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6 views

Lec 02 A

Uploaded by

abrha.eyassu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematical Preliminaries

Abrham E.
May 2024
Content
 Matrices & Graphs in Scilab
 Elasticity
 Variational Methods
Steps in FEA Process

• Discretize the Body


• Select a Displacement Function
• Define Strain/Displacement and Stress/Strain
Relationships
• Derive Element Stiffness Matrix & Equations
• Assemble Equations and Introduce B.C.’s
• Solve for the Unknown Degrees of Freedom
• Solve for Element Stresses and Strains
• Interpret the Results
Matrix
 For the relationship between a set of
variables of the form:

 with aij the coefficients of the dependent


variable x,
Matrix cont.
 which can be written in a compact form as:

 or Ax = y
  ’A’ is a matrix with m rows and n
columns, aij being its components
Matrix cont.
 Real and complex matrices
 Square matrix; main & cross diagonal
 Null, identity and diagonal matrices
 Equality, addition and subtraction
 Symmetric matrix ==> aij = aji
 Anti-symmetric (skew) matrix ==> aij = -aji
(diagonal must be zero)
Matrix cont.
 Scalar multiplication, matrix product
 Power of square matrices
 Transpose, determinant
 Inverse of a matrix
 Solution of simultaneous equations
 Cramer's Rule and others
 Partitioning
 Differentiation
 Integration
Plotting Graphs – Scilab
Label the axes and add a title.
→ x = 0:%pi/100:2*%pi;
→ y = sin(x);
→ plot(x,y)
Label the axes and add a title.
→ xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
→ ylabel('Sine of x')
→ title('Plot of the Sine Function','FontSize',12)
Multiple graphs
→ y2 = sin(x-0.25); plot(x,y,x,y2)
→ legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)');
Numerical Methods
 Several approaches can be used to transform
the physical formulation of the problem to its
finite element discrete analogue.
 Galerkin method – the physical formulation of
the problem is known as a differential
equation.
 Variational formulation – the physical problem
can be formulated as minimization of a
functional.
Variational Method cont.

• A mathematical model is a set of


mathematical statements which attempts to
describe a given physical system.
Variational Method cont.
 Strong Form (SF): A system of ordinary or
partial differential equations in space and/or
time, complemented by appropriate
boundary conditions.
 Weak Form (WF): A weighted integral
equation that “relaxes” the strong form into
a domain-averaging statement.
 Variational Form (VF): A functional whose
stationary conditions generate the weak
and strong forms.
Variational Method cont.
The WF and VF are of interest because:
1.The functional of the VF embodies all
properties of the modeled system, including
field equations, natural boundary conditions
and conservation laws.
2.VFs and WFs are the basis for technically
important computer-based discrete methods
of approximation.
3.VFs, and to less extent WFs, directly
characterizes “overall” quantities of interest
to engineers.
Variational Method cont.
4.VFs clarify and systematize the treatment
of boundary and interface conditions,
particularly in connection with
discretization schemes.
5.VFs permit a deeper and more powerful
mathematical treatment of questions of
existence, stability, error bounds,
convergence of numerical solutions, etc.
Variational Method cont.
 SFs discretization: the finite difference
method, constructed by replacing
derivatives by differences.
 WFs discretization: the weighted residual
method – Galerkin, collocation, subdomain,
finite-volume, leastsquares, collectively
called trial function methods.
 VFs discretization: the Rayleigh-Ritz
method. This was the first trial-function
method, and is a special subclass of the
Galerkin weighted residual method.
Variational Method cont.
 Example: Consider the ODE

This is SF and called problem domain. To


solve this equation, let the BCs are
y(0) = 1, y(2) = 4 (boundary value problem)
y(0) = 1, y' (0) = 0 (initial value problem)
 BVPs usually model problems in spatial
domains whereas IVPs model problems in the
time domain.
Variational Method cont.

 A residual function associated to the


above ODE is r(x) = y'' − y − 2. The SF is
equivalent to saying that r(x) = 0.
Variational Method cont.
 multiply the ODE residual r (x) by a weight
function w(x) and integrate over [0, 2].
 multiply r0 and r2 by weights w0 and w2
 add the three terms

 This is a weighted integral form; WF


statement. It is possible that other functions
not satisfying the specified BVP may verify
the WF. Thus the qualifier “weak.”
Variational Method cont.
 If w, w0 and w2 are formally written as the
variations of functions v, v0 and v2,
respectively, then the above WF becomes:

 δ is the variation symbol. The v’s are


technically called test functions.
 The resulting equation is called a
variational statement, which leads directly
to the important Galerkin forms.
Variational Method cont.
 Finally, the BVP stated earlier has a
solution in variational calculus, given by:

 which is called the Euler-Lagrange


equation; it is an example of a VF.
Elasticity
 3D Stress block
y
xy
yz
xy
zy
x
zx xz
z
Elasticity cont.
 Stress Equilibrium Equations
Elasticity cont.
Elasticity cont.
 Strain – Displacement
Elasticity cont.
 3D Stress – Strain Relationships

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