TITLE: A RIGID PAVEMENT ROAD LINKING SCHOOL FARM AND

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT: BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

PRESENTER: NOAH OMULAMA

COURSE: CERTIFICATE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

CENTER NAME: THE KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

CENTER CODE: 503111

INDEX: 5031110174

COURSE CODE: 1309/305

SUPERVISOR: MR. EVANS OTIENO

INSTITUTION: THE KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

EXAM SERIES: NOVEMBER 2024

PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AN AWARD OF

CERTIFICATE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project has been drafted to the best of my own personal capability,
creativity, knowledge and nobody has presented it to the National Examination Body for
award
of Certificate.
This project is to be submitted to The Kenya National Examination Council for the award of
certificate in road construction.
Presented by:
NOAH OMULAMA
Sign: …………….
Date: .................
SUPERVISOR: MR. EVANS OTIENO
Sign: ...................
Date: ...................

I
ABSTRACT
Road infrastructure is arguably the most critical of all public assets when it comes to
facilitating
economic growth. A good road network is critical for any nation to grow by opening up more
areas for stimulated economic growth. In this investigation locally available red soil was
blended
with quarry waste fines in different proportions to create a sustainable improved subgrade
material. The objectives of this study were to estimate the expected reduction in pavement
construction compared to using gravel. The research adopted an experimental research
design.
From the finding, quarry waste improved the geotechnical properties of red soil and the blend
material was suitable for subgrade construction. The blend was also cheaper than using
alternative such as gravel. The study recommends the use of quarry waste in civil engineering
works because of its suitable properties.

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I send my sincere thanks and gratefulness to the almighty God for giving me strength and
wisdom to achieve in writing this project. My vote of thanks also goes to my parents and
siblings for their never-ending support they gave me; either financially, emotionally and also
for the
prayers they showed to make everything achieved. I also appreciate my supervisor for his
support and guidance in ensuring that the project has been well organized and compiled.
May the Almighty Lord bless them abundantly?

III
Table of Contents
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................iii
ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................................vi
DEFINITION OF TERMS.........................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................2
2.0 SURVEYING..................................................................................................................................2
2.1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................2
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEYING.........................................................................................................2
2.3 LEVELLING TEAM.........................................................................................................................2
2.4 PRELIMINARY SURVEY.................................................................................................................2
2.5 CHAIN SURVEY.............................................................................................................................2
2.6 LEVELLING....................................................................................................................................3
2.6.0 EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS USED IN LEVELING......................................................................3
2.6.1 STATINARIES.........................................................................................................................3
2.6.2 RISE AND FALL METHOD.......................................................................................................3
2.6.3 SAFETY..................................................................................................................................5
2.7 TRANSFER BENCHMARK..............................................................................................................6
2.8 CONTOURING..............................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................................8
3.0 SITE INVESTIGATION....................................................................................................................8
3.1 OBJECTIVE OF SITE INVESTIGATION.............................................................................................8
3.2 SOIL SAMPING.............................................................................................................................8
3.3 LABORATORY TOOLS....................................................................................................................8
3.3.1 PROCTOR TEST......................................................................................................................8
PROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................................9
3.3.2 ATTERBERG LIMIT.................................................................................................................9
PROCEDURE.....................................................................................................................................10
3.3.3 C B R TEST...........................................................................................................................10
PROCEDURE.....................................................................................................................................11
3.3.4 GRADING.............................................................................................................................11
PROCEDERE.....................................................................................................................................11
3.3.5 SHRINKAGE LIMIT...............................................................................................................12
3.3.6 SIEVE ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................12

