a + b + c)( x + a + b + c)2 , x ¹ 0 and a + b + c ¹ 0 ,

æ 3ù æ3 ù
(c) ç 0, ú (d) ç ,3ú
then x is equal to : (2019-01-11/Shift-2) è 2û è2 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 51

48. The set of all values of l for which the system of linear T
51. Let A= X=(x,y,z) :PX=0 and x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =1} , where
equations

x - 2 y - 2z = l x
é1 2 1ù
P êê -2 3 -4úú , then the set A : (2020-09-02/Shift-2)
x + 2y + z = l y
êë 1 9 -1úû
-x - y = l z

has a non-trivial solution : (2019-01-12/Shift-2) (a) contains more than two elements

(a) is a singleton (b) is a singleton.

(b) contains exactly two elements (c) contains exactly two elements

(c) is an empty set (d) is an empty set.

(d) contains more than two elements 52. Let a, b, c Î R be all non-zero and satisfy

49. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix with entries from 0,1 and

æa b cö
| A | ¹ 0 . Consider the following two statements : 3 3 3 ç ÷
a + b + c = 2 If the matrix A = ç b c a ÷ satisfies
çc a b÷
è ø
(P) If A ¹ I 2 , then | A | = -1

A T A = I , then a value of abc can be :

(Q) If | A | = 1, then tr ( A) = 2,
(2020-09-02/Shift-2)
Where I2 denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr (A) denotes
the sum of the diagonal entries of A. Then :
2
(a) (b) 3
(2020-09-02/Shift-1) 3
(a) Both (P) and (Q) are false
1
(b) (P) is true and (Q) is false (c) a – b (d)
3
(c) Both (P) and (Q) are true

(d) (P) is false and (Q) is true

x - 2 2 x - 3 3x - 4
50. Let S be the set of all l Î R for which the system of linear 53.
3 2
If D = 2 x - 3 3 x - 4 4 x - 5 = Ax + Bx + Cx + D,
equations 3x - 5 5 x - 8 10 x - 17

2x - y + 2z = 2
then B + C is equal to : (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
x - 2 y + l z = -4
(a) 1 (b) –1

x+ly+ z = 4 (c) –3 (d) 9

has no solution. Then the set S (2020-09-02/Shift-1)

é x 1ù 4
54. Let A = ê
1 0 ú , x Î R and A = éë aij ùû . If a11 = 109, then
(a) is an empty set. ë û
(b) is a singleton.
a 22 is equal to ……… . (2020-09-03/Shift-1)
(c) contains more than two elements.

(d) contains exactly two elements.

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 52
59. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the
é 2 -1 1 ù system of linear equations, Ax = b when the vector b on
adj A = ê -1 0 2 ú the right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectivly.
55. Let A be a 3 ´ 3 matrix such that ê ú
êë 1 -2 -1úû
é1ù é0 ù é0 ù
T x1 = ê1ú , x 2 = ê2 ú , x3 = êê0 úú ,
ê ú ê ú
and B = adj (adjA) . If | A |= l and B -1 = μ then the
êë1úû êë1 úû êë1 úû
ordered pair, (| l |, m) is equal to : (2020-09-03/Shift-2)
é1 ù é0 ù é0ù
æ 1ö æ 1ö b1 = ê0ú , b2 = ê 2 ú and b3 = êê 0 úú ,
ê ú ê ú
(a) ç 9, ÷ (b) ç 9, ÷
è 81 ø è 9ø êë 0úû êë0 úû êë 2 úû

æ 1ö If then the determinant of A is equal to:

(c) ç 3, ÷ (d) (3,81)
è 81 ø (2020-09-04/Shift-2)

56. Let S be the set of all integer solutions, (x, y, z) , of the 1

(a) 2 (b)
system of equations 2

x - 2 y + 5z = 0 3
(c) (d) 4
2
-2 x + 4 y + z = 0
60. If the system of equations
-7 x + 14 y + 9 z = 0 x+ y+z = 2

such that 15 £ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 £ 150. Then, the number of 2x + 4 y - z = 6

elements in the set S is equal to ……..
3 x + 2 y + λz = μ
(2020-09-03/Shift-2)
has infinitely many solutions, then
é cos q i sin q ù æ p ö éa b ù (2020-09-04/Shift-2)
57. If A = ê ú , çq = ÷ and A5 = ê ú,
ëi sin q cos q û è 24 ø ëc d û (a) λ - 2 μ = -5 (b) 2 λ + μ = 14

where i = -1 then which one of the following is not (c) λ + 2 μ = 14 (d) 2 λ - μ = 5

true ? (2020-09-04/Shift-1)
61. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function
2 2 2 2
(a) a - d = 0 (b) a - c = 1 éπ π ù
f : ê , ú ® R , defined by
ë4 2û
2 2 1
(c) 0 £ a 2 + b 2 £ 1 (d) a - b =
2
- sin 2 θ -1 - sin 2 θ 1
58. If the system of equations 2 2
f (θ ) = - cos θ -1 - cos θ 1
x - 2 y + 3z = 9 12 10 -2

2x + y + z = b
are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair (m,M) is
x - 7 y + az = 24 equal to:
(2020-09-05/Shift-1)
has infinitely many solutions, then a - b is equal to……
(2020-09-04/Shift-1) (a) (0,4) (b) (-4,0)

(c) (-4,4) (d) (0,2 2)

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 53

62. Let l Î R .The system of linear equations 65. The values of l and m for which the system of linear
equations
2 x1 - 4 x2 + λx3 = 1 x+ y+z = 2

x1 - 6 x2 + x3 = 2 x + 2 y + 3z = 5

x + 3y + l z = m
λx1 - 10 x2 + 4 x3 = 3
has infinitely many solutions are, respectively:
is inconsistent for: (2020-09-05/Shift-1) (2020-09-06/Shift-1)

(a) exactly two values of (a) 6 and 8 (b) 5 and 8

l
(c) 5 and 7 (d) 4 and 9
(b) exactly one negative value of l 66. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum

(c) every value of l cos2 x 1 + sin 2 x sin 2 x

2
values of 1 + cos x sin 2 x sin 2 x
(d) exactly one positive value of l 2 2
cos x sin x 1 + sin 2 x
63. a + x = b + y = c + z + 1 , where a,b,c,x,y,z are non-zero
Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to:
(2020-09-06/Shift-1)
x a +y x+a
distinct real numbers, then y b + y y + b is equal to: (a) (-3, -1) (b) (-4, -1)
z c+ y z+c
(c) (1, 3) (d) (-3, 3)

(2020-09-05/Shift-2) π é cos q sin q ù

67. Let θ = and A = ê If B = A + A 4, then
5 ë - sin q cos q úû
(a) y(a-b) (b) 0 det (B): (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(a) is one (b) lies in (1, 2)
(c) y(b-a) (d) y(a-c)
(c) lies in (2, 3) (d) is zero
64. If the system of linear equations 68. The sum of distinct values of l for which the system of
equations
x + y + 3z = 0
l - 1 x + 3l + 1 y + 2l z = 0
2
x + 3y + k z = 0
l - 1 x + 4l - 2 y + l + 3 z = 0

3x + y + 3z = 0 2 x + 3l + 1 y + 3 l - 1 z = 0, has non-zero solutions,

is _________ (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
has a non-zero solution (x,y,z) for some k Î R ,then
69. Let α be the root of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 and the
æ yö
x + ç ÷ is equal to: (2020-09-05/Shift-2) é1 1 1ù
èzø 1 ê 2ú 31
matrix A = ê1 a a ú , then the matrix A is equal
3ê 2 4ú
(a) -9 (b) 9 ë1 a a û
to, (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
(c) -3 (d) 3
(a) A (b) A2
(c) A3 (d) I3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 54
70. If the system of linear equations 74. The number of all 3×3 matrices A, with entries from the

2 x + 2ay + az = 0 set {-1, 0, 1} such that the sum of the diagonal elements
of (AAT) is 3, is_____. (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
2 x + 3by + bz = 0
é2 2ù é1 0 ù -1
2 x + 4cy + c = 0 75. If A = ê ú and I = ê ú , then 10A is equal to:
ë 9 4 û ë 0 1 û
Where a, b, c Î R are non-zero and distinct; has non-
(2020-01-08/Shift-2)
zero solution, then (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
(a) 6I - A (b) A - 6 I
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a,b,c are A.P.
(c) 4I - A (d) A - 4I
1 1 1
(c) , , are in A.P.. (d) a, b, c are in G. P. 76. The system of linear equations
a b c
l x + 2 y + 2z = 5
71. A = éë aij ùû and B = éëbij ùû be two 3 × 3 real matrices such
2l x + 3 y + 5z = 8
i+ j -2
that bij = 3 a ji ,where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the determi-
4 x + l y + 6 z = 10 has: (2020-01-08/Shift-2)
nant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is :
(a) no solution when l = 2
(2020-01-07/Shift-2)
(b) infinitely many solutions when l = 2
1 1
(a) (b) (c) no solution when l = 8
9 81
(d) a unique solution when l = -8
1
(c) (d) 3 77. If for some a and b in R, the intersection of the following
3
three planes
72. If system of linear equations
x + 4 y - 2z = 1
x+ y+z =6
x + 7 y - 5z = b
x + 2 y + 3z = 10
x + 5y + a z = 5
3x + 2 y + l z = m
is a line in R3, then a + b is equal to:
has more than two solutions, then m - l 2 is equal to (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
________. (2020-01-07/Shift-2) (a) 0 (b) 10
73. For which of the following ordered pairs m, d , the (c) –10 (d) 2
system of linear equations
é1 1 2 ù
x + 2 y + 3z = 1 78. If the matrices A = ê1 3 4 ú , B = adj A and C = 3 A ,
ê ú
3x + 4 y + 5 z = m ëê1 -1 3 úû

4x + 4 y + 4z = d adj B
then C is equal to: (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
is inconsistent? (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
(a) (4, 6) (b) (3, 4) (a) 16 (b) 2
(c) (1, 0) (d) (4, 3) (c) 8 (d) 72
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 55

(a) 24 (b) 18
x + a x + 2 x +1
79. Let a - 2b + c = 1 . If f x = x + b x + 3 x + 2 , then: (c) 45 (d) 36
x+c x+4 x+3 83. Let a,b,c,d be in arithmetic progression with common
difference l.
(2020-01-09/Shift-2)

(a) f (-50) = 501 (b) f (-50) = 10 x +a -c x +b x +a

If x - 1 x + c x + b = 2, then value of l2 is equal
(c) f (50) = 1 (d) f (50) = -501 x -b+d x +d x +c
80. The following system of linear equtions
to _____. (2021-07-20/Shift-1)
7 x + 6 y - 2 z = 0,

3x + 4 y + 2 z = 0, æ 1 -1 0 ö
ç ÷
84. Let A = ç 0 1 -1÷ and B = 7A 20 - 20A7 + 2I , where
x - 2 y - 6 z = 0 , has (2020-01-09/Shift-2) ç0 0 1 ÷
è ø
(a) infinitely many solutions, (x,y,z) satisfying y=2z
I isan identity matrix of order 3 × 3. If B = éë bij ùû , then b13
(b) infinitely many solutions (x,y,z) satisfying x=2z
(c) no solution is equal to _____. (2021-07-20/Shift-1)

(d) only the trivial solution 85. The value of k Î R, for which the following system of
linear equations
81. Let A = éë a ij ùû be a 3 × 3 matrix,
3x - y + 4z = 3,

ì 1, if i = j x + 2y - 3z = -2,
ï
where a ij = í - x, if i - j = 1
6x + 5y + kz = -3,
ï 2x + 1, otherwise
î
has infinitely many solutions, is: (2021-07-20/Shift-2)

Let a function f : R ® R be defined as f(x) = det (A). (a) 3 (b) –3

Then the sum of maximum and minimum values of f on R (c) 5 (d) –5
is equal to: (2021-07-20/Shift-1)
86. Let A = a ij be a 3 × 3 matrix,
20 88
(a) (b) -
27 27 ì -1 j-i
if i < j,
ïï
where a ij = í 2 if i = j, then det 3Adj 2A -1 is
20 88 ï
(c) - (d) ïî -1
i+ j if i > j
27 27
equal to ________ ? (2021-07-20/Shift-2)
é 2 3ù
82. Let A = ê ú , a Î R be written as P + Q, where P is a ìï n üï
ëa 0û æ0 i ö æa bö æa bö
87. Let S = ín Î N ç ÷ ç ÷=ç ÷ "a, b, c, d Î R ý ,
symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix. If ïî è1 0 ø è c d ø è c d ø ïþ
det(Q) = 9, then the modulus of the sum of all possible
values of determinant of P is equal to: where i = -1 . Then the number of 2-digit numbers in
the set S is ____________ ? (2021-07-25/Shift-1)
(2021-07-20/Shift-1)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 56

88. The values of a and b, for which the system of equations

é1 1 1ù
2x + 3y + 6z = 8 93. If A = ê0 1 1ú and M = A + A 2 + A 3 + .... + A 20 , then
ê ú
êë0 0 1úû
x + 2y + az = 5
the sum of the all the elements of the matrix M is equal to
_______. (2021-07-27/Shift-2)
3x + 5y + 9z = b

Has no solution, are ? (2021-07-25/Shift-1) é0 1 0 ù

94. Let A = êê1 0 0 úú . Then the number of 3 × 3 matrices B
(a) a = 3, b = 13 (b) a ¹ 3, b ¹ 13
êë0 0 1 úû
(c) a ¹ 3, b = 3 (d) a = 3, b ¹ 13
with entries from the set {1,2,3,4,5} and satisfying AB=BA
is _______. (2021-07-22/Shift-2)
sin 2 x -2 + cos 2 x cos 2x
2 2
95. Let A = éë a ij ùû be a real matrix of order 3 × 3 such that
89. f x = 2 + sin x cos x cos 2x , x Î 0, p
a i1 + a i2 + a i3 = 1, for i = 1, 2,3. Then, the sum of all the
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 + cos 2x
entries of the matrix A3 is equal to:
(2021-07-22/Shift-2)
Then the maximum value of f(x) is equal to _____.
(a) 1 (b) 3
(2021-07-27/Shift-1)
(c) 2 (d) 9
90. For real numbers and consider the following system of
96. The value of l and m such that the system of equations
linear equations:
x + y + z = 6, 3x + 5y + 5z = 26, x + 2y + lz = m has no
x + y - z = 2, x + 2y + az = 1, 2x - y + z = b . solution, are: (2021-07-22/Shift-2)

If the system has infinite solutions, then a + b is equal to (a) l = 3, m ¹ 10 (b) l ¹ 2, m = 10

______. (2021-07-27/Shift-1) (c) l = 3, m = 5 (d) l = 2, m ¹ 10

97. The number of distinct real roots of

é 1 2ù -1
91. Let A = ê ú . If A = aI + bA, a, b Î R, I is a 2 × 2
ë - 1 4 û sin x cos x cos x
p p
cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval - £ x £ is:
identity matrix, then 4 a - b is equal to: 4 4
cos x cos x sin x

(2021-07-27/Shift-1) (2021-07-25/Shift-2)
(a) 5 (b) 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
8
(c) 2 (d)
3 é 1 0ù
98. If P = ê 1 ú , then P50 is: (2021-07-25/Shift-2)
92. Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 – B2) ê 1ú
ë2 û
is invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and A3B2 = A2B3, then the
value of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:
é1 25ù é 1 0ù
(2021-07-27/Shift-2) (a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë0 1 û ë 25 1 û
(a) 0 (b) 2
é 1 0ù é1 50 ù
(c) 1 (d) 4 (c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë50 1 û ë0 1 û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 57

99. Consider the system of linear equations 102. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix.

 x  y  2z  0
 
If det 2Adj 2Adj  Adj  2A      241 , then the value of
3x  ay  5z  1
 
det A 2 equals _______. (2021-08-26/Shift-2)
2x  2y  az  7
1 0 0
Let S1 be the set of all a  R for which the system is
103. Let A   0 1 1  . Then A 2025  A 2020 is equal to:
inconsistent and S2 be the set of all a  R for which the 1 0 0
system has infinitely many solutions. If n(S1) and n(S2)  
denote the number of elements in S1 and S2 respectively,
then (2021-09-01/Shift-2) (2021-08-26/Shift-2)
(a) A5 (b) A6
(a) n  S1   0, n  S2   2
(c) A6– A (d) A5– A
(b) n  S1   2, n  S2   2
0 2
104. If the matrix A  
k
3

 satisfies A A  3I  2I,
–1 

(c) n  S1   2, n  S2   0
then the value of k is: (2021-08-27/Shift-1)
(d) n  S1   1, n  S2   0 (a) 1 (b) –1

1/2 1 1
xn (c)  (d)
100. Let J n,m   dx, n  m and n, m  N . Consider 2 2
0 xm 1
105. If the system of linear equations
 J 6 i,3  J i 3,3 , i  j
a matrix A  a ij  where a ij  . 2x  y – z  3
  33 i j
0,
x–y–z
Then adjA 1 is (2021-09-01/Shift-2)
3x  3y  z  3
2 2
(a) 15   234 (b) 105   238 has infinitely many solutions, then    –  is equal to
______. (2021-08-27/Shift-1)
2 2
(c) 15   2 42 (d) 105   236
 
101. Two fair dice are thrown. The number on them are taken 106. Let    0,  . If the system of linear equations,
 2
as  and  and a system of linear equations

xyz 5 1  cos  x   sin   y   4sin 3 z  0

2 2

x  2y  3z  
 cos   x  1  sin   y   4sin 3 z  0
2 2

x  3y  z  1

Is constructed. If p is true probability that the system has  cos   x   sin  y  1  4sin 3 z  0
2 2

a unique solution and q is the probability that the system

has no solution, then: (2021-08-26/Shift-2) Has a non-trivial solution, then the value of  is:
(2021-08-26/Shift-1)
5 5 1 1
(a) p  and q  (b) p  and q 
6 36 6 36 4 
(a) (b)
9 18
1 5 5 1
(c) p  and q  (d) p  and q 
6 36 6 36 5 7
(c) (d)
18 18
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 58

110. If the following system of linear equations

æ 1 2 ö 2x + y + z = 5
ç ÷ æ1 0 ö
5 5÷
107. If A = ç , B=ç ÷ , i = -1 and
ç -2 1 ÷ è i 1ø x-y+z =3
ç ÷
è 5 5ø
x + y + az = b

Has no solution, then ? (2021-08-31/Shift-1)

2021
Q = A T BA , then the inverse of the matrix A Q AT is
1 7 1 7
equal to : (2021-08-26/Shift-1) (a) a ¹ , b = (b) a ¹ - , b =
3 3 3 3

æ 1 ö 1 7 1 7
ç -2021÷ æ 1 0ö (c) a = , b ¹ (d) a = - , b ¹
3 3 3 3
(a) ç 5 ÷ (b) ç ÷
ç 1 ÷ è 2021i 1 ø
ç 2021 ÷ 111. The number of elements in the set
è 5 ø
ïì æa bö 3 ïü
íA = ç ÷ ;a, b, d Î -1,0,1 and I - A = I - A3 ý ,
îï è0 dø þï
æ 1 0ö æ 1 -2021i ö
(c) ç -2021i 1 ÷ (d) ç 0 ÷ where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix, is ___
è ø è 1 ø
(2021-08-31/Shift-2)

