STRAIGHT LINES 1

LESSON 1
STRAIGHT LINES

Coordinates : Let and be two fixed straight lines in the plane of the paper. The line is
called the axis of the line the axis of whilst the two together are called the axes of coordinates.
The point is called the origin.
Y
From any point in the plane draw a straight line parallel to to meet P2
in P
M4
The distance is called the Abscissa, and the distance the
Ordinate of the point whilst the abscissa and the ordinate together are X  M 2 M 3 O M X
P4
called its Coordinates.
P3
If the distances and be respectively and the coordinates of Y
are, for brevity, denoted by the symbol
DISTANCES BETWEEN TWO POINTS
Let be two points. Then the distance between them is

Illustration Show that the points are vertices of a parallelogram.

Solution Let the points be denoted by and in order

Since the opposite sides are equal. So the points represents parallelogram.
SECTION FORMULA
(i) Coordinates of the point R which divides the join of points internally in
the ratio AP : BP :: m : n, are
m:n
A(x1, y1) P B(x2, y2)
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Coordinates of mid point of the line segment joining are

(ii) Coordinates of the point S which divides the join of points and externally in
the ratio AS : BS :: m : n, are
m:n
A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2) S

Illustration Divide the join of points in the ratio 1 : 2

(a) Internally (b) externally
Solution (a) Let be the point which divides internally in the ratio 1 : 2. Then coordinates of
are

P(2,5) R Q(–7, 4)
1:2

i.e. the required point is

(b) Let S be the point which divides PQ externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Then the coordinates
of S are

S P Q

1
2

i.e. the required points is

Illustration Using section formula find the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point to the

line joining the points and

Solution Let and be the points and respectively.

Let the foot D of perpendicular AD to BC divides BC in the ratio . Then the

coordinate of D are given by

x-coordinate
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y-coordinate

A 2, 3
Slope of AD

Slope of BC is
 : 1 
 8 12 
C , 
Since B 2, 0  D  13 13 

The coordinates of D are

A
SOME IMPORTANT CENTRES
(i) Centroid : Meeting point of medians is called Centroid.
Let are the vertices of
2
Then coordinates of its Centroid are G

1
B C
A

(ii) Incentre : Meeting point of internal angle bisector is called Incentre.

Let and are the vertices of
b+c
Then the coordinates of its incentre I with respect to A are I

a
B C
where A
(iii) Excentre : Meeting point of two external and one internal angle bisector
is called Excentre. Let , and be the
vertices of Then coordinates of the excentre are B C

I1
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(iv) Circumcentre :

Circumcentre is point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides.

(v) Orthocenter:

Orthocenter is the point of intersection of altitudes

Note : Orthocentre (H), centroid (G) and circumcentre (O) are collinear and HG : GO = 2 : 1.

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Let be the vertices of a Then the area of is

comes out to be positive if the vertices are taken in the anticlockwise sense, otherwise negative.

Note : Three points are collinear if

Alternately

Three points are collinear if slope of slope of

i.e.

Illustration Find the area of quadrilateral with vertices

B 1, 4 
Solution Let the given vertices be respectively
C  2, 1 A 3, 3 
Area of area of

D 2,  3 
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Classroom Practice Paper

Find the distances between the following pairs of points
1. and
2. and
3. and
4. Divides the line joining the points and in the ratio
5. Divides, internally and externally, the line joining to in the ratio
6. The line joining the points and is trisected; find the coordinates of the points of
trisection.
Find the areas of the triangles the coordinates of whose angular points are respectively
7. and
8. (i)
(ii) and
9. (i) If be the origin, and if the coordinates of any two points and be respectively
and prove that

(ii) Prove that the points are collinear if

DEFINITION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

A straight line is the curve, on which if two points are taken, then all points on the line segment joining
these two points lie.
SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE Y
Let l be a line, which is not parallel to y-axis. Let it makes an
l
angle with the positive direction of
x-axis. Then is called the slope of the line l. It is denoted by B(x2,y2)
A(x1,y1)
Slope of the straight line passing through the points 
is given by O X

If the slope of is not defined

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EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

Let l be the straight line parallel to x-axis, at a distance of 4 units from x-axis and is lying above x-axis.
If is any point on l, then its y-coordinates must be equal to 4. i.e. y-coordinate 4 i.e. the coordinates of
satisfies the equation
Y
Thus coordinates of every point on l satisfies the equation On the other
hand, if coordinate of a point satisfy the equation then its y-coordinate
is equal to 4. Therefore the point must lie on l. Thus all the points whose
coordinates satisfy the equation lie on l.
P l
From the above it following that the equation is the complete
4
representation of
O x
We represent the line l by the equation
Similarly equation of any straight line parallel to x-axis is where is real number. Equation of any
line parallel to y-axis is
STANDARD FORMS OF EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
(i) Slope – intercept form :
where m is the slope and c is the y – intercept of the line.
Equation of any line parallel to y-axis can not be expressed in this form.
(ii) Intercept form :

where x – intercept and y – intercept respectively.

Equation of any line passing through origin can not be expressed in this form
(iii) Point slope form (one point slope form) :
Equation of the straight line passing through the point and whose slope is is given
by
Equation of line passing through origin is given by
Equation of any straight line parallel to y-axis can not be expressed in this form.
(iv) Two point form :

Equation of the straight line passing through the points where is

given by
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(v) Normal form (or perpendicular form) :

Y
where is the length of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the line and is p0
the angle which the perpendicular drawn from the origin to L 0   2
the line makes with the positive direction of x- axis.
p
A line passing through origin cannot be written in this
form. 
O X
Illustration Write the equation in normal form of the line
Solution

Here sin
(vi) Symmetric form or Distance From or parametric form
Equation of a straight line passing through the point and making an angle with the

positive direction of x-axis is given by

Here is the distance between the points

If is positive then is above otherwise below.

Illustration Put the line in the parametric form with respect to a fixed point on the
line.
Solution Since slope the equation of line (from point slope form) is

or

(vii) General equation of straight line :

An equation of first degree in x and y, , where a and b are not both zero represents a

straight line. Its slope is given by .

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Illustration Find the slope of the line Also express the equation in intercept form.

Solution Slope of the line is .

Intercept form of the line is

2 is the intercept and is the intercept made by the line

on the coordinate axes.
Illustration A line through meets the lines and
at the points and respectively. If

find the equation of the line.

Solution Let the line through makes an angle with x-axis then the distance form its

equation is … (1)

If then

for

for

and for
Given that lie on lines and
respectively so that
… (2)

… (3)

and … (4)

from (2), (3) and (4)

or

Putting the required equation is

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Classroom Practice Paper

Find the equation to the straight line
10. cutting off an intercept unity from the positive direction of the axis of and inclined at 45° to the
axis of
11. cutting off an intercept from the axis of and being equally inclined to the axes.
12. cutting off intercept 3 and 2 from the axes.
13. cutting off intercept and from the axes.
Find the equations to the straight lines passing through the following pairs of points.
14. and
15. and ,
16. and
Find the equations to the sides of the triangles the coordinates of whose angular points are respectively
17. and
18. and
19. (i) Find the co-ordinates of two points on the line which are situated at distance from
the point on the line.
(ii) The opposite vertices of a square are and Find the co-ordinates of remaining
two vertices.
20. Find centroid, incentre, excentre, circumcentre and orthocenter of a triangle whose vertices are

POSITION OF TWO POINTS WITH RESPECT TO A STRAIGHT LINE

Two points lie on the same side or on the opposite side of the line
according as and are of the same sign or of opposite signs
respectively.
Illustration For what values of the parameter does the point lies within the triangle
the vertices of which are and
Solution We will discuss two methods to solve the problem.
First Method : We easily get the equations of sides as A 0, 3

C 6, 1
B  2, 0 
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If the point lies inside the triangle then and must be on the same side
of and must be on the same side of and must be on the same side
of
(All the three condition must be satisfied simultaneously in order that lies inside).
Now if and are on the side of the consequence of substituting the co-ordinates
and in the equation of must be of the same sign i.e.
(value of equation of for ) (value of equation of for )

similarly the order conditions yield the inequations

and
the required values of must be intersection of these inequations. The system of
inequations is equivalent to

which respectively give solutions

A 0, 3 y x 1

3 / 2, 5 / 2 
E

0, 1 D 0, 1/ 4  C 6, 1

 2, 0  B
all the three inequations are satisfied for

which are the required values of for the point to be inside the triangle.
Second Method : Let us draw the exact diagram of the problem (see figure)
We note that the point move on the line for all and the portion
(excluding and ) of the line lies within the triangle
Now is the intersection of and while is the intersection of

and We easily get and as and

Thus the points on the line whose x-co-ordinates lies between and lie
within the triangle. But the x-co-ordinates happens to be consequently lies in the

interval
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ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES

Let be the angle between two straight lines whose slopes are and Then

provide
(i) If , then the two lines are perpendicular to each other.
(ii) If then the two lines are parallel.

(iii) If are lines of slopes and then the angle given by, is

the angle by which line should be rotated in the anticlockwise direction to coincide with
 Rule to write down the equation of any line parallel to a given line
Leave the terms of x and y as they are and replace the constant c by another constant k.
 Rule to write down the equation of any line perpendicular to a given line
Interchange the coefficient of x and y and change the sign of any one of them and replace the
constant c by another constant k.

Classroom Practice Paper

21. Find the value of for which origin and lies (i) same side (ii) opposite side to the line

22. Find the values of parameter for which the points and lie on the opposite side of
the lines
Find the angles between the pairs of straight lines
23. and
24. and
25. and
26. and
27 . (i) Find the equation of st. line which passes through and parallel to line .
(ii) Find the equation of st. line which passes through and perpendicular to line
(iii) Prove that the equation to the straight line which passes through the point
and is perpendicular to the straight line is

CONDITION OF CONCURRENCY
Let the equations of three given lines be
(i)
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(ii)
and (iii)
Then the condition is
(i)

or (ii)

or (iii) The straight lines (i), (ii) and (iii) will be concurrent if and only if there exist three constants
(not all zero at a time) such that

Illustration The line passes through the point of intersection of and

Find the values of
Solution The three lines are concurrent if

DISTANCE AND EMAGE OF A POINT FROM A STRAIGHT LINE

(i) Perpendicular distance of a point from the straight line is

(ii) Distance of origin from straight line is

(iii) Distance between two parallel lines and is

(iv) Coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from to the line are
given by

(v) Coordinates of the image of the point in the line are given by
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SLOPE OF A STRAIGHT LINE MAKING AN ANGLE WITH A GIVEN LINE

Let l be a given straight line, making angle with positive x-axis. Then there are two straight lines
making angle with l (infact passing through a given point on l). y
Thus the two lines make angles with the positive x-axis.
Their slope are given by



 x
and
Note : (i) If , then the corresponding line is parallel to y-axis.
(ii) If , then again the corresponding line is parallel to y-axis.
Illustration Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point and inclined at
radians to the line .
Solution Let the line makes angle with positive x-axis. Then

Now

Slope of the required lines are

and

the equations of the required lines are

i.e.

Remarks :
Let a line l makes an angle with positive x-axis. Let the lines and are equally inclined to and
having slopes and respectively and are such that the value of lies between and Then

Illustration A ray of light traveling along the line after striking a plane mirror lying
along the line gets reflected. Find the equation of the straight line containing the
reflected ray.

Solution The point of intersection of lines and is .

is the point of incidence.

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Slope m of the normal to the mirror (i.e. normal to the line ) is 1.

Now the incident ray and reflected ray both are equally inclined to the normal and are on
opposite side of it.
Slope of incident ray
Let the slope of the reflected ray be

Then i.e

the equation of the straight line containing the reflected ray is

i.e.

FAMILY OF STRAIGHT LINES

(i) If and are two straight lines (not parallel) then
represents family of lines passing through
the point of intersection of is a parameter.

Note : with is the families of lines through

(ii) Family of straight lines parallel to the line is given by where is a

parameter.
(iii) Family of straight lines perpendicular to the line is given by , where
is a parameter.
(iv) Family of lines not passing through origin is where a and b are parameters and

(v) Family of lines at a distance of p from origin is where is a parameter.

Illustration Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point and through the
point of intersection of the lines and
Solution Equation of any straight line passes through the intersection of the lines
is
… (1)
Since it passes through the point

i.e.
Now substituting this value of in (1) we get
as the equation of the required line.
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Classroom Practice Paper

28. Find the equation of a line which passes through the intersection of the lines
and
(i) which also passes through
(ii) which is parallel to
(iii) which has x-intercept as
(iv) which is equally inclined to the co-ordinate axes
(v) which makes an angle 45° with the line
29. If and are variable show that the lines pass through a fixed point.
30. Find the value of so that the lines and may be
concurrent.
31. Show that the product of the perpendicular drawn from the two points upon the

straight line is

32. The straight lines and intersect at the point A. On these lines the points
Band C are chosen so that Find the possible equations of the line passing through

33. Find the distance between the two parallel straight lines and
34. Find the perpendicular distance from the origin of the perpendicular from the point upon the
straight line
35. Through the point are drawn two straight lines each inclined at 45° to the straight line
Find their equations and find also the area included by the three lines.

LOCUS
(i) Definition
The path traced by a point moving under a given condition (or a given set of conditions) is called
its locus.
If an equation is satisfied by the coordinates of every point on the path and any point whose
coordinates satisfy the equation lies on the path, then the equation is called the equation of the
locus.
(ii) Equation of Locus
To find the equation of locus of a point under given condition(s), we proceed as follows :
(a) Assign the coordinates to the point whose locus is to be determined.
(b) Properly conceive the given geometrical condition(s) which the above point is to satisfy.
 STRAIGHT LINES 16

(c) Express the said condition(s) in an analytical relation in and (or in and ).
(d) Solve to eliminate the parameter(s) so that the resulting expression contains known
quantities and or

(e) Replace if taken resulting equation will be the required locus.

Illustration A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the lines and

meets the coordinate axes in A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB

is the curve
Solution Any line through the point of intersection of given lines is

This meets the x- axis at

And meets the y – axis at

Let mid point of be then

Locus of is 2

Classroom Practice Paper

36. Find the locus of a point whose distance from origin is twice its distance from the point
37. Find the locus of a point whose distance from origin is twice its perpendicular distance from y-axis.
38. Find the locus of a point whose co-ordinates are given by
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

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39. A variable line cuts x-axis at y-axis at where ( origin) such that
Find the locus of
(i) Centroid of (ii) Circumcentre of

and being the fixed points and respectively, obtain the equations giving the locus of
when
40. constant quantity
41. being constant.
42. constant quantity.

ANGLE BISECTORS
Angle bisector is locus of point which moves in such a way that its perpendicular distance from both line
is equal.
Let be two intersecting l4
l2
lines. Then the equations of the lines bisecting the angle between and
are given by l3
 /2

l1

 If , then the given lines are perpendicular to each other

Else they will contain acute and obtuse angles.
Let be the angle between and which is bisected by one of the bisectors say Then angle
between and is .

Now find

Two cases arise

(i) If

Thus will be bisecting the acute angles between and

(ii) If

Thus will be bisecting the obtuse angle between and

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 To find the equation of that bisector of the angle between the two lines which contains a
given points

Let the equations of the lines be and . The equation of the angle
the two lines containing the points will be

or

according as are of the same sign or of opposite sign.

 If then origin must lie in one of the angles between and

Now under the assumption we have

equation of the bisector which bisects the angle in which origin lies is

(Taking sign)

Also, if the origin lies in obtuse angle else the origin lies in acute angle.

Illustration Find the bisector (i) of acute angle (ii) of the angle containing the point between
the lines
Solution Equations of the bisectors are

i.e. and
Now suppose be the angle between the given lines which is bisected by the bisector

The angle between and is which is certainly acute

(i) Hence is the required bisector.

(ii) Putting in the both given line we get positive value, so required angle
bisector is
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Classroom Practice Paper

Find the equations to the straight lines bisecting the angles between the following pairs of straight lines
bisecting the angles between the following pairs of straight lines, placing first the bisector of the angle in
which the origin lines.
43. and
44. and
45. and

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINE

The most general form of an equation of second degree in x and y is
(1), where and are not simultaneously zero.
Since it is an equation in x and y therefore it must represent the equation of the locus of a point in the x–y
plane. It may represent a pair of straight lines, a circle, or other curves in different cases.
If written as a quadratic in

Thus

Thus (1) will represent a pair of straight lines (case when ) if quantity inside the square root sign is a
perfect square of a linear function of x, which is possible if

However further if
Case I : then (1) will represent a pair of non-parallel lines.
Case II : then it can be shown that and hence

, which will represent

(i) parallel non-coincident lines if

(ii) Coincident lines if
(iii) Imaginary lines if
Case III : , then (1) represent imaginary lines.
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Similarly we can discuss equation (1), when b = 0 and

However if then (1) reduces to

, which will represent a pair of straight lines if and only if

which is equivalent to .

Thus if then (1) represents a pair of straight lines in general, which may be intersecting parallel or
imaginary in different cases.
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION IN X AND Y
Equation in which sum of the power of x and y in every term is the same, say n, is called a homogeneous
equation of nth degree in x and y, which represents n straight lines passing through origin.
Thus is a homogeneous equation of second degree. It represents a pair of
straight lines passing through origin.

(i) Acute angle between the lines represents by is given by

(ii) Lines are perpendicular then

(iii) Lines are parallel then
THE EQUATON OF THE PAIR OF LINES JOINING THE ORIGIN TO THE POINTS OF
INTERSECTION OF A SECOND DEGREE CURVE AND A LINE :
The equation of the pair of lines joining the origin to the points of y
intersection of a curve and a line is obtained by making the equation
of the curve homogeneous with help of the equation of the line.
The three step method for this is as follows : A lx  my  n 0
Step 1 : Write down the equation of the line with constant
term on the right hand side. B
Step 2 : Divide both sides by the constant term on the right so x
that right hand side become 1.
Step 3: Make the equation of the curve homogeneous with 2 2
ax  2 hxy  by  2 gx  2 fy  c 0
help of the equation of the line as obtained after step 2.
Illustration Prove that the equations to the straight lines passing through the origin and making an
angle with the straight line are given by
Solution Let be the equation of the straight line passing through the origin and making an
angle with Now, slope of line is

[squaring]
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or
This is a quadratic equation in m, therefore three will be two value of m and hence two
straight lines which make an angle with Let the two values of be and
then

Now the joint equation of the straight line passing through the origin and making an angle
is

or
Illustration Discuss the nature of the lines represented by the equation
(i) (ii)
(iii)
Solution It is easy to see that in each case . In (i) hence (i) represents a pair of
interesting lines. In (ii) thus (ii) represents a pair of imaginary lines. Lastly in
(iii) . Thus a pair of imaginary lines.

Classroom Practice Paper

Prove that the following equations represent two straight lines; find also their point of intersection and the
angle between them.
46.
47.
Find the value of so that the following equations may represent pairs of straight lines :
48.
49.
Find what straight lines are represented by the following equations determine the angles between them.
50. (i) (ii)
51.
52. (i) Find the equation to the pair of straight lines joining the origin to the intersections of the
straight line and the curve
Prove that they are at right angles if
(ii) Show that all chords of the curve subtending at origin passes through a
fixed point. Find the co-ordinate of this point.
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SHIFTING OF ORIGIN
If origin is shifted from to then if y Y
are the coordinates of a point P in the old system (when (x, y)
origin was O) and are the coordinates of the same P
(X, Y)
point P in the new system (when origin is ), then
and
X
Thus if is the equation of a curve in a coordinates O(h,k)
x
system and if origin is shifted to a point then the O

equation changes to

For example if represents a pair of straight lines, which inter

sect at then on shifting the origin to (i.e. is replaced by is replaced by
) the new equation should be homogenous of degree two i.e.,
, coefficients of and constant term should be zero i.e.

… (1)
… (2)
and … (3)
(1) and (2) can be solved to find and if these value are replaced in (3), then we get
a necessary condition for * to represent a pair of straight lines.

Remarks : Equation (1) and (2) are infact and at

where represent the partial derivative of u with respect to x.

ROTATION OF AXES
Suppose the coordinates axes are rotated about origin through an (x, y)
Y y P
angle . If are the coordinates of a point P in the old (X, Y)
system and are the coordinates of the same point P in the  X
new system then N
and

Thus if is the equation of a curve in a coordinate 

x
M
system and if system is rotated about origin by an angle then
the equation changes to .
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For example if is the equation of a curve in a coordinate system and if coordinate system is
rotated by an angle of about origin, then the equation of the same curve in the system is obtained
by replacing x by and y by . The new equation is

However if both the transformation are done, i.e., if origin is shifted to (h, k) and axes are rotated by an
angle , then the equation
changes to

Classroom Practice Paper

53. Transform to parallel axes through the point the equations

(i) and (ii)
54. Transform to axes inclined at an angle to the original axes the equations
(i) and (ii)
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SOLVED SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

Example 1 Find the angle through which the axes must be turned about the origin, so that the equation
of the curve may change in to the form
Solution Suppose required angle is . Then on replacing by and be
the coefficient of in the new equation should be zero i.e. in the
equation

the coefficient of should be zero, i.e.,

Example 2 Find the equation of lines joining origin and point of intersection of the line
with the conic

Solution We have ,

For the equation of required pair of lines we have to make homogeneous equation

Example 3 Find the range of in the interval such that the points and lie
on the same side of the line .
Solution

Example 4 The vertices of a triangle are

A
.
Find the orthocentre of the triangle.
E
Solution Let be the vertices
O

B D C
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Slope of BC =

Slope of altitude
Equation of AD is … (1)
Similarly equation of altitude BE is … (2)
The coordinates of orthocenter O are obtained by simultaneous by solving equation (1) and
equation (2).
Subtracting equation (2) from (1)

Putting in equation (1), we get

The coordinates of the orthocentre does not depend upon the values of
Example 5 Suppose the bisector of the interior angle of divides the sides into
segments Show that the maximum value of the attitude, and that

Solution Take B as origin and BC as x-axis and let A be y A h , k 

since is the bisector

c b
Now
x
B E D C
Again a

and consequently

Now

on eliminating we get,

maximum value of

Example 6 The base BC of a triangle ABC contains the points and the
equation of sides AB and AC are and respectively. Prove that
the equations of AP and AQ are
and

respectively.
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Solution Since both AB and AQ pass through A the intersection of the two given lines, their
equation is
In order to find the equation of AP we find the value of A
by using the fact that equation (1) passes through
as follows :

B P Q C

Thus equation of AP is
Next to find the equation of AQ we find the value of by the fact that equation (1) passes
through

Therefore equation of AQ is
Example 7 Prove that all lines represented by the equation
… (1)
Pass through a fixed point for all What are the coordinates of this fixed point and its
reflection in the line Prove that all lines through reflection point can be
represented by equation
… (2)

Solution The equation (1) can be expressed as

or
It is clear that these lines will pass through the point of intersection of the lines
… (3)
For all value of Solving equations (3) and (4) we get the coordinates of the required
fixed points as
Let be the reflection of in the line . The line PQ is
perpendicular to the line and the mid point segment PQ lies on the line
. Thus

and

Hence coordinates of the reflection Q of P in the line are

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If the required family of lines is

In order that each member of the family passes through Q we have

Hence equation of required family is

Example 8 One diagonal of a square is the intercept of the line between the axes. Find the
coordinates of other two vertices and hence prove that if two opposite vertices of a square
move on two perpendicular lines, the other two vertices also move on perpendicular lines.

Solution The coordinates of centre E are

y
Slope of

Slope of (0, b) C
B
E
D
(a,0)
O A x
Length

Using distance form for

The coordinates of other two vertices are thus

Now given that A and C move on perpendicular lines (axes). For coordinates
we have the locus and for the locus is
These are also perpendicular lines.
Example 9 Prove that the lines represented by the equation are equally
inclined to each other.
Solution … (1)
Since (1) is homogenous in of degree so it represents 3 lines passing through
origin.

Let one of the lines represented by equation (1) be, then

 STRAIGHT LINES 28

purring and in (1), we get

or, or,

Since, the slope of a line is restricted to lie between 0° and 180°, the integer ‘ ’ in the
above expression for can take only three values, namely, 1, 2 and 3

Therefore, and

Angle between the lines is given by

and and which is same in each case and equal to

Example 10 The base of a triangle passes through a fixed point and its sides are respectively
bisected right angles by the lines Determine the locus of its vertex.
Solution The lines and and The reflection of in
must be A h, k 

y  x y 9 x

B  f , g C
 k ,  h 
Again reflection of vertex in must be We easily get as

Now equation of is or

Since passes through we get

locus of is
 STRAIGHT LINES 29

SOLVED OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

Example 1 The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the lines and
Then PQRS must be a
(a) Rectangle (b) Square
(c) Cyclic quadrilateral (d) Rhombus
Solution d
Product of slope of the diagonal
i.e. diagonals are mutually perpendicular.
Hence PQRS is a rhombus
This is given in (d).
Example 2 The equation of the straight line equally inclined to the axes and equidistant from the
points and is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Solution d

Middle point of the line joining and is which lie on line

which is equally inclined to the axes and is at equal distance from the given points.
Hence correct answer is (d)
Example 3 If the Circumcentre of a triangle lies at the origin and the centroid is the middle point of
the line joining the points then the orthocenter lies on the
line
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Solution d
We known from geometry that the Circumcentre, centroid and orthocenter of a triangle lie
on a line. So the orthocenter of the triangle lies on the joining the Circumcentre and

the centroid

i.e. or .
 STRAIGHT LINES 30

Example 4 The equation of the line which passes through and perpendicular to the
lines is
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
Solution d
Slope of line is
Slope of line to this line Equation of required line is

or

or
Hence correct answer is (d)
Example 5 Let PQR be a right angled isosceles triangle, right angled at If the equation of the
line is then the equation representing the pair of lines PQ and PR is
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Solution b
If m is the slope of side or then

Equations of side PQ and PR are

Their combined equation is

i.e. Which is given in (b).

Example 6 The orthocenter of the triangle formed by is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Solution a
Let ABC be the given triangle and the vertices be
Equation of line through A and to BC is
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… (1)

And slope of
Equation of line through B and to CA is

i.e. … (2)

Solving (1) and (2), the orthocentre is which is given in (a)

Example 7 Equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines and
is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution c
The given equation can be rewritten as
(Making constant terms positive)
Since ,
Positive sign in equations of bisectors gives the bisector of acute angle.
Hence acute angle bisector is

or which is given in (c).

Example 8 Mixed term is to be removed from the general equation of second degree
one should rotate the axes through an angle given
by tan equal to

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Solution d

Let be the coordinates on new axes, then put

in the equation.
Then coefficient of in transformed equation so,

or which is given (d).

 STRAIGHT LINES 32

Example 9 If one of the diagonals of a square is along the line and one of its vertices is
then its sides through this vertex are given by the equation.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution a
Diagonal of the square is along
… (1)

The point does not lie on (1)

Let the side trough this vertex be

Angle between side (2) and diagonal (1) is

from (2), the required sides are

which are given in (a).
Example 10 The equation
Represents
(a) A pair of straight lines (b) A pair of straight lines and circle
(c) A pair of straight lines and a parabola (d) A set of four lines forming a square
Solution d

Hence the equation represents four straight lines which evidently form a square.
Hence correct answer is (d)
Example 11 The vertices of triangle are

(i) Equation of the perpendicular side bisector (a)

(ii) Equation of the median (b)
(iii)Equation of altitude (c)
(iv)Equation of (d)
 STRAIGHT LINES 33

Solution

(i) Middle point of is and slope of is

(a) Equation of the perpendicular bisector of is

(ii) Middle point of is

Equation of the meddle through A is

(iii)Slope of (from (a))

Equation of the altitude through C is

(iv)Equation of BC is

Example 12 If represent there straight lines whose slopes are the roots of the

equation then

(i) Algebraic sum of the intercepts (a) made by the lines on x-axis.

(ii) Algebraic sum of the intercepts (b) 3/2 made by the lines on y-axis
(iii) Sum of the distance of the lines (c) from the origin.

(iv) Sum of the length of the (d) intercepted between the

coordinate axes.
Solution

Solving the equation we get

Equation of the given lines can be written as

 STRAIGHT LINES 34

(i) Algebraic sum of the intercepts made by the lines on x-axis

(ii) Algebraic sum the intercept made by the line on y-axis

(iii) Let denote the perpendicular distance of the line from the origin

Then

(iv) lengths of the line intercept between the coordinates axes.

 STRAIGHT LINES 35

EXERCISE – I

CBSE PROBLEMS

1. Find the slope of the lines :

(a) Passing through the points and
(b) Making inclination of 60° with the positive direction of x-axis.

2. If the angle between two lines is and slope of one of the lines is find the slope of the other
line.
3. Line through the points and is perpendicular to the line through the points
and Find the value of

4. Find a point on the x-axis, which is equidistant from the points and

5. Without using the Pythagoras theorem, show that the points and are the
vertices of a right angled triangle.
6. Without using distance formula, show that points and are the
vertices of a parallelogram.

7. The slope of a line is double of the slope of another line. If tangent of the angle between them is
find the slope of the lines.
8. A line passes through and If slope of the line is show that

9. If three points and lie on a line, show that

10. Consider the following population

Population in Cross

and year graph, find the slope of

the line and using it, find what
will be the population in the year
2010?
102

B
97
1995, 97 
92 A
1985, 92 
87

O 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Years
 STRAIGHT LINES 36

Find the equation of the line which satisfy the given conditions :

11. Passing through the point with slope

12. Passing through and inclined with the x-axis at an angle of 75°.

13. Intersecting the y-axis at a distance of 2 units above the origin and making an angle of 30° with
positive direction of the x-axis.
14. Passing through the points and
15. Perpendicular distance from the origin is 5 units and the angle made by the perpendicular with the
positive x-axis is 30°.
16. The vertices of are and Find equation of the median through
the vertex
17. Find the equation of the line passing through and perpendicular to the line through the
points and
18. Find the equation of a line that cuts off equal intercepts on the coordinate axes and passes through
the point

19. Find equation of the line through the point making an angle with the positive x-axis.
Also, find the equation of line parallel to it and crossing the y-axis at a distance of 2 units below the
origin.
20. The perpendicular from the origin to a line meets it at the point find the equation of the
line.
21. The length (in centimeter) of a copper rod is a linear function of its Celsius temperature In an
experiment, if when and when express in terms of

22. The owner of a milk store finds that, he cal sell 980 litres of milk each week at Rs 14/litre and 1220
litres of milk each week at Rs 16/litre. Assuming a linear relationship between selling price and
demand, how many litres could he sell weekly at Rs 17/litre?
23. is the mid-point of a line segment between axes. Show that equation of the line is

24. Point divides a line segment between the axes in the ratio 1 : 2. Find equation of the line.

25. By using the concept of equation of a line, prove that the three points and
are collinear.
 STRAIGHT LINES 37

26. Find the angle between the lines and

27. Reduce the following equations into intercept form and find their intercepts on the axes.
(i) (ii) (iii)
28. Find the distance of the point from the line
29. Find the distance between parallel lines
(i) and (ii) and
30. Find angles between the lines and
31. Two lines passing through the point intersects each other at an angle of 60°. If slope of one
line is 2, find equation of the other line.
32. Find the equation of the right bisector of the line segment joining the points and

33. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular from the point to the line
34. The perpendicular from the origin to the line meets it at the point Find the
values of and
35. If and are the lengths of perpendiculars from the origin to the lines
and respectively, prove that
36. In the triangle with vertices and find the equation and length of
altitude from the vertex
37. If is the length of perpendicular from the origin to the line whose intercepts on the axes are
and then show that

38. Find the distance of the line from the point measured along the line making an
angle of 135° with the positive x-axis.
39. Assuming that straight lines work as the plane mirror for a point, find the image of the point
in the line
40. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines and is

41. A line is such that its segment between the lines and is bisected at the
point Obtain its equation.

42. Find the values of for which the line is

(a) Parallel to the x-axis, (b) Parallel to the y-axis, (c) Passing through the origin
 STRAIGHT LINES 38

43. Find the values of and if the equation is the normal form of the line

44. Find the equations of the lines, which cut-off intercepts on the axes whose sum and product are 1
and respective.

45. What are the points on the y-axis whose distance from the line is 4 units.

46. Find perpendicular distance from the origin of the joining the points and

47. Find the equation of the line parallel to y-axis and drawn through the point of intersection of the
lines and

48. Find the equation of a line drawn perpendicular to the line through the point, where it
meets the y-axis.
49. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines and
50. Find the value of so that the three lines and may
intersect at one point.
51. If three lines whose equations are and are concurrent, then
show that

52. Find the equation of the lines through the point which make an angle of 45° with the line

53. Find the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
and that has equal intercepts on the axes.
54. Show that the equation of the line passing through the origin and making an angle with the line
is

55. In what ratio, the line joining and is divided by the line

56. Find the distance of the line from the point along the line

57. Find the direction in which a straight line must be drawn through the point so that its point
of intersection with the line may be a distance of 3 units from this point.
58. The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle has its ends at the point and Find the
equation of the legs (perpendicular sides) of the triangle which are parallel to co-ordinate axes.
59. Find the image of the point with respect to the line assuming the line to be a plane
mirror.
 STRAIGHT LINES 39

60. If the lines and are equally inclined to the line find the value
of
61. If sum of the perpendicular distances of a variable point from the line and
is always 10. Show that must move on a line.
62. Find equation of the line which is equidistant from parallel lines and

63. A ray of light passing through the point reflect on the x-axis at point and the reflected ray
passes through the point Find the coordinates of
64. A person standing at the junction (crossing) of two straight paths represented by the equations
and wants to reach the path whose equation is in the
least time. Find equation of the path that he should follow.
 STRAIGHT LINES 40

EXERCISE – II

AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. A line passing through is perpendicular to the line Its y intercept is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2. If the points are collinear, then

(a) 11 (b) (c) 1 (d)

3. The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines and
is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

4. If the line is parallel to x-axis, the value of is

(a) (b) (c) – 3 (d) 3

5. The equation of the Straight line which is perpendicular to and passes through will be
given by
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6. The nearest point on the line from the origin is
(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. If the lines and are perpendicular, then

(a) (b) (c) (d)
8. The angle between the lines is
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90°

9. The line for different values of a and b passes through the point

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10. The equation to the pair of straight lines through the origin and perpendicular to
is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
 STRAIGHT LINES 41

11. and are the points on the line joining such that Then
the mid - point of is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

12. If represents a pair of straight lines, then the value, of is

(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
13. The locus of a point at which the line segment joining the given points and subtends
a right angle is
(a) Straight line (b) ellipse (c) parabola (d) circle
14. Given the system of straight lines the line of the system situated
farthest from the point has the equation
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

15. The parametric equation of a line is given by and . Then, for the line

(a) Intercept on the x-axis (b) Intercept on the y-axis

(c) Slope of the line (d) Slope of the line

16. The equation of the lines joining the origin to the points of trisection of the portion of the line
intercepted between the axes are

(a) (b)

(c) (d) None of these

17. The area of a triangle is 5 and two of its vertices are and The third vertex which
lies on the line is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

18. The co-ordinates of foot of the perpendicular from the point on the line are

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 STRAIGHT LINES 42

19. The line has intercepts and on the co-ordinate axes. When keeping the origin fixed, the
co-ordinate axes are rotated through a fixed angle, then the same line has intercepts and on the
rotated axes, then

(a) (b) (c) (c)

20. The area of the triangle with vertices of the point is

(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) None of these
21. The equation: represents a pair of straight lines. Then
(a) necessarily (b) necessarily
(c) may be any real number (d) None of these
22. The area of the quadrilateral whose sides are given by is
(a) 1 sq. unit (b) 2 sq. unit (c) 4 sq. units (d) None of these
23. The equation of bisector of that angle between the lines which
contains the points is

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d) None of these
24. A point moves so that sum of squares of its distance from the four sides of a square is constant. This
point always lie on a
(a) Straight line (b) Circle (c) Ellipse (d) Parabola
25. Three lines are concurrent if
(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
 STRAIGHT LINES 43

EXERCISE – III

IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. The straight lines and form a triangle, which is

(a) Isosceles (b) Equilateral (c) Right – angled (d) None of these
2. If the sum of the distance of a point from two perpendicular lines in a plane is 1, then its locus is
(a) Square (b) Circle
(c) Straight line (d) Two intersecting lines

3. If is any line through the intersection of lines and then

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these

4. If as well as are in G.P. with the same common ratio, then the points

(a) lie on a straight line (b) lie on an ellipse

(c) lie on a circle (d) are vertices of a triangle
5. The equation of the diagonal through the origin of the quadrilateral formed by the lines
and is
(a) (b) (c) (d)

6. A ray of light coming from the point is reflected at a point A on the x-axis and then passes
through the point The co-ordinates of the point A is

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these

7. The locus of the mid-point of the portion intercepted between the axes by the line
where p is a constant is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

8. In a square through ABCD the diagonals AC and BD intersect at the point If the point A is
the diagonal BD has the equation
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9. The equation to pair of opposite sides of a parallelogram are and
The equations to its diagonals are
(a) and (b) and
 STRAIGHT LINES 44

(c) and (d) and

10. If the points and are collinear, then the number of values of

is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Infinite

11. If be any point on a then the range of values of t for which the point P lies

between the parallel lines and is

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these

12. If where a, b, c are of the same sign, be a line such that the area enclosed by the line
and the axes of reference is then

(a) b, a, c are in G.P. (b) 2b, 2a, c are in G.P.

(c) are in A.P. (d) are in G.P.

13. If be a variable point on the line lying between the lines and
then

(a) (b) (c) (d)

14. The point undergoes the following three transformations successively

I. Reflection about the line
II. Translation through a distance 2 units along the positive direction of x-axis

III. Rotation through an angle about the origin in the, anticlockwise direction. The final position
of the point is given by the co-ordinates

(a) (b) (c) (d)

15. The line is rotated through an angle in the clockwise direction about the point

The equation of the line in its new position is

(a) (b) (c) (d)
16. and are three points such that the angle is a right angle and the
area of the triangle is 7 square units. Then the number of such appoints is
 STRAIGHT LINES 45

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

17. Let be the median of the triangle with vertices and The equation
of the line passing trough and parallel to is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18. The locus of the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines
where
(a) A hyperbola (b) A parabola (c) An ellipse (d) A straight line
19. The equation of the bases of an equilateral triangle is and one vertex is Then
the length of the side of the triangle is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

20. The equation of the line through the point of intersection of the lines
and whose distance from the origin is is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21. The equation of the line through such that its segment intercepted by the lines

and is of length is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

22. The orthocenter, Circumcentre, centroid and incentre of the triangle formed by the lines
and lie on
(a) Straight line (b) (c) (d) None of these
23. If be the origin and if and are two points, the is
equal to
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
24. Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines and equals.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

25. A square is inscribed in the circle . Its sides are parallel to the coordinate
axes. Then one vertex of the square is
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
 STRAIGHT LINES 46

EXERCISE – IV

MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. If the lines and are concurrent if a is equal to

(a) (b) (c) (d) Any real number
2. All points lying inside the triangle formed by the points and satisfy
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3. Let be the line If the axes are rotated by 45° without transforming the origin, then the
intercepts made by the line on the new axes are respectively

(a) 1 and (b) and (c) and 1 (d) and

4. Equations(s) of the straight lines(s), inclined at 30° to the axis of x such that the length of its
(each of their) line segment(s) between the co-ordinate axes is 10 units, is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
5. and are two points. If is a point such that the angle is 60° and the
area of the triangle APB is maximum, then which of the following is (are) true?
(a) lies on the straight line
(b) lies on any line perpendicular to
(c) lies on the right bisector
(d) lies on the circle passing through the points and and having a radius of 10 units
6. In a triangle and the co-ordinates of and are and respectively.
The co-ordinates of can be
(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. The family of straight lines will represent

(a) y-axis if
(b) x-axis if
(c) concurrent lines passing through fixed point
(d) parallel lines if is fixed,
8. If the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are rational numbers, then which of them of the
following points of the triangle will always have rational coordinates?
(a) Centroid (b) Incentre (c) Circumcentre (d) Orthocenter
9. If each of the vertices of a triangle has integral coordinates, then the triangle may be
(a) Right angled (b) Equilateral (c) Isosceles (d) Scalene
 STRAIGHT LINES 47

10. A line passing the origin and making an angle with the line has the equation

(a) (b) (c) (d)

11. The equation represents
(a) Three real straight lines
(b) Lines in which two of them are perpendicular to each other.
(c) Lines in which two of them are coincident.
(d) Lines are making an angle 60° with one another.
12. If and are the roots of the equation If ( denotes greatest
integer ) then the maximum value of the area of the triangle made by the line
and co-ordinate axes must be

(a) (b) (c) less than 1 (d) greater than 1

13. If are the vertices of a triangle, then the equation

represents

(a) The median through (b) The altitude through

(c) The perpendicular bisector (d) The line joining the Centroid with a vertex
14. are the points and A points P moves so that the area of triangle POA
is equal to the area of triangle POB. Then P may lie on
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15. If the slope of one of the lines represented by is square of the order, then
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 STRAIGHT LINES 48

EXERCISE – V

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

Note : Each statement in Column – I has only one match in Column – II.

1. A line cuts x-axis at and y-axis at such that Match the following loci :

Column – I Column – II
I. Circumcentre of triangle
A.

II. Orthocentre of triangle

B.

III. Incentre of the triangle C.

IV. Centroid of the triangle D.

2.

Column – I Column – II
I. If the line form a right angled isosceles triangle A. 5
with two mutually perpendicular lines passing though
origin, then area of the triangle is
II. If the lines joining origin to the intersection of line B. 2
and the curve are at right angles,
them is
III. If one of the lines in coincide with one C. 7
of those given by and the other lines
represented by them be perpendicular, then
IV. If pair of lines and D. 4
be such that each pair bisects the angles between the other
pair then
E. 8
 STRAIGHT LINES 49

3. Consider the lines given by

Column – I Column – II
I. are concurrent if A.
II. One of is parallel to at least one of the other two, if B.

III. form a triangle, if C.

IV. do not form a triangle, if D.

 STRAIGHT LINES 50

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

Direction : Read the following questions and choose :

(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not correct explanation of the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

1. Assertion : Centroid and incentre of a triangle always lie inside the triangle.
Reason : Lines which divides the two different internal angle of triangle, will meet inside the
triangle.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
2. Assertion : are concurrent.

Reason : represents family of lines passing through point of intersection of and

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
3. Assertion : Each point on the line is equidistant from the lines

Reason : The locus of a point which is equidistant from two given lines is the angular bisector of
the two lines.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
4. Assertion : A homogeneous equation in and of degree represents family of lines
(not more than ), all intersecting at origin.

Reason : Substituting give a polynomial in m of degree n, which can have maximum n real

roots of the form

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
5. Assertion : Two mutually perpendicular lines intersect with co-ordinate axes, then the angle which
one makes with positive x-axis anticlockwise is equal to angle that other one makes with positive
y-axis anticlockwise.
Reason : All quadrilaterals that can be formed by points of intersection of pair of lines with
co-ordinate axes are concyclic.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
 STRAIGHT LINES 51

PASSAGE BASED PROBLEMS

A. The equations of adjacent sides of a parallelogram are and If the

equation of one of its diagonal is then answer the following questions.

1. Equation of the other diagonal must be

(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2. Area of the parallelogram must be
(a) 45 (b) (c) (d) None of these
3. Equation of the side of the parallelogram opposite to the given side must be
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these

B. The vertex C of a right angled isosceles triangle is and the equation of hypotenuse
is Answer the following questions.

1. The equations of sides and must be

(a) (b)
(c) (d) None of these
2. The area of the triangle must be
(a) 1 square units (b) 2
(c) square units (d) 4 square units
3. The in radius of the triangle must be

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 STRAIGHT LINES 52

EXERCISE – VI

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1. The points and are two opposite vertices of a rectangle. The other two vertices lie on
the line Find and the remaining vertices.
2. The area of the triangle formed by the intersection of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through
with the lines and is Find the locus of the points P.
3. Derive the conditions to be imposed on so that should lie on or inside the triangle having
sides and
4. The equation to the base of an equilateral triangle ABC is . The vertex is Find
the equation of the other two sides and also the length of a side of the triangle.
5. A rectangle has its side parallel to the line and vertices and on the
lines and respectively. Find the locus of the vertex
6. For points and of the coordinate plane, a new distance is
defined by Let and Prove that the set of points
in the first quadrant which are equidistant (with respect to the new distance) from and consists
of the union of a line segment of finite length and an infinite ray. Sketch this set in a labeled
diagram.
7. A ray of light is sent along the line Upon reaching the line the ray is
reflected from it. Find the equation of the line containing the reflected ray.
8. The Circumcentre of a triangle with vertices and lies at
the origin where Show that its orthocenter lies on the line

9. Prove that the diagonal of a parallelogram whose sides are where

and which passes through the points of intersection of the lines

and is given by

10. A line cuts the sides and of a triangle at respectively. Show that

11. Show that the equation represents 3

straight lines forming an equilateral triangle. Prove also that its area
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ANSWER TO CLASSROOM PRACTICE PAPER

1. 13 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 10

8. (i) (ii)

10. 11.
12. 13.
14. 15.

16. 17.

18.
19. (i) and (ii) and
21. (i) (ii)
22. No value of
23. 90°

24. 25. 60°

26. 0
27. (i) (ii)
28. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(v)

29. 30.

32. 33.

34. 35.
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36. 37.

38. (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i)

39. (i) (ii)

40. 41.

42. 43.
44.
45.

46. 47.

48. 49. 2

50. 51.

53. (i) ; (ii)

54.
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ANSWERS

EXERCISE – I

CBSE PROBLEMS

1. (a) 0 (b)

2. or 3.

4.

7. 10.

11. 12.

13. 14.

15. 16.
17. 18.
19. 20.

21. 22.

24. 26. 30°, 150°

27. (i) (ii) (iii)

28. 5 units

29. (i) units (ii) unit

30. 30°, 150°

31.

32. 33.

34. 36.
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38. 39.

41.
42. (a) (b) (c) 6 or 1

43. 44.

45. 46.

47. 48.

49. sq. unit 50. 5

52. 53.

55. 1:2 56.

57. parallel to x-axis 59.

60. 62.

63. 64.
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EXERCISE – II

AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)

11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d)

16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a)

21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c)

EXERCISE – III

IIT-JEE SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a)

16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a)

21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (d)

EXERCISE – IV

MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a, c) 2. (a, c) 3. (b, d) 4. (a, b, c, d) 5. (a, c)

6. (b, d) 7. (b, c, d) 8. (a, c, d) 9. (a, c, d) 10. (c, d)

11. (a, b, c) 12. (b, c) 13. (a, d) 14. (a, c) 15. (b, d)
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EXERCISE – V

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1.
2.
3.

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)

PASSAGE BASED PROBLEMS

A.

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c)

B.

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b)

EXERCISE – VI

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1.
2.
3.

4. equation : side

5.
7.