Citing References

Natalia Meoño
Citing Style
It refers to a set of rules and guidelines for writing
citations and references used in academic contexto. These
styles are important to keep the consistence, it algo helps
the readers to fondo the sources usted by the author.

APA Style ASA Style

The APA (American Psychological The ASA (American Sociological
Association) style is a format widely Association) style is a format used
used in various fields. mostly in the field of sociology.
 Printed Book
In the reference list, start with the author’s last name and initials, followed by
the year. The book title is written in sentence case (only capitalize the first
word and any proper nouns). Include any other contributors (e.g. editors and
translators) and the edition if specified (e.g. “2nd ed.”). Use the abbreviation
“(Ed.)” for one editor and the abbreviation “(Eds.)” for multiple editors after the
editor names, followed by a period. In the case of multiple editors, include the
role once, after all the names. Include a DOI for all works that have one,
regardless of whether you used the online version or print version

APA
 Printed Book
Author, A.A (year) Title. Publisher.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin
Books.

Editor, A (Ed.) (year) Title. Publisher.

Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis
treatment. Academic Press.

Author, A.A (year) Title. (Edition) Publisher. DOI

Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd
ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000

APA
Website

When it comes to mentions in the text, students are sometimes tempted to put
the web address in the body of a project. However, URLs can be long, clunky,
and distracting. They should never be written in the body of a project.
Instead of writing the full address in the text, use the last name of the author
and the date the source was published. If no author is shown, write the title of
the individual page and the date. Some webpages will have a 'last updated'
date, use this only if it is clearly related to the content you are citing, not if it
applies to the whole website. Otherwise use 'n.d.' for 'no date'.

APA
Website

Author. A.A. (Year, Month Day) Tittle Website name. URL

Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise
of specialised early intervention in psychosis services. IEPA.
https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-to-be-this-way-the-
promise-of-specialised-early-intervention-in-psychosis-services/

APA
 E-book
Provide the author, year of publication, title, and publisher of the book. Use the same
format for both print books and ebooks. Use the copyright date shown on the book’s
copyright page as the year of publication in the reference, even if the copyright date is
different than the release date. Include any edition information in parentheses after the
title, without italics. If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the
publisher's name. Do not include the publisher location.
If the ebook without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the
URL of the book in the reference. Do not include the name of the database in the
reference. If the ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable
URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the
database in the reference. The reference, in this case, is the same as for a print book.

APA
 E-book
whole book:
Author, A.A. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. DOI or URL (most be stable url/permalink)

Ochs, S. (2004). A history of nerve functions: From animal spirits to molecular mechanisms.
https://login.ezproxy.lib.uwf.edu/login
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxdirect=true&db=nlebk&AN=164224&site=eds-
live&scope=site
specific chapter:
Author, A. A. (Year Published). Name of Chapter/Article. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Name of
Book. Publisher. DOI or URL (most be stable url/permalink)

Ochs, S. (2004). Introduction to molecular mechanisms. In A history of nerve functions: From animal
spirits to molecular mechanisms. https://login.ezproxy.lib.uwf.edu/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=164224&site=eds-
live&scope=site
APA
Newspaper
Printed newspapers are sometimes divided into sections, which are
identified by a letter before the page number (e.g. A1, B4). Always
include the letters when page numbers are formatted in this way.

Newspaper articles may also appear on discontinuous pages (for

example, an article which begins on the front page but continues on
page 20). Make sure to only cite the relevant pages, separating different
pages and page ranges with commas. The same format can be used for
a newspaper in PDF form.

APA
Newspaper
Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title.
Newspaper Name, pages.

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,

social status. The Washington Post, A1, A4.

APA
 Images
To properly cite an image in the APA format, you need to include this
information: Artist or photographer's last name and first initial; date
the image was created; Title of the work [Medium (like Painting,
Sculpture, Photograph, Print)]; and location seen (museum); or online
location & URL (name & web address of the website where you found
it).
If the image does not have a title, briefly describe the work and put
that description in square brackets.
If the image is available via a museum website, cite that website at
the end of the citation. If there is no associated website, simply omit
the URL.
APA
 Images
Photograph (no musuem associated)
Photographer, P. (Year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph].
Source. URL

Ryan, S. (2019). Sea smoke on Lake Michigan [Photograph]. New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/world/year-in-pictures.html

Artwork
Artist, A. (Year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of museum,
City, State, Country. URL of museum

Hopper, E. (1942). Nighthawks [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL,

United States. https://www.artic.edu/artworks/111628/nighthawks
APA
Text citation
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly
quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or
other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year
of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.
On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from
another work, you should include the page number at the end of the
parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or
“pp.” (for multiple pages). In-text references should immediately
follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant,
rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text
references should always precede punctuation marks.