IV
 PROCEDURE.....................................................................................................................................12
3.3.7 FIELD DRY DENSITY.............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................14
4.0 ROAD DESIGN............................................................................................................................14
4.4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................14
4.4.2 HORIZONTAL ALLIGNMENT.................................................................................................14
4.4.3 SITE DISTANCE....................................................................................................................15
4.1.3 OVERTAKING SITE DISTANCE..............................................................................................15
4.1.4 POSSING SITE DISTANCE.....................................................................................................15
4.1.5 SUPER ELEVATION..............................................................................................................15
4.1.6 GRADIENT...........................................................................................................................15
4.1.7 CURVES...............................................................................................................................15
4.1.8 KERBS..................................................................................................................................15
4.2 PAVEMENT DESIGN....................................................................................................................15
4.2.1 Material selection for sub base...........................................................................................16
4.2.2 Materials used for road base..............................................................................................16
4.2.3Materials for surfacing.........................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................................18
5.1 DAINAGE....................................................................................................................................18
5.2 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................18
5.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE..................................................................................................................18
5.4 SURFACE RUNOFF......................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER SIX........................................................................................................................................19
6.0 SITE ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT.................................................................................19
6.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................19
6.2 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................20

V
ABBREVIATIONS.
BS British Standard
B.S Back sight
I.S Intermediate sight
F.S Fore sight
B.M Benchmark
R.L Reduced level
C.P Change point

VI
DEFINITION OF TERMS.
Surveying This is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or
below the earth surface by means of direct measurement of distance and
elevation.
Leveling It is an art of determining relative heights of different points on, above or below
the surface of the earth.
Chain Survey Method of Surveying in which linear measurements are made and No angular
measurements are taken.
Setting out It is the process of acquiring information from the plan and transferring them to
the ground for execution of work.

VII
CHAPTER ONE
Background Information
The objective of this research was to develop recommendation for the effective use of time
related I/D provision in road construction within KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC and
also, kitale at large

1
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 SURVEYING
2.1. INTRODUCTION
This is the science of determining the relative position of objects or points on the earth
surface.
This points maybe any physical thing; a highway, culvert, ditch, drain inlet or property
corner, distance and directions
determine the horizontal position of these points.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEYING

To develop method through the knowledge of modern science and technology and use them
in
the field. To solve measurement problem in an optimal way. Also to determine the relative
position of any object on the earth surface before any project is executed.

2.3 LEVELLING TEAM.

The team consist of six members. They are ready to comply with the work done

2.4 PRELIMINARY SURVEY

Collection of field data for use in design or construction so that accurate project, plans,
specification and
estimation can be prepared.

2.5 CHAIN SURVEY.

This is a branch of survey established by linear measurement. Chain survey was carried out to
obtain information such as the actual size the proposed site.
The following procedures were taken;
 Reconnaissance
 Selection of survey stations
 Selection of the base line
 Actual survey
 Booking
 Plotting

2.6 LEVELLING
This is a branch of survey which its objectives is to establish the height of specified points
relative to a

2
datum
2.6.0 EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS USED IN LEVELING
This include;
 Dumping machine
 Pegs
 Tripod stand
 Tape measure
 Staff
 Djembe
 Ranging rod
2.6.1 STATINARIES
These include;
 Note book
 Pen
 Calculator
2.6.2 RISE AND FALL METHOD
CHANAIGE BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARKS
2.219 2000 TBM
0 +20 2.255 0.036 1999.964 200
0+40 1.920 0.335 2000.299
0+60 1.718 0.202 2000.501
0+80 1.687 0.031 2000.532
0+100 1.506 0.181 2000.713
0+120 1.375 0.131 2000.844
0.358 1.268 0.107 2000.951 CP1
0+140 1.183 0.825 2000.126
0+160 1.979 0.796 1999.33
0+180 2.156 0.177 1999.153
0+200 2.323 0.167 1998.986
0+220 1.440 0.883 1999.869
0+240 2.073 0.633 1999.236
0+260 2.768 0.695 1998.541
0+280 4.042 1.294 1997.247
0.775 4.525 0.463 1996.784 CP2
0+300 1.313 0.536 1996.248