108. Let [l] be the greatest integer less than or equal to l. The 112. If a + b + g = 2p, then the system of equations
set of all value of l for which the system of linear equations
x + cos g y + cos b z = 0
x + y + z = 4, 3x + 2y + 5z = 3, 9x + 4y + 28 + l z = l
cos g x + y + cos a z = 0
has a solution is (2021-08-27/Shift-2)
cos b x + cos a y + z = 0
(a) -¥, -9 È -8, ¥ (b) -¥, -9 È -9, ¥
has: (2021-08-31/Shift-2)
(a) exactly two solutions (b) a unique solution
(c) -9, -8 (d) R
(c) no solution (d) infinitely many solutions

113. Let A be the set of all points a, b such that the area of
æ x +1 x+2 x +3 ö
ç ÷ triangle formed by the points (5,6), (3, 2) and a, b is 12
109. Let A = ç x x+3 x + 3 ÷ , where [x] denotes
ç x x+2 x + 4 ÷ø square units. Then the least possible length of a line
è
segment joining the origin to a point in A, is:
the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If (2021-08-31/Shift-2)
det (A) = 192, then the set of values of x is in the interval:
16 12
(2021-08-27/Shift-2) (a) (b)
5 5
(a) [62, 63) (b) [60, 61)
8 4
(c) [68, 69) (d) [65, 66) (c) (d)
5 5
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 59

114. Consider the following system of equations:

é æ q öù
x + 2y - 3z = a ê 0 - tan ç ÷ ú
è 2 øú
118. If A = ê and
ê æqö ú
2x + 6y - 11z = b ê tan ç ÷ 0 ú
ë è2ø û

x - 2y + 7z = c,
-1 é a -b ù
I 2 + A I2 - A =ê 2 2
ú , then 13 (a + b ) is equal
where a,b and c are real constants. Then the system of ë b a û
equations: (2021-02-26/Shift-2) to ____. (2021-02-25/Shift-1)
(a) has a unique solution when 5a = 2b + c 119. Let , where and are real numbers such that and . If ,
then the value of is ______. (2021-02-25/Shift-1)
(b) has no solution for all a, b and c
120. If the system of equations
(c) has infinite number of solutions when 5a = 2b + c
kx + y + 2z = 1
(d) has a unique solution for all a, b and c
3x - y - 2z = 2
é1 0 0 ù
ê0 2 0 ú -2x - 2y - 4z = 3
115. If the matrix A = ê ú satisfies the equation
êë 3 0 -1úû has infinitely many solutions, then k is equal to ______.
(2021-02-25/Shift-1)

é1 0 0 ù é 1 -a ù T
121. If for the matrix, A = ê ú , AA = I 2 , then the value
A 20
+ aA + b A = êê0 4 0úú for some real numbers a
19
ë a b û
êë0 0 1 úû
of a 4 + b4 is: (2021-02-25/Shift-2)
and b, then b – a is equal to ______. (a) 3 (b) 1
(2021-02-26/Shift-2) (c) 4 (d) 2
116. Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. 122. The following system of linear equations
2
If the sum of the diagonal elements of A is 1, then the
2x + 3y + 2z = 9
possible number of such matrices is :

(2021-02-26/Shift-1) 3x + 2y + 2z = 9

(a) 12 (b) 4 x - y + 4z = 8 (2021-02-25/Shift-2)

(c) 6 (d) 1 (a) does not have any solution

(b) has infinitely many solutions
(a + 1)(a + 2) a + 2 1 (c) has a unique solution
117. The value of (a + 2)(a + 3) a + 3 1 is :
(d) has a solution (a,b,g) satisfying a + b2 + g3 =12
(a + 3)(a + 4) a + 4 1
123. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix with det (A) = 4. Let Ri denote the
ith row of A. If a matrix B is obtained by performing the
(2021-02-26/Shift-1)
operation R 2 ® 2R 2 + 5R 3 on 2A, then det (B) is equal
(a) (a + 2) (a + 3) (a + 4) (b) 0 to: (2021-02-25/Shift-2)
(c) –2 (d) (a + 1) (a + 2) (a + 3) (a) 80 (b) 128
(c) 64 (d) 16
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 60

124. For the system of linear equations:

é 3 -1 -2ù
x - 2y = 1, x - y + kz = -2, ky + 4z = 6, k Î R 128. Let P = êê 2 0 a úú , where a Î R . Suppose
êë 3 -5 0 úû
consider the following statements :

(A) The system has unique solution if k ¹ 2, k ¹ -2. Q = éë q ij ùû is a matrix satisfying PQ = kI3 for some non-

(B) The system has unique solution if k = –2. k k2

zero k Î R . If q 23 = - and Q = , then a 2 + k 2 is
8 2
(C) The system has unique solution if k = 2.
equal to ______. (2021-02-24/Shift-1)
(D) The system has no-solution if k = 2.
129. The solutions of the equation
(E) The system has infinite number of solutions if k ¹ –2.
Which of the following statements are correct ? 1 + sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x
(2021-02-24/Shift-2) cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x cos 2 x = 0, (0 < x < p), are :
4sin 2x 4 sin 2x 1 + 4 sin 2x
(a) (B) and (E) only (b) (A) and (E) only
(c) (A) and (D) only (d) (C) and (D) only
(2021-03-18/Shift-1)
125. Let A and B be 3 × 3 real matrices such that A is symmetric
matrix and B is skew-symmetric matrix. Then the system 7p 11p p p
(a) , (b) ,
12 12 12 6
of linear equations A 2 B2 - B2 A 2 X = O , where X is a

3 × 1 column matrix of unknown variables and O is a 3 × 1 5p 7 p p 5p

(c) , (d) ,
null matrix, has (2021-02-24/Shift-2) 12 12 6 6

(a) a unique solution (b) exactly two solutions

é 1 2 0ù é 2 -1 5 ù
(c) no solution (d) infinitely many solutions 130. Let A + 2B = ê 6 -3 3ú and 2A - B = ê 2 -1 6 ú .
ê ú ê ú
126. The system of linear equations êë-5 3 1úû êë 0 1 2 úû

3x - 2y - kz = 10 If T, (A) denotes the sum of all diagonal elements of the

matrix A, then T,(A) – T,(B) has value equal to :
2x - 4y - 2z = 6
(2021-03-18/Shift-1)
x + 2y - z = 5m (a) 3 (b) 1

is inconsistent if: (2021-02-24/Shift-1) (c) 2 (d) 0

131. Let a, b, g be the real roots of the equation

4
(a) k = 3, m = (b) k ¹ 3, m Î R
5 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (a, b, c Î R and a, b ¹ 0). If the
system of equation (in u, v, w) given by
4 4 au + bv + gw = 0; bu + gv + aw = 0;
(c) k ¹ 3, m ¹ (d) k = 3, m ¹
5 5
gu + av + bw = 0 has non-trivial solution, then the value
127. Let M be any 3 × 3 matrix with entries from the set
{0, 1, 2}. The maximum number of such matrices, for which a2
of is : (2021-03-18/Shift-1)
the sum of diagonal elements of M TM is seven, is b
________. (2021-02-24/Shift-1)
(a) 5 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 0
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 61

132. Let the system of linear equations

é -30 20 56 ù é2 7 w2 ù
4x + ly + 2z = 0 ê ú
137. Let P = êê 90 140 112 úú and A = ê -1 -w 1 ú
êë120 60 14 úû ê 0 -w -w + 1ú
2x - y + z = 0 ë û

mx + 2y + 3z = 0, l, mÎR.
-1 + i 3
where w = , and I3 be the identity matrix of order
has a non-trivial solution. Then which of the following is 2
true ? (2021-03-18/Shift-2)
2
3. If the determinant of the matrix P -1AP - I3 is aw2 ,
(a) l = 3, mÎ R (b) l = 2, mÎ R
then the value of a is equal to ________.
(c) m = - 6, lÎ R (d) m = 6, lÎ R
(2021-03-16/Shift-1)
133. Define a relation R over a class of n × n real matrices A
and B as “ARB iff there exists a non-singular matrix P 138. The maximum value of

such that PAP -1 = B¢¢.

sin 2 x 1 + cos 2 x cos 2x
Then which of the following is true?
f (x) = 1 + sin 2 x cos2 x cos 2x , x Î R is
(2021-03-18/Shift-2) 2 2
sin x cos x sin 2x
(a) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
(b) R is an equivalence relation (2021-03-16/Shift-2)
(c) R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive,
(a) 5 (b) 5
(d) R is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
3
é 2 -1ù (c) (d) 7
Let I be an identity matrix of order 2 × 2 and P = ê 4
134. ú.
ë 5 -3û
é a1 ù é b1 ù
Then the value of n Î N for which P n = 5I - 8P is equal 139. Let A = ê ú and B = ê ú be two 2 × 1 matrices with
ëa 2 û ëb2 û
to _______. (2021-03-18/Shift-2)

1 é1 -1ù
é i -i ù real numbers such that A = XB, where X = ê ú,
135. Let A = ê ú ,i = -1 . Then, the system of linear 3 ë1 k û
ë -i i û
2 2 2 2
éxù é 8 ù
8 and k Î R. If a1 + a 2 = b1 + b22 and
equations A ê ú = ê ú has: (2021-03-16/Shift-1) 3
ë y û ë 64 û

(a) A unique solution k 2 + 1 b 22 ¹ -2b1b 2 then the value of k is ____.

(b) Exactly two solutions

(2021-03-16/Shift-2)
(c) Infinitely many solutions
140. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and
(d) No solution x + y + zx = k2 has no solution is k is equal to :
136. The total number of 3 × 3 matrices A having entries from (2021-03-17/Shift-1)
the set {0, 1, 2, 3} such that the sum of all the diagonal
entries of AAT is 9, is equal to _______. (a) 1 (b) – 2

(2021-03-16/Shift-1) (c) – 1 (d) 0

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 62

æ 0 sin a ö æ 2 1 ö éa bù éa ù é0ù
141. If A = ç ÷ and det ç A - I ÷ = 0, then a 144. Let A = ê ú and B = ê ú ¹ ê ú such that AB = B
è sin a 0 ø è 2 ø ëc d û ë b û ë0 û
possible value of a is : (2021-03-17/Shift-1) and a + d = 2021, then the value of ad – bc is equal to
................ . (2021-03-17/Shift-2)
p p
(a) (b)
4 2 æ 18 ö
145. If 1, log10 (4x - 2) and log10 ç 4 x + ÷ are in arithmetic
è 5ø
p p progression for a real number x, then the value of the
(c) (d)
3 6
æ 1ö
é2 3 ù 2 ç x - ÷ x -1 x2
If A = ê è 2ø
142. ú , then the value of
ë 0 -1û determinant 1 0 x is equal to :
x 1 0
det (A 4 ) + det (A10 - (Adj (2A))10 ) is equal to ........ .

(2021-03-17/Shift-1)
143. If x, y, z are in arithmetic progression with common (2021-03-17/Shift-2)

difference d, x ¹ 3d, and the determinant of the matrix

é3 4 2 xù
ê ú
ê4 5 2 y ú is zero, then the value of k2 is :
ê ú
êë 5 k zú
û

(2021-03-17/Shift-2)
(a) 36 (b) 12
(c) 6 (d) 72
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 63

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 6. Which one of the following is correct ? If A is non-singular
matrix, then, :
1. If A = diag (d1, d2, d3, ........ dn), then An is equal to
1
(a) diag (d1n -1 , d n2 -1 , d 3n -1 ,.....d nn -1 ) (a) det (A–1) = det (A) (b) det (A–1) =
det( A )

(b) diag (d1n , d n2 , d 3n ,...d nn ) (c) det (A–1) = 1 (d) none of these
(c) A
é 1 tan x ù
If A = ê- tan x T –1
(d) none of these 7.
ë 1 úû , then the value of |A A | is
2. If f(x), g (x) and h (x) are three polynomials of degree 2,
then (a) cos 4x (b) sec2 x
(c) – cos4x (d) 1
f ( x ) g( x ) h ( x )
8. For what value of x, the matrix
f (x) = f ' ( x ) g' ( x ) h ' ( x ) is a polynomial of degree
f " ( x ) g" ( x ) h" ( x ) é3 - x 2 2 ù
ê 2 4 - x 1 ú
(a) 2 (b) 3 ê ú is singular..
êë - 2 - 4 - 1 - x úû
(c) 4 (d) none of these
3. If n is not a multiple of 3 and 1, w, w2 are the cube roots of (a) x = 1, 2 (b) x = 0, 2
unity, then
(c) x = 0, 1 (d) x = 0, 3.

1 wn w2n 9. If m is a positive integer and

2n
D= w 1 wn is equal to
m
wn w2 n 1 2r - 1 Cr 1
2 m
Dr = m - 1 2 m +1
(a) 0 (b) w sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m + 1)
(c) w2 (d) 1
m
a 1 1
1 1 1
Then the value of åD
r =0
r is
4. D = 1 b 1 = 0, then the value of + + is :
1- a 1- b 1- c
1 1 c (a) 0 (b) m2 – 1
(c) 2m (d) 2m sin2 (2m)
(a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) none of these
a 2r 216 - 1
10. Let Dr = b 3(4 r ) 2(416 - 1) , then the value of
x 2 - 2x + 3 7x + 2 x+4
c 7(8r ) 4(816 - 1)
5. If 2x + 7 x2 - x + 2 3x =
3 2x - 1 x 2 - 4x + 7
16

ax6 + bx5 + cx4 + dx3 + ex2 + fx + g the value of g is åD

k =1
k is

(a) 2 (b)1
(a) 0 (b) a + b + c
(c) –2 (d) none of these
(c) ab + bc + ca (d) none of these
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 64

17. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and
é 4 x + 2ù
11. If A = ê2x - 3 x + 1 ú is symmetric, then x =
ë û
1+ a 2x (1 + b 2 )x (1 + c 2 ) x
(a) 3 (b) 5 2 2 2
f (x) = (1 + a ) x 1 + b x (1 + c ) x
(c) 2 (d) 4 (1 + a 2 ) x (1 + b 2 )x 1 + c 2 x

x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
Then f (x) is a polynomial of degree :
12. If 3 6 x = x 7 2 = 5 x 4 = 0 then x is equal to
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5 (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 1
(a) 9 (b) –9
(c) 0 (d) None of these
écos x - sin x 0ù
18. If F (x) = ê sin x cos x 0ú and
p 2 - i i +1 ê ú
êë 0 0 1úû
13. D= 2+i q 3 + i is always (where p,q,r Î R)
1- i 3 - i r

(a) real (b) imaginary é cos y 0 siny ù

G (y) = ê 0 1 0 úú then [F (x) G (y)]–1 is equal to
(c) zero (d) none of these ê
êë- siny 0 cos yúû
1 a bc 1 a a 2
(a) F (–x) G (– y) (b) F (x–1) G (y–1)
14. If D = 1 b ca = 1 b b 2 . then
1 c ab 1 c c 2 (c) G (–y) F (–x) (d) G (y–1) F (x–1)
19. If the system of linear equations
(a) D = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
x + 2ay + az = 0
(b) a, b, c are in G.P.
x + 3by + bz = 0
(c) b, c, a are in G.P.
x + 4cy + cz = 0
(d) a, c, b are in G.P.
has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c :
2
é cos q cos qsin qù (a) are in AP (b) are in GP
15. If E(q) = ê 2 ú and q and f differ by an
ëcos qsin q sin q û (c) are in HP (d) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0
odd multiple of p/2, then E(q). E(f) is a 20. The system of equations
(a) Null matrix (b) Unit matrix ax + y + z = a – 1
(c) Diagonal matrix (d) none of these.
x + ay + z = a – 1

n 1 5 x + y + az = a –1
N
2
16. If Un = n 2 N + 1 2 N + 1 , then åU n is equal to has no solution, if a is :
n3 3N 2
3N + 1 n =1
(a) 1 (b) not – 2
(c) either –2 or 1 (d) –2
N N
2
(a) 2 ån
n =1
(b) 2 ån
n =1
21. The system of equation –2x + y + z = 1,
x –2y + z = –2, x + y + lz = 4 will have no solution if
N (a) l = – 2 (b) l = – 1
1
(c) å n2 (d) 0 (c) l = 3 (d) none of these
2 n =1
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 65
22. The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, 2x + 3y + 4z = 5, Objective Questions II
3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has [One or more than one correct option]
(a) Infinitely many solutions
(b) No solution
x2 + x x +1 x-2
(c) A unique solution 2
27. If 2x + 3x - 1 3x 3x - 3 = Ax + B, where A and B
(d) None of these 2
x + 2x + 3 2x - 1 2x - 1
23. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z Î R then the determinant
are constants, then
2 2 (a) A + B = 12 (b) A – B = 36
a x + a -x a x - a -x 1
(c) A2 + B2 = 720 (d) A + 2B = 0
2 2
y -y y -y
b +b b -b 1= 28. Let A be a symmetric matrix such that A5 = O and
2 2 B = I + A + A2 + A3 + A4, then B is
cz + c - z cz - c - z 1
(a) symmetric (b) singular
(c) non-singular (d) skew symmetric
x y z –x –y –z
(a) a b c (b) a b c
2x 2y 2z
(c) a b c (d) zero
a2 + x2 ab ac
2 2
29. The determinant D = ab b +x bc is
p q-y r-z
p q r ac bc c + x2
2

24. If p - x q r - z = 0, then the value of + + is

x y z
p-x q-y r divisible by
(a) x (b) x2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) x3 (d) x4
(c) 2 (d) 4qpr

1 1 -1
a1 b1 c1 iq
30. If f(q) = 1 e 1 then
a b2 c2
25. Suppose D = 2 and 1 - 1 - e -iq
a3 b3 c3

p/ 2 p/ 2
a1 + pb1 b1 + qc1 c1 + ra 1 (a) ò ò
f (q)dq = 2 f (q)dq
D’ = a 2 + pb 2 b 2 + qc 2 c 2 + ra 2 . Then -p / 2 0

a 3 + pb 3 b 3 + qc 3 c 3 + ra 3
(b) f(q) is purely real

(a) D’ = D (b) D’ = D (1 – pqr) (c) f(p/2) = 2

(c) D’ = D (1 + p + q + r) (d) D’ = D (1 + pqr) (d) None of these

26. Let ax7 + bx6 + cx5 + dx4 + ex3 + fx2 + gx + h 31. The value of the determinant

( x + 1) ( x 2 + 2) ( x 2 + x ) 6 2i 3+ 6
2 2 12 3 + 8i 3 2 + 6i
= ( x + x ) ( x + 1) ( x + 2) . Then , where i = - 1 , is
( x 2 + 2) (x 2 + x ) x +1 18 2 + 12i 27 + 2i

(a) g = 3 and h = – 5 (b) g = –3 and h = – 5 (a) complex number (b) real number
(c) g = – 3 and h = – 9 (d) None of these (c) irrational number (d) rational number
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 66

32. If a > b > c and the system of equations ax + by + cz = 0, 37. The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit numbers A
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0 has a non trivial solution, 88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72, then the determinant
then both the roots of the quadratic equation at2 + bt + c = 0 A 6 8
are 8 B 6 is divisible by
(a) real (b) of opposite sign 8 8 C
(c) positive (d) complex
(a) 72 (b) 144
(c) 288 (d) 216
ex sin x 1
33. If D = cos x log e (1 + x 2 ) 1 = a + bx + cx 2 .... then a a2 0
x x2 1 38. Let f (a, b) = 1 (2a + b) (a + b) 2 , then
0 1 (2a + 3b)
(a) a = 0 (b) a = 1
(c) b = –1 (d) b = –2 (a) (a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(b) (a + 2b) is a factor of f (a, b)
34. If f(x) and g(x) are functions such that
f (x + y) = f(x) g(y) + g(x) f (y), then (c) (2a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(d) a is a factor of f (a, b)
f(a ) g(a ) f(a + q) 39. a, b, c are non-zero real numbers. Then
f(b ) g(b) f(b + q)
is independent of bc ca ab
f( g ) g( g ) f( g + q )
ca ab bc = 0, if
ab bc ca
(a) a (b) b
(c) g (d) q
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) + + =0 (b) + + =0
a bw cw2 a bw2 cw
1 a a2
35. cos( xz - yz) cos xz cos( xz - yz) depends on 1 1 1
(c) + + =0 (d) none of these
aw b w 2 c
sin( xz - yz) sin xz sin( xz - yz)

1/ x In x xn
(a) x (b) y dn
40. Let f (x) = 1 - 1 / n (-1) n , then f (x) at x = 1 is
dx n
(c) z (d) a 1 a a2
2
If x Î N and x Ci , x Ci and x3
36. Ci , (i = 1, 2, 3) are binomial (a) independent of a (b) independent of n
coefficients, then (c) independent of a and n (d) zero
41. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then
x x x
C1 C2 C3
a 2 + (b 2 + c 2 ) cos f ab(1 - cos f) ac(1 - cos f)
x2 x2 x2
12 C1 C2 C 3 is divisible by ba (1 - cos f) b 2 + (c 2 + a 2 ) cos f bc(1 - cos f)
x3 x3 x3 ca (1 - cos f) cb(1 - cos f) c 2 + (a 2 + b 2 ) cos f
C1 C2 C3

is independent of
(a) x3 (b) x6
(a) a (b) b
(c) x9 (d) x12 (c) c (d) f
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 67

42. Let A and B be two matrices different from I such that

AB = BA and An – Bn is invertible for some positive integer 1 + sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2x
2 2
n. If An – Bn = An + 1 – Bn + 1 = An + 2 – Bn + 2, then 46. If f (x) = sin x 1 + cos x 4 sin 2x ,
2 2
sin x cos x 1 + 4 sin 2 x
(a) I – A is singular
(b) I – B is singular f (a) and f (b) be the least and greatest value of f (x), then
(c) A = B (a) f (a) = 2, f (b) = 6 (b) f (a) = – 2, f (b) = 6
(d) (I – A) (I – B) is non-singular (c) f (a) = 2, f (b) = – 6 (d) period of f (x) is p
43. Let f1 (x) = x + a, f2 (x) = x2 + bx + c and
a b c
47. Eliminating a, b, c from x = ,y= ,z= ,
b-c c-a a-b
1 1 1
we get
D = f1 ( x1 ) f1 ( x 2 ) f1 ( x 3 ) , then
f 2 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x 2 ) f 2 ( x 3 )
1 -x x 1 -x x
(a) - y 1 y = 0 (b) 1 1 - y = 0
(a) D is independent of a 1 z 1
1 -z z
(b) D is independent of b and c
(c) D is independent of x1, x2, x3 1 -x x
(d) none of the above (c) y 1 -y =0 (d) none of these
44. Let 0 < q < p/2 and -z z 1

Numerical Value Type Questions

x tan q cot q
D (x, q) = - tan q - x 1
cot q 1 x x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
3 6 x x 7 2 5 x 4
48. If = = = 0,
then 6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5

(a) D (0, q) = 0
then x2 is equal to .................
(b) D (x, p/4) = x2 + 1
1 a a 2 - bc
Min D (1, q) = 2
(c) 0 <q< p/2 2
49. The value of the determinant 1 b b - ca is ..............
2
(d) D (x, q) is independent of x 1 c c - ab

45. Let A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entries from the set of

real numbers. Define * as follows : 1+ x 1 1
50. If x ¹ 0, y ¹ 0, z ¹ 0 and 1 + y 1 + 2y 1 = 0, then
1
A*B= (AB¢ + A¢B) 1 + z 1 + z 1 + 3z
2

(a) A * B = B * A –(x–1 + y–1 + z–1) is equal to

(b) A * A = A2
x sin x cos x
(c) A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C f '(x)
51. If f (x) = x 2 tan x - x 3 , then lim - is ..............
x ®0 x
(d) A * I = A + A’ 2x sin 2x 5x
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 68

Assertion & Reason

(1 + x ) 21 (1 + x ) 22 (1 + c) 23
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is 31 32
(1 + x ) 33 , then
56. Assertion : f (x) = (1 + x ) (1 + x )
the correct explanation of assertion.
(1 + x ) 41 (1 + x ) 42 (1 + x ) 43
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
coefficient of x in f (x) is zero.
the correct explanation of assertion.
Reason : If F (x) = A0 + A1x + A2x2 + ....... + Anxn, then
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false. A1 = F’ (0), when dash denotes the differential coefficient.
(a) A (b) B
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(c) C (d) D

f1 ( x ) f 2 (x) cos(q + a) cos(q + b) cos(q + g )

52. Assertion : If D (x) = , then
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) 57. Assertion : sin(q + a) sin(q + b) sin(q + g ) is
sin(b - g ) sin( g - a) sin(a - b)

f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) independent of q.

D’ (x) ¹ g ' ( x ) g ' ( x ) Reason : If f (q) = c, then f (q) is independent of q.
1 2
(a) A (b) B
d d d (c) C (d) D
Reason : {f ( x )g( x )} ¹ f ( x ) g( x )
dx dx dx 58. Suppose a, b, c are distinct real numbers.

(a) A (b) B x3 + a 3 x2 - a2 x+a

3 3 2 2
(c) C (d) D Let f (x) = x + b x -b x+b
x 3 + c3 x 2 - c2 x+c
53. Assertion : The system of equations possess a non
trivial solution over the set of rationals x + ky + 3z = 0, Assertion : f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3.
3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0, then the value of k is 31/2, Reason : a, b, c are zeroes of f(x).
Reason : For non trivial solution D = 0. (a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

(c) C (d) D æa bö
59. Suppose X =ç ÷ satisfies the equation
èc dø
æ cos q + sin q 2 sin q ö X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
54. Let A (q) = ç ÷
ç - 2 sin q cos q - sin q ÷ Assertion : If a + d ¹ 4, then there are just two such matrix X.
è ø
Reason : There are infinite number of matrices X, satisfying
Assertion : A (p/3)3 = –I X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
Reason : A (q) A (f) = A (q + f) (a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
60. Let ai, bi, ci Î N for i = 1, 2, 3 and let
(c) C (d) D
1 + a13 b13 1 + a13 b32 1 + a13 b33
2 1 + a1b1 1 + a 1b 2 1 + a1 b 3
a2 + x2 ab - cx ac + bx x c -b
55. Assertion : ab + cx b2 + x 2 bc - ax = - c x a 1 + a 32 b13 1 + a 32 b32 1 + a 32 b33
D=
ac - bx bc + ax c2 + x 2 b -a x 1 + a 2 b1 1 + a 2 b2 1 + a 2 b3
1 + a 33 b13 1 + a 33 b32 1 + a 33 b33
Reason : Dc = Dn–1 where n is order of determinant, and Dc 1 + a 3 b1 1 + a 3b2 1 + a 3 b3
is the determinant of cofactors of D. Assertion : D = 0
(a) A (b) B Reason : D can be written as product of two determinants.
(c) C (d) D (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 69

Match the Following 62. Match the following List-I and List-II

Column–I Column–II
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and Column- (A) If 2 is the root of the equation (P) e

II. Only one of these four options corresponds to a correct |A–xI|=0, (where A is a non singular
matching.For each question, choose the option corresponding
to the correct matching. |A|
matrix), a root of |B–xI|=0,
2
61. Match the following List-I and List-II
then B can be
Column–I Column–II
(B) If eia is the root of |A–yI| = 0 then (Q) adj(A)

é 1 tan x ù
a root of A'-xI = 0 is (where A is
(P) If A = ê , then the (1) 10
ë - tan x 1 úû
a non singular matrix)
value of |AT A-1| is
(C) Let Aij be a 2×2 non singular matrix (R) cos a-i sin a
(Q) If x, y, z are cube root of unity and (2) 1
where i, j Î N and

x2 + y2 z2 z2
D = x2 y2 + z 2 x2
y2 y2 z2 + x2 A11 A12 ..... A1n
0 A 22 ....... A 2n
0 0 A 33 ... A 3n
then real part of ID is B=
...........................
...........................
b2 + c2
(R) If any triangle the area A1 £ , (3) 4 0.................... A nn
l

then largest possible numerical

quantity l is then |B - lI| = 0 has root as

(S) The equation x4 - 4x + c has no real (4) 0 (D) Consider a matrix such that A'=A (S) |A11|
roots, then minimum integral value then the equation |A – xI| = 0 can
of c2 can be have root as (where A is a non
Codes : singular matrix)
P Q R S The correct matching is
(A) 2 4 1 3 (a) A–Q; B–R; C–S; D–P
(B) 1 2 3 4 (b) A–R; B–Q; C–S; D–P
(C) 4 3 2 1 (c) A–Q; B–S; C–R; D–P
(D) 2 4 3 1 (d) A–Q; B–R; C–P; D–S
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 70

Paragraph Type Questions 66. If a2 + b2 + c2 = l2, then the value of

Use the following passage, solve Q. 63 to Q. 67

a 2 + l2 ab + cl ca - bl l c -b
2 2
Passage ab - cl b +l bc + al - c l a
2 2
× is
ac + bl bc - al c +l b -a l
Let D = 0 and Dc denotes the determinant of cofactors, then
Dc = Dn – 1, where n (> 0) is the order of D.
(a) 8l6 (b) 27l9
On the basis of above information, answer the following
(c) 8l9 (d) 27l6
questions :
67. Suppose a, b, c Î R, a + b + c > 0, A = bc – a2 B = ca – b2
63. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + r = 0, then
and C = ab – c2 and
the value of

A B C a b c
bc - a 2 ca - b 2 ab - c 2 B C A = 49, then b c a equals
ca - b 2 ab - c 2 bc - a 2 is C A B c a b
ab - c 2 bc - a 2 ca - b 2
(a) –7 (b) 7
(a) p2 (b) p4 (c) –2401 (d) 2401

(c) p6 (d) p9 Use the following passage, solve Q. 68 to Q. 70

64. If l1, m1, n1 ; l2, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are real quantities Passage
satisfying the six relations : Elementary Transformation of a matrix :

l 12 + m12 + n12 = l 22 + m22 + n 22 = l 23 + m 32 + n 32 = 1 The following operation on a matrix are called elementary
operations (transformations)
l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = l3 l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1 = 1. The interchange of any two rows (or columns)
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0, then the value of 2. The multiplication of the elements of any row (or
column) by any non zero number
l1 m1 n1 The addition to the elements of any row (or column)
l2 m2 n 2 is the corresponding elements of any other row (or
l3 m3 n3 column) the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column) multiplied by any number
(a) 0 (b) ± 1 Echelon form of matrix :
(c) ± 2 (d) ± 3 A matrix A is said to be in echelon from if
65. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, (i) every row of A which has all its elements 0, occurs
then the value of below row, which has a non-zero elements
(ii) The first non zero element in each non-zero row is 1.
2 2 2 (iii) the number of zeros before the first non zero elements
2bc - a c b
c 2
2ac - b 2
a 2
is in a row is less than the number of such zeroes in the
b 2
a 2
2ab - c 2 next row.
[A row of matrix is said to be a zero row if all its elements
are zero]
(a) 9 (b) 27
Note : Rank of a matrix does not change by application of any
(c) 81 (d) 0
elementary operations.
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 71

é1 1 3 ù é1 1 3 6 ù é1 1 1 ù
ê ú ê ú 68. Rank of the matrix ê1 -1 -1ú is
For example ê0 1 2 ú , ê0 1 2 2 ú are echelon forms ê ú
êë0 0 0 úû êë0 0 0 0 úû êë3 1 1 úû

The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form of a (a) 1 (b) 2

matrix is defined as its RANK. (c) 3 (d) 0

é1 2 3 ù é1 1 1 -1ù
For example we can reduce the matrix A = êê 2 4 7 úú into 69. Rank of the matrix ê1 2 4 4 ú is
ê ú
êë 3 6 10úû
ëê3 4 5 2 úû
echelon form using following elementary row
(a) 1 (b) 2
transformation.
(c) 3 (d) 4
é1 2 3ù
(i) R2 ® R2 – 2R1 and R3 ® R3 – 3 R1 ê0 0 1ú é1 3 4 3 ù
ê ú
70. The echelon form of the matrix ê3 9 12 9 ú is
ëê0 0 1úû ê ú
êë1 3 4 1 úû

é1 2 3 ù
(ii) R2 ® R2 – 2 R1 ê0 0 1 ú é1 3 4 3 ù é1 2 4 3 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë0 0 0úû (a) ê0 0 0 1 ú (b) ê0 0 0 0 ú
êë0 0 0 0 úû êë0 0 0 -2 úû
This is the echelon form of matrix A
Number of non zero rows in the echelon form = 2
é 3ù
Þ Rank of the matrix A is 2 é1 3 4 3 ù ê1 3 4 - 2 ú
ê ú ê ú
(c) ê0 0 0 -2 ú (d) ê0 0 0 1 ú
êë0 0 0 0 úû ê0 0 0 0 ú
ê ú
ë û
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 72

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
éa 2 ù
1. The number of distinct real roots of 6. If A = ê ú and |A3| = 125 then the value of a is
ë 2 aû

(2004)
sin x cos x cos x
p p (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2
cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval - £ x £ is
4 4
cos x cos x sin x (c) ± 3 (d) ± 5

(2001) é1 0 0ù
ê ú
7. If A = ê0 1 1ú, 6A–1 = A2 + c A + d I, then (c, d) is
(a) 0 (b) 2 êë0 - 2 4úû
(c) 1 (d) 3
(2005)
2. The number of values of k for which the system of
equations (a) (–11, 6) (b) (–6, 11)

(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k (c) (6, 11) (d) (11, 6)

kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1
é 3 1 ù
has infinitely many solution, is (2002) ê ú
2 2 ú, A = é1 1ù
8. If P = êê 1 3ú
ê0 1ú and Q = PAP T , then
(a) 0 (b) 1 ë û
êë- 2 2 úû
(c) 2 (d) infinite
PT (Q2005) P is equal to (2005)
éa 0 ù é1 0ù
3. If A = ê ú and B = ê5 1ú, then value of a for which
ë 1 1û ë û é 3 ù
ê1 ú é1 2005ù
(a) ê 2 ú (b) ê
A2 = B, is (2003) ë0 1 úû
ë0 2005û
(a) 1 (b) –1

(c) 4 (d) no real values é 3 ù é 1 2005ù

ê 2005ú ê ú
4. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and (c) ê 2 ú (d) ê 3 1 ú
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is ë 1 0 û ë 2 û
(2003)
9. The number of 3×3 matrices A whose entries are either
(a) –1 (b) 1
é x ù é1 ù
(c) 0 (d) no real values
0 or 1 and for which the system A ê y ú = ê0 ú has exactly
ê ú ê ú
5. Given 2x – y – z = 2, x – 2y + z = – 4, x + y + lz = 4 then the êë z úû êë0 úû
vaue of l such that the given system of equation has no
solution, is (2004) two distinct solutions, is (2010)

(a) 3 (b) – 2 (a) 0 (b) 29 –1

(c) 168 (d) 2
(c) 0 (d) – 3
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 73

10. Let w ¹ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-
é1 4 4ù
ê ú
14. If the adjoint of a 3×3 matrix P is ê 2 1 7 ú , then the
é1 a bù
êë1 1 3úû
singular matrices of the form êê w 1 c úú , where each of
êëw2 w 1 úû possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are (2012)
(a) –2 (b) –1
a, b and c is either w or w2. Then, the number of distinct
(c) 1 (d) 2
matrices in the set S is (2011)
15. For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following
(a) 2 (b) 6 statement(s) is (are) not correct ? (2013)
(c) 4 (d) 8 (a) NTM N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as
M is symmetric or skew-symmetric
11. How many 3 ´ 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are
(b) MN – NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices
there, for which the sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is M and N
5? (2017)
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(a) 126 (b) 198 (d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M
and N
(c) 162 (d) 135
16. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM.
é sin 4 q Further, if M ¹ N2 and M2 = N4, then (2014)
-1 - sin 2 q ù
12. ú = a I + b M , where
-1
Let M = ê 2
ë1 + cos q cos 4 q û (a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
a = a (q ) and b = b (q ) are real numbers and I is the 2×2 U is the zero matrix
identity matrix. (c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) ³ 1
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero
If a * is the minimum of the set {a (q ) : q Î [0, 2p )} and
matrix then U is the zero matrix
b * is the minimum of the set {b (q ) : q Î [0, 2p )} , then 17. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
Then M is invertible if (2014)
* *
the value of a + b is (2019) (a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second
row of M
-37 -29 (b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first
(a) (b)
16 16 column of M
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main
-31 -17 diagonal
(c) (d)
16 16 (d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not
the square of an integer
Objective Questions II
18. Which of the following values of a satisfy the equation
[One or more than one correct option]
2 2 2
1+ a 1+ 2a 1+ 3a
13. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric 2 2 2
2 +a 2 + 2a 2 + 3a = - 648 a ?
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose 2 2 2
(2015)
2 2 T –1 –1 T
3 +a 3 + 2a 3 + 3a
of P, then M N (M N) (MN ) is equal to (2011)

(a) M2 (b) –N2 (a) -4 (b) 9

(c) – M2 (d) MN (c) -9 (d) 4

DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 74

19. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew- (a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non zero,
(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is
(are) skew symmetric ? (2015) (c) –x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(a) Y3Z4 - Z4Y3 (b) X44 + Y44 (d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
4 3 3 4 23 23
(c) X Z - Z X (d) X - Y
é0 1 a ù é -1 1 -1ù
ê ú ê ú
é 3 -1 -2 ù 23. Let M = ê1 2 3 ú and adj M = ê 8 -6 2 ú Where a
20. Let P = ê 2 0 a ú , where a Î R. Suppose Q = [qij] êë 3 b 1 úû êë -5 3 -1úû
ê ú
êë 3 -5 0 úû
and b are real numbers. Which of the following options
is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where k Î R, k ¹ 0 and I is is /are correct? (2019)
(a) det (adj M2)=81
k
the identity matrix of order 3. If q 23 = - and det
8 (b) a + b=3

k2 éa ù é 1 ù
(Q) = , then (2016)
2 ê ú ê ú
(c) If M ê b ú = ê 2ú , then a - b + g = 3
(a) a = 0, k = 8 (b) 4a - k + 8 = 0 êë g úû êë 3úû
(c) det (P adj (Q)) = 29 (d) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
21. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3×3 (d) (ad j M ) -1 +ad j M -1 = -M
matrix with real entries? (2017)
24. Let x Î R and let

é1 0 0 ù é-1 0 0 ù
ê ú é1 1 1 ù é2 x xù
(a) ê0 1 0 ú (b) ê 0 -1 0 ú
ê ú P = ê0 2 2 ú ,Q = êê 0 4 0 úú
ê ú
êë0 0 -1úû êë 0 0 -1úû and R =PQP-1
êë0 0 3 úû êë x x 6 úû

é1 0 0 ù é1 0 0 ù Then which of the following is/are correct (2019)

ê ú ê ú
(c) ê0 1 0 ú (d) ê0 -1 0 ú (a) There exists a real number x such that PQ= QP
êë0 0 1 úû êë0 0 -1úû
é2 x x ù
é b1 ù (b) det R = det êê 0 4 0 úú + 8 for all x Î R
ê ú êë x x 5 úû
22. Let S be the set of all column matrices ê b 2 ú such that
êë b3 úû

b 1, b 2, b 3 Î R and the system of equations (in real (c) For x = 1 there exists a unit vector a $i + b j + g k for
variables)
éa ù é 0 ù
–x + 2y + 5z = b1 ê ú ê ú
which are R ê b ú = ê 0 ú
2x – 4y + 3z = b2 êë g úû êë 0 úû
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following
é1 ù é1 ù
system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least one êa ú = 6 êa ú
(d) For x = 0 if R ê ú ê ú then a + b = 5
é b1 ù êë b úû êë b úû
solution for each ê b 2 ú Î S? (2018)
ê ú
ëê b3 ûú
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 75

25. Let the following statements is(are) TRUE? (2021)

é1 0 0ù é1 0 0 ù é0 1 0 ù é1 0 0ù
P1 = I = ê 0 1 0 ú , P2 = ê0 0 1 ú , P3 = êê1 0 0 úú
ê ú ê ú
(a) F = PEP and P 2 = ê 0 1 0 ú
ê ú
êë 0 0 1 úû êë0 1 0 úû êë 0 0 1 úû êë 0 0 1 úû

é0 1 0 ù é0 0 1 ù é0 0 1 ù
(b) EQ + PFQ-1 = EQ + PFQ -1
P4 = êê 0 0 1 úú , P5 = êê 1 0 0 úú , P6 = êê 0 1 0 úú
êë1 0 0 úû êë 0 1 0 úû êë 1 0 0 úû
3 2
(c) EF > EF

é2 1 3ù
6
ê ú T (d) Sum of the diagonal entries of P -1EP + F is equal to
and X = å Pk ê1 0 2 ú Pk .
k =1
êë 3 2 1 úû the sum of diagonal entries of E + P -1FP

28. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of

Where PKT denotes the transpose of matrix Pk. Then which
M. Let I be the 3 × 3 identify matrix. Let E and F be two
of the following options is/are correct? (2019) 3 × 3 matrices such that (I – EF) is invertible. If
(a) X is a symmetric matrix G = (I – EF)–1, then which of the following statements is
(are) TRUE? (2021)
(b) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18.

(a) FE = I - FE FGE
é1ù é1ù
ê ú ê ú
(c) if X ê1ú = a ê1ú , then α=30
(b) I - FE I + FGE = I
êë1úû êë1úû
(c) EFG = GEF
(d) X – 30I is an invertible matrix
26. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let (d) I - FE I - FGE = I
I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If M–1 = adj (adj M), then
which of the following statement is/are ALWAYS TRUE ? Numerical Value Type Questions
(2020)
(a) M = I (b) det M = 1 éa b c ù
êb c a ú
(c) M2 = I (d) (adj M)2 = I 29. If matrix A = ê ú where a, b, c are real positive
êë c a b úû
27. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of
M.
numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find value of

é1 2 3 ù é1 0 0ù a3 + b 3 + c3 . (2003)
Let E = ê 2 3 4 ú , P = êê 0 0 1 úú
ê ú
30. Let k be a positive real number and let
êë8 13 18úû êë0 1 0úû

é 2k - 1 2 k 2 kù é 0 2k - 1 k ù
ê ú ê ú
é1 3 2 ù A =ê 2 k 1 -2k ú and B = ê1 - 2k 0 2 kú
and F = ê8 18 13ú ê ú ê ú
ê ú êë -2 k 2k -1 úû êë - k -2 k 0 úû
êë 2 4 3 úû

If Q is a non-singular matrix of order 3 × 3, then which of If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [k] is equal to....
(2010)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 76

31. The number of all possible values of q , where 0 < q < p , 37. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its
for which the system of equations diagonal entries. If A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that the trace
(y + z) cos 3q = (xyz) sin 3q of A is 3 and the trace of A3 is -18, then the value of
the determinant of A is _____ (2020)
2 cos 3q 2sin 3q
x sin 3q = + 38. Let a, b and g be real numbers such that the system of
y z
linear equations

and (xyz) sin 3q = (y + 2z) cos 3q + y sin 3q have a solution x + 2y + 3z = a

(x0, y0, z0) with y0z0 ¹ 0, is ..... (2010)
4x + 5y + 6z = b
2p 2p
32. Let w be the complex number cos + i sin . Then the
3 3
7x + 8y + 9z = g - 1
number of distinct complex number z satisfying
is consistent. Let |M| represent the determinant of the matrix
z +1 w w2
w z + w2 1 = 0 is equal to..... (2010)
é a 2 gù
w2 1 z+w
M = êê b 1 0úú
êë -1 0 1 úû
33. Let M be a 3×3 matrix satisfying

é 0ù é -1ù é1ù é1ù é1ù é 0 ù The value of |M| is ____. (2021)

M ê1 ú = ê 2 ú , M ê -1ú = ê 1 ú , and M êê1úú = êê 0 úú
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
Assertion & Reason
ëê 0ûú ëê 3 ûú ëê 0 ûú ëê -1ûú ëê1ûú ëê12ûú
(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is..... (2011) a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
-1 + 3i not a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
34. Let z = , where i = -1, and r, s Î {1, 2, 3}.
2
(C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false
é(-z) r z 2s ù (D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true
Let P = ê 2s ú and I be the identity matrix of
ë z zr û 39. Consider the system of equations
order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for x – 2y + 3z = – 1, –x + y – 2z = k, x– 3y + 4z = 1
which P2 = –I is (2016)
Assertion : The system of equations has no solution for
35. The total number of distinct x Î R for which
k ¹ 3.
2 3
x x 1+ x
2
2x 4x 1 + 8x 3 = 10 is (2016) 1 3 -1
3x 9x 2 1 + 27x 3 Reason : The determinant. - 1 - 2 k ¹ 0, for k ¹ 3
1 4 1
36. For a real number a, if the system

é1 a a2 ù é x ù é 1 ù (1997)
ê ú
êa 1 a ú êê y úú = êê -1úú of linear equations, has (a) A (b) B
êa 2 a 1 úû êë-z úû êë 1 úû
ë (c) C (d) D
infinitely many solutions, then 1 + a + a2 = (2017)
DETERMINANTS & MATRICES 77
Paragraph Type Questions Using the following passage, solve Q.43 to Q.45
Using the following passage, solve Q.40 to Q.42 Passage
Passage Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set
of 2×2 matrices
é1 0 0ù
A = êê2 1 0úú, If U 1, U2 are U 3 are columns matrices ìï éa b ù
Tp = íA = ê
üï
; a, b, cÎ{0, 1, 2,... p - 1}ý (2010)
ú
êë3 2 1úû îï ëc a û þï

43. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or

é1ù é2 ù é 2ù skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) is divisible by p is
satisfying AU1 = 0 , AU 2 = 3 and AU3 = ê3ú and U is
ê ú ê ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú (a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p –1)
êë0úû êë0úû êë1úû
(c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2 p – 1
3 × 3 matrix when columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the
following questions. 44. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not
divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
40. The value of |U| is (2006)
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal
(a) 3 (b) – 3
entries]
(c) 3/2 (d) 2
(a) (p–1) (p2– p + 1) (b) p3 – (p – 1)2
–1
41. The sum of the elements of U is (2006)
(c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
(a) – 1 (b) 0
45. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by
(c) 1 (d) 3 p, is

é3ù (a) 2p2 (b) p3 – 5p

ê ú
42. The value of [3 2 0] U ê2ú is (2006) (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2
êë0úû

(a) 5 (b) 5/2

(c) 4 (d) 3/2
 Answer Key
CHAPTER -1 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b)
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (8.00) 40. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (d)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (10.00) 55. (c)
56. (8.00) 57. (d) 58. (5.00) 59. (a) 60. (b)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (d) 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b)
66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (3.00) 69. (c) 70. (c)
36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b) 71. (a) 72. (13.00) 73. (d) 74. (672.00)
75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 80. (b) 81. (b) 82. (d) 83. (1.00)
84. (910.00) 85. (d) 86. (108.00)
46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c) 87. (11.00) 88. (d) 89. (6.00) 90. (5.00) 91. (b)
92. (a) 93. (2020.00) 94. (3125.00)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (d) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (c)
100. (b) 101. (a) 102. (4.00) 103. (c) 104. (d)
56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (b) 105. (5.00) 106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (d) 109. (a)
110. (c) 111. (8.00) 112. (d) 113. (c) 114. (c)
61. (1) 62. (2) 63. (0) 64. (0) 65. (4) 115. (4.00) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118. (13.00)119. (7.00)
120. (21.00) 121. (b) 122. (c) 123. (c)
66. (6) 67. (0) 68. (3) 69. (3) 70. (4) 124. (a) 125. (d) 126. (d) 127. (540.00)
128. (17.00) 129. (a) 130. (c) 131. (c)
71. (16) 72. (2) 73. (1) 74. (2) 75. (2) 132. (d) 133. (b) 134. (6.00)135. (d)
136. (766.00) 137. (36.00) 138. (a)
139. (1.00) 140. (b) 141. (a) 142. (16.00) 143. (d)
144. (2020.00) 145. (2.00)
ANSWER KEY 247
CHAPTER -1 DETERMINANTS & MATRICES

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a,d) 15. (c,d)

16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d) 16. (a,b) 17. (c,d) 18. (b,c) 19. (c,d) 20. (b,c)

21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d) 21. (a,b) 22. (a,c,d) 23. (b,c,d) 24. (b,d)

26. (d) 27. (a,b,c,d) 28. (a,c) 25. (a,b,c) 26. (b,c,d) 27. (a,b,d)

29. (a,b,c,d) 30. (a,b,c) 31. (b,d) 32. (a,d) 28. (a,b,c) 29. (4) 30. (4) 31. (3) 32. (1)

33. (a,c) 34. (a,b,c,d) 35. (b,c,d) 33. (9) 34. (1) 35. (2) 36. (1)

36. (a,b,c) 37. (a,b,c) 38. (a,b,d)39. (a,b,c) 37. (5.00) 38. (1.00) 39. (a) 40. (a)

40. (a,b,c)41. (a,b,c) 42. (a,b,c) 43. (a,b) 44. (a) 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (d)

45. (c) 46. (b,d) 47. (b,c) 48. (81) 49. (0)

50. (3) 51. (4) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (a)

55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (b)

60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (c) 64. (b)

65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c)

70. (a)
JOIN OUR
WHATSAPP
GROUPS
FOR FREE EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
JOIN SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS WHATSAPP GROUPS
FOR FREE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
We are thrilled to introduce the School of Educators WhatsApp Group, a
platform designed exclusively for educators to enhance your teaching & Learning
experience and learning outcomes. Here are some of the key benefits you can
expect from joining our group:

BENEFITS OF SOE WHATSAPP GROUPS

Abundance of Content: Members gain access to an extensive repository of

educational materials tailored to their class level. This includes various formats such
as PDFs, Word files, PowerPoint presentations, lesson plans, worksheets, practical
tips, viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum details, syllabus,
marking schemes, exam patterns, and blueprints. This rich assortment of resources
enhances teaching and learning experiences.

Immediate Doubt Resolution: The group facilitates quick clarification of doubts.

Members can seek assistance by sending messages, and experts promptly respond
to queries. This real-time interaction fosters a supportive learning environment
where educators and students can exchange knowledge and address concerns
effectively.

Access to Previous Years' Question Papers and Topper Answers: The group
provides access to previous years' question papers (PYQ) and exemplary answer
scripts of toppers. This resource is invaluable for exam preparation, allowing
individuals to familiarize themselves with the exam format, gain insights into scoring
techniques, and enhance their performance in assessments.
 Free and Unlimited Resources: Members enjoy the benefit of accessing an array of
educational resources without any cost restrictions. Whether its study materials,
teaching aids, or assessment tools, the group offers an abundance of resources
tailored to individual needs. This accessibility ensures that educators and students
have ample support in their academic endeavors without financial constraints.

Instant Access to Educational Content: SOE WhatsApp groups are a platform where
teachers can access a wide range of educational content instantly. This includes study
materials, notes, sample papers, reference materials, and relevant links shared by
group members and moderators.

Timely Updates and Reminders: SOE WhatsApp groups serve as a source of timely
updates and reminders about important dates, exam schedules, syllabus changes, and
academic events. Teachers can stay informed and well-prepared for upcoming
assessments and activities.

Interactive Learning Environment: Teachers can engage in discussions, ask questions,

and seek clarifications within the group, creating an interactive learning environment.
This fosters collaboration, peer learning, and knowledge sharing among group
members, enhancing understanding and retention of concepts.

Access to Expert Guidance: SOE WhatsApp groups are moderated by subject matter
experts, teachers, or experienced educators can benefit from their guidance,
expertise, and insights on various academic topics, exam strategies, and study
techniques.

Join the School of Educators WhatsApp Group today and unlock a world of resources,
support, and collaboration to take your teaching to new heights. To join, simply click
on the group links provided below or send a message to +91-95208-77777 expressing
your interest.

Together, let's empower ourselves & Our Students and

inspire the next generation of learners.

Best Regards,
Team
School of Educators
 Join School of Educators WhatsApp Groups

You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII (For Teachers Only)

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4 Class 5 Class 6

Class 7 Class 8 Class 9

Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Humanities)

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Humanities)

Class 12 (Commerce) Kindergarten

Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary Groups
(IX & X For Teachers Only)
Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science

English Hindi-A IT Code-402

Hindi-B Artificial Intelligence

Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII For Teachers Only)

Physics Chemistry English

Mathematics Biology Accountancy

Economics BST History

 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

Vocal Music Comp. Science IP

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

Entrepreneurship French IT

Artificial Intelligence

Other Important Groups (For Teachers & Principal’s)

Principal’s Group Teachers Jobs IIT/NEET

 Join School of Educators WhatsApp Groups

You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical
tips and Viva questions, reference books, smart content, curriculum, syllabus,
marking scheme, toppers answer scripts, revised exam pattern, revised syllabus,
Blue Print etc. here . Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII (For Students Only)

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4 Class 5 Class 6

Class 7 Class 8 Class 9

Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Humanities)

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Humanities)

Class 12 (Commerce) Artificial Intelligence

(VI TO VIII)
Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary Groups
(IX & X For Students Only)
Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science

English Hindi IT Code

Artificial Intelligence

Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII For Students Only)

Physics Chemistry English

Mathematics Biology Accountancy

Economics BST History

 Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit

Psychology Political Science Painting

Music Comp. Science IP

Physical Education APP. Mathematics Legal Studies

Entrepreneurship French IT

AI IIT/NEET CUET
Groups Rules & Regulations:
To maximize the benefits of these WhatsApp groups, follow these guidelines:

1. Share your valuable resources with the group.

2. Help your fellow educators by answering their queries.
3. Watch and engage with shared videos in the group.
4. Distribute WhatsApp group resources among your students.
5. Encourage your colleagues to join these groups.

Additional notes:
1. Avoid posting messages between 9 PM and 7 AM.
2. After sharing resources with students, consider deleting outdated data if necessary.
3. It's a NO Nuisance groups, single nuisance and you will be removed.
No introductions.
No greetings or wish messages.
No personal chats or messages.
No spam. Or voice calls
Share and seek learning resources only.

Please only share and request learning resources. For assistance,

contact the helpline via WhatsApp: +91-95208-77777.
 Join Premium WhatsApp Groups
Ultimate Educational Resources!!

Join our premium groups and just Rs. 1000 and gain access to all our exclusive
materials for the entire academic year. Whether you're a student in Class IX, X, XI, or
XII, or a teacher for these grades, Artham Resources provides the ultimate tools to
enhance learning. Pay now to delve into a world of premium educational content!

Click here for more details

Class 9 Class 10 Class 11

Class 12

📣 Don't Miss Out! Elevate your academic journey with top-notch study materials and secure
your path to top scores! Revolutionize your study routine and reach your academic goals with
our comprehensive resources. Join now and set yourself up for success! 📚🌟

Best Wishes,

Team
School of Educators & Artham Resources
 SKILL MODULES BEING OFFERED IN
MIDDLE SCHOOL

Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking & Financial Literacy
Innovation

Handicrafts Information Technology Marketing/Commercial Mass Media - Being Media

Application Literate

Data Science (Class VIII Augmented Reality /

Travel & Tourism Coding
only) Virtual Reality

Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine & Things you should know What to do when Doctor
Vaccine about keeping Medicines is not around
at home

Humanity & Covid-19 Blue Pottery Pottery Block Printing

 Food Food Preservation Baking Herbal Heritage

Khadi Mask Making Mass Media Making of a Graphic

Novel

Kashmiri Embroidery Satellites

Rockets
Embroidery

Application of Photography
Satellites
SKILL SUBJECTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL (CLASSES IX – X)

Retail Information Technology Automotive

Security

Introduction To Financial Introduction To Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Markets

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking & Insurance Marketing & Sales

Health Care Apparel Multi Media Multi Skill Foundation

Course

Artificial Intelligence
Physical Activity Trainer Electronics & Hardware
Data Science
(NEW)

Foundation Skills For Sciences Design Thinking & Innovation (NEW)

(Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology)(NEW)
 SKILL SUBJECTS AT SR. SEC. LEVEL
(CLASSES XI – XII)

Retail InformationTechnology Web Application Automotive

Financial Markets Management Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking Marketing

Health Care Insurance Horticulture Typography & Comp.

Application

Geospatial Technology Electrical Technology Electronic Technology Multi-Media

 Taxation Cost Accounting Office Procedures & Shorthand (English)
Practices

Shorthand (Hindi) Air-Conditioning & Medical Diagnostics Textile Design

Refrigeration

Salesmanship Business Food Nutrition &

Design
Administration Dietetics

Mass Media Studies Library & Information Fashion Studies Applied Mathematics
Science

Yoga Early Childhood Care & Artificial Intelligence Data Science

Education

Physical Activity Land Transportation Electronics & Design Thinking &

Trainer(new) Associate (NEW) Hardware (NEW) Innovation (NEW)