APA
Text citation
Example paragraph
A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed
to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al.,
2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research
described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-
native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students
preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with
non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.
References
Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to
listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 23(4), 245-259.
Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of
foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

APA
 General guidelines
List citations in the References list alphabetically by first authors’ last
names. List works by the same author in the order of year of
publication, earliest year first. Distinguish works by the same author in
the same year by adding letters (e.g., 1993a, 1993b, 1993c); list such
works in alphabetical order by title. If no date is available, use N.d. in
place of the date. Include the state abbreviation only if the city of
publication is not clear. For example, New York and Chicago do not
need a state abbreviation. Also, when the publisher name includes the
location, the state abbreviation is not needed. (Note: this is a change
from the 3rd edition of the ASA Style Guide.) Always double space the
list of references.

ASA
 PRINTED BOOK

ONE AUTHOR TWO AUTHORS MORE THAN TWO

Author Last, First. Year. Title. Author Last, First and Author Author Last, First, Author First
City, State of Publisher: First Last. Year. Title. City, State Last, and Author First Last.
Publisher. of Publisher: Publisher. Year. Title. City, State of
Publisher: Publisher.
Welch, Kathleen E. 1999. Lunsford, Andrea and Lisa Ede.
Electric Rhetoric: Classical 1990. Singular Texts/Plural Patten, Michael A., Guy
Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Authors: Perspectives on McCaskie, and Philip Unitt.
Literacy. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Collaborative Writing. 2003. Birds of the Salton Sea:
MA: MIT Press. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Status, Biogeography, and
University Press. Ecology. Berkeley: University of
California Press.

ASA
 PRINTED BOOK

EDITED BOOK SPECIFIC CHAPTER MULTI-VOLUME

Editor Last, First, ed. Year. Title. Author Last, First. Year. "Title Author Last, First. Year. Title of
City, State of Publisher: of Chapter/Article." Pp. Series. Vol. #, Title of Volume.
Publisher. inclusive page numbers in Title, City, State of Publisher:
edited by First Initial/Middle Publisher.
Tannen, Deborah, ed. 1993. Initial Last Name. City, State of
Gender and Conversational Publisher: Publisher. Gulla, Bob. 2006. Greenwood
Interaction. New York: Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of
University Press. Wells, Ida B. 1995. "Lynch Law Rock. Vol. 6, The Grunge and
in All Its Phases." Pp. 80-99 in Post-Grunge Years, 1991-
With Pen and Voice: A Critical 2005. Westport, CT:
Anthology of Nineteenth- Greenwood Press.
Century African-American
Women, edited by S. W. Logan.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois
University Press.

ASA
 Website

One author Organizational author

Lastname, F. M. Date published. "Title Organization Name. Date published.
of page." Publisher. Retrieved date "Title of page." Publisher. Retrieved
(URL). date (URL).

Kroll, Christian. 2011. "Towards a Social Science Space. 2016. "Happiness

Sociology of Happiness: Examining and Well-being: Advancing the
Social Capital and Subjective Well-being Contribution of Sociology."
Across Subgroups of Society." The Retrieved Dec 29, 2016
London School of Economics and (http://www.socialsciencespace.com/ev
Political Science (LSE). ents/happiness-and-well-being-
Retrieved December 29, 2016 advancing-the-contribution-of-
(http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/169/). sociology/).

ASA
Website

known location
Organization Name. Date published. "Title of page." Location: Publisher. Retrieved date (URL).

American Sociological Association. 2006. “Status Committees.” Washington, DC: American Sociological
Association. Retrieved July 11, 2010 (http://www.asanet.org/about/committees.cfm).

ASA
 E-book
If you are citing from an online publication, you should include all of
the information that you would include for printed sources. After this
standard information, you should include the date you found the
information on the world wide web (the date of retrieval) and the web
address (URL) where you found the information.

