STM PETA 4.

1 - Group 2
Simplifying & Verifying Identities

Lesson Content

This lesson heavily relies on the basic trigonometric identities. To simplify or verify a
problem, you must manipulate or alter the problem using the aforementioned identities. In
Trigonometry, there are 3 categories of identities:

Reciprocal Identities

These identities are used whenever you are left with an equation where the
numerator is 1 while the denominator is a function (Ex: 1/csc x -> sin x). In addition
to this, a function may also turn into its reciprocal (sec x -> 1/cos x).

You may use this if:

- There are no other functions left on the numerator. Only 1.
- There is no addition/subtraction on the numerator: (Ex: 1 + cos / sin)
- Turning a function into its reciprocal is a crucial step to solving the problem. If not,
leave it as is.

Quotient Identities

These identities work similarly to the reciprocal identities, however, they are
restricted to sine and cosine. Take note that remembering the position of sine and
cosine is important, because switching the two may lead to a different function or a
wrong answer.

You may use this if:

- There is no addition/subtraction whatsoever.
- Manipulating a function using these identities is a crucial step to solving the
problem. If not, leave it as is.
These identities can still be used even if there are other functions multiplied to the
numerator or the denominator. For instance:

Pythagorean Identities

These identities are variations of the Pythagorean Theorem. This time, there is
arithmetic involved. Take note that the functions must be squared. If the function's
exponent is below 2, these identities are not applicable. Furthermore, the signs and
positions of each identity are important.

You may use this if:

- The problem presents a similar arrangement to those above.
- Manipulating a problem produces a similar positioning.
- Utilizing the pythagorean identities is a crucial step to solving the problem. If not,
leave it as is.

Take note that a function with an exponent of 2 and above can be expanded and vice
versa:

Examples:
Explanation:
We can see that tangent and cosecant are next to cosine and sine respectively. These
functions can be canceled once they are expanded using reciprocal and quotient
identities. Tangent expands to Sine over Cosine, while Cosecant expands to 1 over
 Sine. Canceling these two gives you Sine over 1 or Sine x.

Take note that this problem can be solved using a different method. For example,
combining Cosine over Sine to make Cotangent is also useful because this will cancel
the Tangent on the numerator. After this step, we have 1 over Cosecant, or 1 over 1
over Sine. After getting the reciprocal of 1 over Sine x, we get the same answer.

Any method is fine as long as you end up with the same answer.

SCRIPT

Chanty: Good day everyone! This discussion aims to simplify and verify trigonometric
identities. Before we simplify and verify trigonometric identities, we must learn how to utilize
and manipulate functions. Thus, this video will cover three categories that may help in
solving these problems. These are the Reciprocal, Quotient, and Pythagorean Identities.

Che: Let's begin with Reciprocal Identities, which are used when an equation has the
numerator as 1 and the denominator as a function.
(pakita sa edit sa vid tas babasahin nila)

Che: These identities are applicable when the numerator is solely the number 1 and no other
functions are present. Additionally, there should be no addition or subtraction in the
numerator or denominator as the functions cannot be separated. Converting a function into
its reciprocal is essential for problem-solving; if not required, maintain the expression as is.

Che: Now that we are familiar with the reciprocal identities of trigonometry, let's proceed to
prove each one of them using the definitions of the basic trigonometric functions. First, we
will derive the reciprocal identity of the sine function. Consider a right-angled triangle ABC
with a right angle at C.
Che: Reciprocal identities in trigonometry establish relationships between trigonometric
functions and their reciprocals.

Che: Consider the sine and functions: sinθ = opposite/hypotenuse or from the figure c/a and
cscθ = hypotenuse/opposite or a/c.

Che: This implies that sinθ is the reciprocal of cscθ and vice versa.

Che: Similarly, for cosine and secant, where cosθ = adjacent/hypotenuse or b/a and secθ =
hypotenuse/adjacent or a/b, we find that cosθ is the reciprocal of secθ and vice versa.

Che: Lastly, tangent and cotangent are related such that tanθ = sinθ/cosθ and cotθ =
cosθ/sinθ.

Che: Thus, tanθ is the reciprocal of cotθ and vice versa. These reciprocal identities play a
fundamental role in simplifying trigonometric expressions and solving trigonometric
equations in various mathematical contexts.

Chanty: Moving on, Quotient Identities, these identities work similarly to Reciprocal Identities
but are restricted to sine and cosine functions.

Chanty: Similar to Reciprocal Identities, the numerator should not contain addition or
subtraction. Using these identities to manipulate functions is essential for problem-solving. If
manipulation is unnecessary, maintain the expression as is.

Chanty: Furthermore, these identities can still be used even if other functions are multiplied
to either the numerator or denominator.
Chanty: For example, sinx multiplied to cotx all over cosx can be simplified to tanx cotx

Chanty: Let’s now proceed into proving Quotient Identities. These identities are derived from
the definitions of trigonometric functions and the Pythagorean Identity. There are two
primary quotient identities namely Tangent Identity and Cotangent Identity.

Chanty: To prove tangent identity, we begin with the definition of tangent, tanθ = sinθ/cosθ.

Chanty: By dividing both the numerator and denominator by cosθ, which is acceptable since
cosθ is not equal to 0, we get tanθ = sinθ/cosθ all over 1 = sinθ/cosθ

Chanty: This demonstrates that tanθ can be represented as the ratio of sinθ to cosθ, thus
establishing the tangent identity.

Chanty: Similarly, to prove the cotangent identity, we start with the definition of cotangent,
cotθ = cosθ/sinθ.

Chanty: This time, sinθ is divided to both the numerator and denominator, which is also
acceptable since sinθ is not equal to 0 so we get cotθ = cosθ/sinθ all over 1 = cosθ/sinθ.

Chanty: This shows that cotθ can be expressed as the ratio of cosθ to sinθ, thus proving the
cotangent identity.

Che: Lastly, Pythagorean Identities. These identities are derived from the Pythagorean
Theorem and involve arithmetic operations.
Che: It’s important that we look at the exponents of each function as these identities are only
applicable when the function’s exponent is 2. For example, Cosine x + Sin x cannot be
converted to 1. Additionally, always be mindful of the signs and positions of each identity as
these are essential for applying these identities.
Che: These identities are applied when the problem presents a similar arrangement as the
ones above. Manipulating the problem results in a comparable positioning. Employing
Pythagorean identities is a crucial step in problem - solving. If unnecessary, maintain the
expression as is.

Chanty: Also, it's important to note that a function with an exponent of 2 and above can be
expanded, and conversely, expanded functions can be simplified. Like how cos^2x can be
expanded into (cosx)(cosx).

Chanty: Now, we will prove this identity by applying the Pythagorean theorem.

Chanty: Consider this the right triangle ABC with the right angle at C. The side AB
represents the hypotenuse. For convenience, let’s label AB as c, BC as a, and CA as b. Let θ
denote the angle at B.

Che: In the figure, we identify the components of the right triangle as follows: the side
opposite angle θ is labeled as b, the adjacent side is labeled as a, and the hypotenuse is
labeled as c.

Che: Now, let’s define the trigonometric ratios relevant to these sides, which will be essential
in deriving the Pythagorean identities in trigonometry.

Che: We have sinθ = opposite/hypotenuse pr b/c, cosθ = adjacent/hypotenuse or a/c, tanθ =

opposite/adjacent or b/a.

Chanty: Similarly, we have cscθ = c/b, secθ = c/a, and cotθ = a/b.
Chanty: Before we tackle some examples, simplifying trigonometric identities means we are
reducing or manipulating functions to reach their simplest or lowest form, just like in
simplifying fractions and algebraic expressions. Verifying on the other hand means that we
must manipulate one or both sides to reach the same functions and expressions.

Che: We also have different strategies in verifying trigonometric identities: Manipulation and
Conjugation. Manipulation has three different types: Right Side Manipulation, Left Side
Manipulation, and Both Side Manipulation. These indicate which side (or sides) of the equal
sign are manipulated to reach the same functions. In addition to this, conjugation is the
method of multiplying 1 or -1 to change the signs of a function. This can be useful in terms of
pythagorean identities or canceling functions.

VERIFYING
1 + tan^2 x = sec^2 x

1 + cot^2 x = csc^2 x

tan x + cot x = sec x csc x

tan x sin x = sec x - cos x

Cot^2 x / (1+ csc x) = (cot x)(sec x - tan x)

SIMPLIFYING
sec x / csc x

cos x + sin x tan x

tan x cos x sin x

csc x tan x

(1/sec x + 1) + (1/secx - 1)