3
0+320 1.771 0.458 1995.79
1.565 2.103 0.132 1995.658 CP4
0+340 1.846 1995.361
0+360 1.613 0.233 1.136 1994.474
0+380 2.749 0.319 1994.155
0.841 3.068 0.732 1993.423
0+400 1.573 1993.612
0+420 1.384 0.189 1993.612
0+440 1.229 0.155 1993.767
0+460 0.997 0.232 1993.999
0+480 0.708 0.289 1994.288
2.059 0.348 0.36 1994.648 CP5
0+500 1.833 0.226 1994.874
0+520 1.708 0.125 1994.999
0+540 1.454 0.254 1995.253
2.826 0.123 1.331 1996.584 CP6
0+560 2.104 0.724 1997.308
0+580 1.564 0.536 1997.844
0+600 1.467 0.101 1997.945
0+620 1.347 0.12 1998.065
0+640 0.238 1.109 1999.051
0+660 0.202 0.036 1999.087
0+680 0.079 0.123 1999.21
TOTAL 10.645 11.435 8.013

∑BS- ∑FS = ∑Rise – ∑ Fall = Last R.L -First R.L

 ∑BS - ∑FS
= 10.645- 11.435= -0.79
 ∑Rise – ∑Fall

4
 = 8.013 – 8.03 = -0.79
 Last R.L – First R.L
= 1999.21-2000= -0.79

2.6.3 SAFETY
This is the proper use of personal equipment. Surveyors should be equipped with appropriate
gear including helmets, high visibility clothing, safety boots and eye protection depending on
the
specific condition of the survey site.

2.7 TRANSFER BENCHMARK

The heights are being recorded in a book then transferred for calculation of the height and
elevations.

5
2.8 CONTOURING
It was done using rise and fall method. I established reduced level at each point.
Equipment used include;
 Tripod stand
 Levelling rod
 Calculator
 Note book
 Levelling machine

CHAINAG BS FS IS RISE FALL RL

E
11.305 1010.000
A 11.620 0.315 1009.685
A1 11.540 0.08 1009.765
A2 11.378 1.62 1009.927
A3 11.390 0.012 1009.915
A4 10.980 0.41 1010.325
B 110.871 0.109 1010.434
B1 11.401 0.53 1009.904
B2 11.452 0.051 1009.853
B3 11.611 0.159 1009.694
B4 11.831 0.22 1009.474
C 12.045 0.214 1009.526
C1 11.777 0.268 1009.528
C2 11.584 0.193 1009.721
C3 11.489 0.095 1009.816
C4 11.026 0.463 1010.279
D 11.132 0.106 1010.173
D1 11.550 0.418 1009.755
D2D3 11.610 0.06 1009.695
D4 11.958 0.348 1009.347
12.246 0.288 1009.059
TOTAL 2.319 ∑3.238 ∑4.252 1008.986

∑RISE – ∑FALL = Last R.L – First R.L

6
  ∑Rise - ∑Fall
=3.238- 4.252=-1.014

 Last R.L –First R.L

= 1008.986 – 1010. 000

= - 1.014

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SITE INVESTIGATION
Investigated the site and dug three trial holes each 2meters deep and samples obtained in each
hole and labeled as A, B and C respectively. I took the sample for testing...

7
3.1 OBJECTIVE OF SITE INVESTIGATION
This includes;
 To determine the ground water condition of the surrounding
 To determine the soil properties like stability and bearing capacity for its stability
 To determine the nature of the soil at the site

3.2 SOIL SAMPING

The soil sample collected at the field was put in an oven for 24 hour before carrying out any
test
so as to remove the excess moisture content in the soil.

3.3 LABORATORY TOOLS

This tool includes;
 Moldandabase
 Rammer
 Straight edge
 Shovel
 Rifling box
 Weigh balance
 Penetrometer
 Shrinkage mound
 Glass plate
 Cylindrical mound
 Spacer disc
 Pouring cylinder
3.3.1 PROCTOR TEST
This is a laboratory method of experimentally determining optimum moisture content at
which a
given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. A rammer is
used
to compact soil together by applying 27 blows and 5 layers by use of 4.5kg rammer.

PROCEDURE
 Measure 2500g of soil sample and mix it with suitable amount of water thoroughly
 Weigh the mould and the base
 Put the soil sample into the mould and compact it 27blows with 5 layers
 Use a straight edge to make the compacted soil on the mould to become uniform and
flat
 Weigh the mould and the compacted soil

8
  Remove a sample of soil from the mould and put them in a moisture tin then weigh
The soil sample is put in an oven for 12 hours

3.3.2 ATTERBERG LIMIT

This test states that a fine-grained soil can exist in four states namely;
 Plastic limit
 Liquid limit
 Plasticity index
 Shrinkage limit

PROCEDURE
 Take the soil sample and sieve them using sieve 425ASTM to obtain a fine soil
particle
 Put the soil sample on a glass plate then add water as you mix using a palate knife to
obtain a paste

9
  Take a sample of the paste and put it into a shear cup then you drop a penetrometer
 pointer on the sample on the shear cup
 Record the reading and then repeat using point 16, 18, 20 and 22
 Take the sample at point 20 then put it into a shrinkage through then leave it for 12
hours in room temperature to obtain it reduced length



3.3.3 C B R TEST
This is used to measure the strength of the sub-grade. The test is carried out by penetrating a
molded soil specimen with cylindrical plunger at constant rate of 1mm per minute

PROCEDURE
 Sieve the collected sample using sieve 20 ASTM
 Take 6kg of the sieved sample and add water then mixed properly
 Spacer disc is placed over the base plate

10
  The mould is cleaned and oiled
 The sample is put into the mould and is compacted 56 blows with 5 layers
 The compacted sample is put into curing trough then the swell reading is recorded
 The sample is left for 4 day before the penetration test is carried out using a C B R
machine

3.3.4 GRADING
This is the process in which materials are classified into deferent sizes such as sizes flakiness
and their shape.

PROCEDERE
 Weigh the sample
 Put the sample into an oven to remove the present moisture content
 The materials are passed through a rifling box to equally distribute the samples.

11
3.3.5 SHRINKAGE LIMIT
Shrinkage limit is the smallest water content at which the soil is saturated.
3.3.6 SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis presents the relative portion of different sizes of particles. The aim of wet
sieving is to remove excess clay and silt because they often cause cracking in concrete works

PROCEDURE
 Measure 1000g of marrum dried at room temperature
 Add 1 liter of water rand 2g of sodium hexametaphosphate and leave to settle for 12
hours. Sodium hexametaphosphate serves to disintegrate clay that clods to the murram
particles
 Wash through sieve 2mm sieve to remove large particles that could puncture the sieve
before sieving through 75mic sieve

12
  Oven dry overnight
 Do dry sieving through all the sand.

3.3.7 FIELD DRY DENSITY

The field dry density test of soil is conducted in the field to know whether the specification of
compaction is achieved or not. The sand replacement method is used to conduct the test on
the field.
As compaction of the soil usually increases the shear strength of the soil, it also increases the
stability and the load bearing capacity of the foundation. FDD is carried out multiple times
during the earthwork phase of the construction.

13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 ROAD DESIGN
This involves the layout and features visible on the road, gradient, intersection and the
consideration of sight distance. Roadway and traffic engineers are trusted to ensure roadways
are designed to the highest standard and are safe for drivers.
4.4.1 INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of a road is to provide safe, convenient, effective and efficient movement
of persons and goods from one location to another location. Therefore, it is important that the
design of road be based to satisfy the behavior and the expectations of all road users. Road
users, whether they are drivers, cyclist or pedestrian, must receive inputs from the
environment within which they are operating, then analyses this information received, make
decisions and the respond accordingly
4.4.2 HORIZONTAL ALLIGNMENT
This is the direction of the center line of a road in a plain. The design of horizontal curvature
is the one of the most important features influencing safety and efficiency of 27.
Assuming the hourly count of 10% of the daily count the traffic of 1256 PCU falls under start
the design period of the pavement is chosen at 15 years the growth rate of 5% For calculation
of cumulative number of standard axles (T) the following formula is used T=365(1+i) n-1/L
Where the average daily number of standard axes in first year of opening normal growth rate
expressed as decimal
n=design period
T (365*1156(1+5/100) ^15-1/100
=17,543,658.12
=18million (cumulative number of standard axles)
The traffic class is T2
From the road design manual
The table below shows all the traffic categories to be carried out by the roads in Kenya.
Table1

CLASS CUMULATIVE NO. OF STANDARD AXELE

T1 25-60million

T2 10-25million

T3 3-10million

14
 T4 1-3million

T5 0-25million

4.4.3 SITE DISTANCE

This is the length of roadway that the driver of the passing vehicle must be able to see
initially, in order to make maneuver safety.
4.1.3 OVERTAKING SITE DISTANCE
Is measured along the center line of the road over which a driver with his eyes level 1.2 m
above the road surface can see the top of an object1.2m above the road surface.
4.1.4 POSSING SITE DISTANCE
Is the minimum sight distance that is required on a highway, generally a two –lane, two –
directional one, that will allow a driver to pass another vehicle without colliding with a
vehicle on the opposing lane. This distance also allows the driver to abort the passing
maneuver if desired.
4.1.5 SUPER ELEVATION
Is the rotation of the pavement on the approach to and through a horizontal curve. Is also
intended to assist the driver by counteracting the lateral accelerating produced by tracking the
curve...
4.1.6 GRADIENT
Gradient is the rate of rising or falls along the length of the with respect to the horizontal
Alignment A road gradient is also a longitudinal slope provided to the formation level of a
road along its alignment.
4.1.7 CURVES
Road curves are irregular bends in roads to bring a gradual change of direction.
Similar curves are on railways and canals. Curves provided in the horizontal plane are known
as horizontal curves and generally circular or parabolic.
4.1.8 KERBS
Road kerbs are raised edges or barriers positioned at the sides of roadways. These separates
the road surface from adjacent areas like sidewalks or medians.

4.2 PAVEMENT DESIGN

Pavement selection and choosing the most economical pavement type
The improved subgrade will have a CBR (15-30%) and hence the alignment of the soil will
have coral gravel soil, supported from the manual that stabilization require strongest
materials.

15
Type 13 of the pavement structure is found to be more economical since the sub-base can be
constructed by the use of coral gravel soil other than the graded crushed stones for the case of
type 1, 2 and 14. Therefore type 13 was found to be the most ideal as the material would be
easily available.
The type of structure consists of the following
 Surfacing 50mm asphalt concrete
Road base 150mm concrete
Sub base 150mm cement or lime improved material
 50mm surfacing
 150mm road base
 150mm sub base
The pavement material cross section showing all details on drawing no dc998/005/2022
4.2.1 Material selection for sub base
Sub base material will be coral stones mixed with natural sand. This material will pass
425mm sieve to have slight plasticity
4.2.2 Materials used for road base
Lean concrete material is used. This material is good for heavy traffic roads.it has a
maximum nominal size of 40mm and its cube strength ranges from 10-20mn/m at 20days.
The compaction is done by pneumatic tyred and sheep foot roller and correct layers of
materials are achieved.
4.2.3Materials for surfacing
Asphalt concrete material is used for road surfacing. This material contains 30% course
aggregate in the mix coated chipping rolled into surface after it has spread.
Rolling must be done when asphalt is still hot to enable the chippings to adhere to the asphalt
chippings provided the skidding resistance to vehicle when the road is in use proper
compaction in layers must be carried out.

16
17
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 DAINAGE
This is the interception of ground and surface water by means of artificial or natural ways.

5.2 INTRODUCTION
A ditch is dug to collect and drain surface water from the rain

5.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE

Proper maintenance and repair of existing drainage systems to improve water from the rain to
be
directed to the correct place.

5.4 SURFACE RUNOFF

This is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface in contrast to channel runoff. It
occurs when excess rain water, storm water or other sources can no longer, sufficiently,
rapidly
infiltrate in the soil.

18
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SITE ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT
This is a construction layout planning [site planning] is a plan for the construction which is
prepared by the contractor as by their project.

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Management is the process of planning, coordinating and providing, monitoring and
controlling
of construction project. Construction management have five stages where project
management has five phases. The stages are
 Procumbent
 Building

6.2 OBJECTIVES
To deliver high quality construction project in the allocated time and budgets while meeting
safety standards and the owner’s expectations.

19
REFERENCES
 Survey and leveling
 Road design manual
 Soil mechanics
 Site administration

20