ASA
 E-book
Author Last, First. Year. Title. City, State of Publisher: Publisher.
Retrieved Month Day, Year (URL).

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1849. Nature. Boston, MA: J. Munroe &

Company. Retrieved January 19, 2010
(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/29433).

ASA
 Newspaper

NOTE FORMAT EXAMPLE

If the newspaper is paginated Printed: Printed:
in sections, the section letter Author Last, First. Year. Lewin, Tamar. 2005. "SAT
and page number should "Article Title." Newspaper Essay Scores Are In, But Will
both be included in the Name, Month Day, p. or pp. They Be Used?" New York
citation. If a newspaper inclusive page numbers. Times, May 15, p. A22.
article begins on one page
and ends on another page, Online: Online:
both pages should be listed Author Last, First. Year. Mapes, Lynda V. 2005.
separated by commas (i.e., "Article Title." Newspaper "Unearthing Tse-whit-zen."
pp. A2, A12)]. Name, Month Day. Retrieved Seattle Times, May 25.
Month Day, Year (URL). Retrieved August 1, 2005
(http://seattletimes.nwsource.
com/news/local/klallam/index.
ASA html).
 IMAGES

CASE #1 CASE #2 OBJETIVO 3

Image from an online source Image from a print source with Photograph citation format.
with no creator listed. Example: a creator listed. Example: Example:

Author. year. "Title of work." Medium

"Vienna, Austria Unknown Artist." 22
(format). Title of collection. Retrieved
March 2015. Reddit. Retrieved 17 Dürer, Albrect. 1497-98. "Four Horsemen date (URL).
October 2018 of the Apocalypse." In [Stockstad,
(https://www.reddit.com/r/StreetArtP Marilyn. 1995. Art History. New York: Harry Faulkner, Rob. 2011. "A yawning alpaca."
orn/duplicates/2zvt2d N. Abrams, Inc.] Image (JPEG). Yawn_A Yawning Alpaca.
Retrieved 17 October 2018
"Title of Image." Date created. From Creator, First M. Date created. "Title of (https://www.flickr.com/photos/robef/568
Site Title. Retrieved date (URL). Image." In [Continue the remainder of the 8248840/in/
citation with citation information of the
book or article as appropriate.]

ASA
 Text citation
Include the author's last name and the year of publication. Always
include page numbers when quoting directly from a work or referring
to specific passages.

CASE #1 CASE #2 CASE #3

If the author's name is not Page numbers should be

If the author's name is
mentioned in the text, it included within the
mentioned in the text, follow
should be included along parentheses when quoting
it with the publication year in
with the year of publication directly from a work,
parentheses. Example:
within parentheses. Example: separated from the year of
publication with a colon and
...Welch (1991) contends that this ...but it has been argued that this
no spaces. Example:
is not the case. was not the case (Welch 1991).
...but it has been argued that this
was not the case (Welch
text author ( year) text (author year)
1991:136).

ASA text (author year:page)

 Text citation

CASE #4 CASE #5 CASE #6

For two authors in a If you use more than one If a reference list includes
reference, include both last work by the same author more than one author with
names. Example: published in the same year, the same last name, add the
use the letters a, b, etc., after first initials to in-text
A recent study confirmed her the year. Example: citations. Example:
belief (Johnson and Smith 1995). "The quick brown fox jumped over "The quick brown fox jumped over
the lazy dog" (Seuss 2007a:7). the lazy dog" (D. Seuss 2007).
text (author 1 and author 2 year)
text (author yeara:page) text (A. author year)

ASA
 Text citation

CASE #7 CASE #5 CASE #6

If no author name is available, use
the first few words of the One work by three authors. One work by four or more
reference list entry (usually the Example: authors. Example:
title) and the year. Use quotation
marks around titles of articles or First citation (Bradley, Ramirez, and (Wasserstein et al. 2005)
web pages and italicize titles of Soo 1999)
books, periodicals, or reports. Subsequent citation (Bradley et al. (author 1 et al. year)
Treat in-text citations to legal 1999)
materials such as court cases,
statutes, and legislation the same (author 1, author 2, and author 3
as works with no author. year)
"The quick brown fox jumped over
the lazy dog" (Fox in Socks 2007). (author 1 et al. Year)

ASA text (title year)

THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION