Title of paper- Introduction to Forensic Science

Police organization under Central Introduction to Forensic Prof. Devasish Bose

Government part 2nd Science

Introduction to Forensic Science

Prof. Devasish Bose
Department of Criminology and Forensic Science
Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar MP, India.

Check List

Modules FAQS LOR Objectives Summary Quiz Assignments Reference Glossary Links
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Full academic script (around 3000 words)

Module 1: Introduction of police in India.

Module 2: Structure of police in central government.
Module 3: Limitations of police.
Module 4: Explanation of different gazette officer ranks of central police.
Module 5: Conclusion.

EXPERT: : Prof. Devasish Bose, Professor and Head of the Department of Criminology and
Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Viswavidyalaya, Sagar MP.
Assisted by: Mr. Pronit Biswas, Ph.D. Research Scholar, UGC-JRF, Department of Criminology
and Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, (M.P.).

Module 1: Introduction of police in India

The term police have been derived from the Latin word ‘politia’ which means the condition of a
State. According to Oxford dictionary, the term police means a system of regulation for the
preservation of order and enforcement of law; the internal government of State. This term
indicate the purposeful maintaining of public order, protection of property, protection of property
from the hazardous activity and commission of lawful acts to serve peace in people and nation. It
is very difficult task to maintain law and order as India is multi-cultural, multi-ethic and second
most populated country in the world. Role of police becoming more important due to growing
violence, social conflicts and serious threats of terrorist activities. If we going back to our past
exact reference of criminal justice organization are not available but in Mauryan period (324 BC-
183BC) express important features of criminal justice system. Arthasastra of kautilya which was
written around 310 BC enlighten about state of the society and the administration, system of
administrating justice and also the state of crime. During Ashoka’s reign (304BC-232BC), the
criminal justice system was tempered and moderated by the Buddhist philosophy, piety and non-
violence. During Gupta period, Dandika were the highest ranked police officers Megasthenes
and Fahien wrote a detailed account of the administration: Dandika were the highest ranked
police officers, Rabasika or Rahasaga was incharge of the secret and confidential service and
Chauro, Dhanmika and Dandaparika were other police officers under Dandikas, Nagar
Shreshthi was responsible for peace and security of the city this criminal justice system were
continued for five to six hundred years in During Gupta period. During medieval, Faujdar was
the head of criminal justice administration at the provincial level as a chief executive. Kotwal
was the administrative owner of criminal justice system of the district and also serve as
magistrate, head of the police and Municipal office. Choukidar was responsible for the
prevention and detection of crimes at the village level. During Mughal era government was
autocratic and military in nature. The British came to India as a trader in 1612 (leading organizer
was East India Company) and after 1792 abolished zamindari system of maintaining law and
appointed thanedars who were now made responsible for the maintenance of law and order. In
1843, Sir Charles Napier reorganized the native police system on the basis of a colonial model of
police, namely Royal Irish Constabulary, his system was based on two basic principles; first, the
police must be completely separated from the military, and second, they must act as an
independent body, assisting Collectors in discharging the responsibilities for law and order, but
under their officers. Napier model were the main principles of Police Commission of 1860
which designed the present police force of India. Police Commission was appointed in august
1860 with the aim of making police an efficient instrument for the prevention and detection of
crime. The commission was told to bear in mind that functions of a police are either protective
and repressive or detective and that the line which separates the protective and repressive
functions of a civil force from functions purely military, may not always be very clear. In the
same year Indian Police System was designed with primary objective to meet the exigencies of
trade and company profit, later on addition to the objectives of controlling the vast lands and
subjugating the people, there were imperialistic and racist considerations too for the British
rulers. The Indian Police Act (IPA) of 1861 imposed a uniform police system on the entire
country, this Act established organization of police forces, their responsibility of the various
provincial governments and implemented throughout the country.

Module 2: Structure of police in central government

Police has an important role to play in administration. It is entrusted with the duty of
maintenance of law and order. Law and order administration has acquired significance at the
Central, State, Range, District and Sub-District level in rural and urban areas with the growth of
population, industrialization, urbanization and Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) revolution. In all societies, particularly in developing societies, conflicts and tensions are
inevitable and manifest in different dimensions and forms. Freedom and independence are
meaning unless the basic issues of law and order are maintained. The powers and responsibilities
of the union and states are demarcated in the Constitution of India. Article 246 of the
Constitution distributes the legislative powers between the Parliament and the State Legislative
Assemblies.

At the central level police organise in various ways i.e. based on armed, based on nature of work,
based on Ministry. Student let’s start with organization that is based on the armed:

Police organization based on armed, classified in two categories;

1. Armed Police Organization

2. Unarmed Police Organization.

1. Armed Police Organization: Armed police again classified in following types;

1. Assam Rifles (AR)

2. Border Security Force (BSF)
3. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
4. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
5. Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
 6. National Security Guards (NSG)
7. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
8. Special Protection Group (SPG)

2. Unarmed Police Organization: Unarmed police again classified in following types;

1. Intelligence Bureau (IB)

2. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
3. Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
4. National Crime Record Bureau(NCRB)
5. Directorate of Coordination of Police Wireless (DCPW)
6. Narcotics Control Bureau(NCB)
7. National Police Academy (NPA)
8. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS)
9. Directorate of Forensic Sciences Services (DFSS)

Police organization based on nature of work, classified in three categories;

1. Law and Order and Security Forces.

2. Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Agencies.
3. Agencies for Communication, Training, Research and Scientific support.

1. Law and Order and Security Forces: This category of organization include following
subclasses;

1. Assam Rifles (AR)

2. Border Security Force (BSF)
3. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
4. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
5. Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
6. National Security Guards (NSG)
7. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
8. Special Protection Group (SPG)

2. Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Agencies: It is again following types;

 1. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
2. Intelligence Bureau (IB)
3. Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
4. Serious Frauds

3. Agencies for Communication, Training, Research and Scientific support: These classes of
police generally engaged in training, research and scientific support to the other police
organization. These include;

1. Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

2. National Crime Record Bureau(NCRB)
3. Directorate of Coordination of Police Wireless (DCPW)
4. National Police Academy (NPA)
5. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS)
6. Directorate of Forensic Sciences Services (DFSS)

Module 3: Limitations of police

There are number of limitation of police but it is the circumstances that create such limitations
few are given bellow;

1. In criminal investigation when police take suspect to the police station for interrogation
to reveal out truth from suspect relevant to the crime. In such situation suspect can blame
against police for using third degree even when this is not true, the image of the
policemen is such that people take it for granted that violence must have been used
against the suspects/accused persons at the police stations.
2. The operational procedure for collecting physical evidence from the suspect is lay down
by the court and studied in training school but rich, influential people with some political
and bureaucratic obligate against the searching to being testifying in court.
3. Many time politician in power pressurize the police not take any action against suspect as
the suspect might belong to that political party (the violators might help them in politics)
or family.
 4. The rule of law in a democratic society emphasizes the rights of individual citizens and
places constraints upon the initiative of legal officials.

5. When the suspect or accused is a woman then only women police take position arresting
the suspect or accused women.
6. Sometime male police afraid to investigate in such places where female have alone in the
house, as they can blame for harassment.

Module 4: Explanation of different gazette officer ranks of central police

An officer or public servant, who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State level or by
the President of India at the national level (and in the Union Territories), requires being listed in
the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a Gazetted Officer.
Gazette Officers are executive/managerial/supervisorial level ranked public servants in India.
Authority for a gazetted officer to issue an official stamp comes from the President of India or
the Governors of States. The Government of India or a Government of States in India classifies
public employees into Group A (Gazetted/Executive), B (Gazetted), B (Non-Gazetted), C and D.
Gazette officers of police include all the Indian Police Service (IPS) officers which are recruited
as Class A officers of the cadre and all State Police Services officers of and above the rank of
Inspector of Police (PI) and State Police forces respectively. The Indian Police Service (IPS)
uses insignia on its shoulder flashes which are similar to those used by the Indian Army. All are
arranged in a hierarchy order as following;

1. Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB)

2. Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police (CP or DGP)
3. Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police (JCP or IGP)
4. Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police (Addl. CP or
DIG)
5. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police (DCP or SSP)
6. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police (DCP or SP)
7. Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.
DCP or Addl. SP)
8. Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police (ACP or DSP)
1. Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB)

Director of Intelligence Bureau is the senior most officers in Intelligence Bureau and to being
this designation he/she must be the senior-most ranking IPS officer. Insignia of DIB having a
state emblem, a star and a cross soared.

2. Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police (CP or DGP)

Commissioner of police also known as Police Commissioner in India, Commissioner of Police

designation is held by different ranks in IPS officers at different places in metro cities like
Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai etc. held by DG rank and in metropolitan are like Kochi held from DIG
rank. Insignia of CP or DGP having a state emblem and a cross soared.

3. Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police (JCP or IGP)

In 1861 British government introduce the Indian Council of Act 1861, this Act create a new
cadre of police termed as superior Police Services. Later on it was known as Indian Imperial
Police, highest rank police in this services was Inspector General. Insignia of JCP or IGP having
a star and a cross soared.

4. Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police (Addl. CP or

DIG)

Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) is a one-star rank in the Indian police, just below
Inspector General of Police. It is a selective rank to which Indian Police Service officers who had
successfully served as Senior Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police were
promoted. There is no limit to the number of DIGs a state can have and most states have several
DIGs. Insignia of Addl. CP or DIG has a state emblem and 3 stars.

5. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police (DCP or SSP)

In India the superior of the police at district level is Senior Superintendent of Police or
Superintendent of Police. In metropolitan area commissionerate system is generally used and the
superior of district level police is called Deputy Commissioner of Police who is holding the rank
as SSP or SP. Senior Superintendent of Police or Superintendent of Police mostly entrusted with
power and responsibility to maintain law and order. Their rank badge is the State Emblem above
one star, although just before becoming DIG (in 14th year) and in big cities like Lucknow where
the post itself is SSP they wear the State Emblem above two stars.

6. Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.

DCP or Addl. SP)

An Addl. SP is usually in charge of a large urban area within a District, or is a Deputy

Commander of an Armed Police or Special Commando Battalion. Addl. SP can also be in charge
of a subject matter area under a District SP, such as Traffic, Intelligence, Operations or
Headquarters. In all appointments he reports to the District SP or to the Commandant of the
Battalion. Their rank badge is holding one State Emblem.

7. Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police (ACP or DSP)

During 1876 British government introduce Indianisation policy, the rank of Deputy
Superintendent of Police (DSP) or Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP). Deputy
Superintendents are state police officers who belong to the provincial police forces, either direct
entrants at that rank or promoted from inspector. Assistant Commissioner of Police, who are
members of the provincial forces, can be promoted to the IPS after limited years of service which
varies from 8 to 15 years depending on the state. Their rank badge holds 3 stars.

Module 5: Conclusion

Dear student coming to the end of this lecture that is conclusion, as you learn in introduction that
Indian policing system very old from the Mauryan period (324 BC-183BC). In Arthasastra of
kautilya which was written around 310BC enlighten about state of the society and the
administration, system of administrating justice and also the state of crime. During Gupta period,
Dandika were the highest ranked police officers, Megasthenes and Fahien wrote a detailed
account of the administration. Faujdar, Kotwal, Choukidar terms are very common in rural area
and you might be here in Indian classical movies which was coined during medieval time and in
Mughal era. Indian Police commission was established in 1860 and the Indian Police Act in 1861
which describe about the structure, duties and ethics of police in India. According to Indian
Constitutions organization of police is the state matter but at the central level, it needs more
coordination due to vast geographical area and interim security and peace. At the central level
Indian police broadly classified in two categories; armed police and unarmed police. Assam
Rifles (AR), Border Security Force (BSF), National Security Guards (NSG), Central Reserve
Police Force (CRPF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Directorate
of Forensic Sciences Services (DFSS), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) etc. all are central police
organization and working under the Ministry of Home Affair (MHA). Every organization has its
structure and designation of officers, but Director Intelligence Bureau (DIB) is the highest
Gazette Officer rank among police officers in the India. Superintendent of Police (SP) or Senior
Superintendent of Police (SSP) is the higher rank police officer at district level and mostly
entrusted with power and responsibility to maintain law and order. Although police has
administrative powers but they has numerous limitations too. Dear student police science is very
vast and much interesting stay there you can also learn two more lecture episodes related to
police science that will be give you more interesting knowledge.

II. LOR Questions

Q. 1. What do you mean by police?

Answer: The term police have been derived from the latin word ‘politia’ which means the
condition of a State According to Oxford dictionary, the term police means a system of
regulation for the preservation of order and enforcement of law; the internal government of
State.

Q. 2. Write two limitations of police.

Answer: Following are the limitations of police-
1. The rule of law in a democratic society emphasizes the rights of individual citizens
and places constraints upon the initiative of legal officials.
2. When the suspect or accused is a woman then only women police take position arresting
the suspect or accused women.

Q. 3. Write 5 higher gazette police officers designation.

Answer: 1. Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB)
2. Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police (CP or DGP)
3. Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police (JCP or IGP)
 4. Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police (Addl. CP
or DIG)
5. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police (DCP or SSP)

Q. 4. Who are gazetted officers in India?

Answer: An officer or public servant, who is appointed under the seal of the Governor at State
level or by the President of India at the national level (and in the Union Territories), requires
being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is considered to be a
Gazetted Officer.

Q. 5. Describe the statement of Indian Police Commission 1860 for function of police.
Answer: Police Commission was appointed in august 1860 with the aim of making police an
efficient instrument for the prevention and detection of crime. The commission was told to bear
in mind that functions of a police are either protective and repressive or detective and that the
line which separates the protective and repressive functions of a civil force from functions purely
military, may not always be very clear.

Q. 6. What are the Agencies for Communication, Training, Research and Scientific
support?
Answer: The agencies are following which support Communication, Training and Scientific
Research;
1. Answer: Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
2. National Crime Record Bureau(NCRB)
3. Directorate of Coordination of Police Wireless (DCPW)
4. National Police Academy (NPA)
5. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS)
6. Directorate of Forensic Sciences Services (DFSS)

Q. 7. How many Criminal Investigation & Intelligence Agencies are present in India?

Answer: There are following Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Agencies:

1. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
 2. Intelligence Bureau (IB)
3. Narcotics Control Bureau(NCB)
4. Serious Frauds

III. Objectives of this e-script:

The main objective of this lecture is to describe about Indian police history, organization in
central level. Although the policing system occur before British era but today’s policing system
is due to the British government and the initiation was taken from the police commission 1860.
Indian Police Act was established in 1861 and from then organizational set-up, functions etc. all
are go through the act. In Indian Constitution it is state that police is a state matter hence, state
organize the structure of policing system at the state level. Central government police
organization is also somewhat similar with state level but differ based on function, wearing of
arms etc.

IV. Summary
Dear students now we are move to discuss summary of this lecture is Police organization under
Central Government part 2nd. Policing system in India from the Mauryan period (324 BC-
183BC) express important features of criminal justice system from this time numerous era is
passed way and the policing system fluctuate in terms of best service. It was the British
government who made the possible today’s polishing system and it was initiated from the 1860
Police commission, after a year in 1861 Indian Police Act was established. Indian constitution
state that police system is state matter. Police designation organization at central level is
approximately similar to the state level but differ in function as they organized. Police function is
to serve law equality and maintaining of Pease in social but police has number of limitation
depends on circumstances. An officer or public servant, who is appointed under the seal of the
Governor at State level or by the President of India at the national level (and in the Union
Territories), requires being listed in the Indian Gazette or State Government Gazette and is
considered to be a Gazetted Officer. Mostly police officer above the rank of Deputy
Superintendent of police is a Gazetted Officer.

V. FAQs
Q. 1. What do you mean by police?

Answer: The term police have been derived from the Latin word ‘politia’ which means the
condition of a State. According to Oxford dictionary, the term police means a system of
regulation for the preservation of order and enforcement of law; the internal government of State.

Q. 2. Write down about police during Gupta period.

Answer: During Gupta period, Dandika were the highest ranked police officers Megasthenes
and Fahien wrote a detailed account of the administration: Dandika were the highest ranked
police officers, Rabasika or Rahasaga was in-charge of the secret and confidential service and
Chauro, Dhanmika and Dandaparika were other police officers under Dandikas, Nagar
Shreshthi was responsible for peace and security of the city this criminal justice system were
continued for five to six hundred years in During Gupta period

Q. 3. Classify police on the basis of wearing of arm.

Answer: Police organization based on armed, classified in two categories;

1. Armed Police Organization- Assam Rifles (AR), Border Security Force (BSF), Central
Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) etc.
2. Unarmed Police Organization- Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Bureau of
Investigation (CBI), Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D), National
Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) etc.

Q. 4. Describe in short -Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police (CP

or DGP).

Answer Commissioner of police also known as Police Commissioner in India, Commissioner of

Police designation is held by different ranks in IPS officers at different places in metro cities like
Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai etc. held by DG rank and in metropolitan are like Kochi held from DIG
rank. Insignia of CP or DGP having a state emblem and a cross soared.

Q. 5. Write down the names of agencies used for Communication, Training, Research and
Scientific upport of police.
Answer: There are following agencies for Communication, Training, Research and Scientific
support;

1. Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

2. National Crime Record Bureau(NCRB)
3. Directorate of Coordination of Police Wireless (DCPW)
4. National Police Academy (NPA)
5. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS)
6. Directorate of Forensic Sciences Services (DFSS)

Q.6. Write down 2 limitations of police.

Answer. These are 2 limitations of police
1. In criminal investigation when police take suspect to the police station for interrogation
to reveal out truth from suspect relevant to the crime. In such situation suspect can blame
against police for using third degree even when this is not true, the image of the
policemen is such that people take it for granted that violence must have been used
against the suspects/accused persons at the police stations.
2. The operational procedure for collecting physical evidence from the suspect is lay down
by the court and studied in training school but rich, influential people with some political
and bureaucratic obligate against the searching to being testifying in court.

Q.7. What is the hierarchy order of Indian Police Officers?

Ans. Following is the hierarchy order of Indian Police Officers-

1. Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB)

2. Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police (CP or DGP)
3. Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police (JCP or IGP)
4. Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police (Addl. CP or
DIG)
5. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police (DCP or SSP)
6. Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police (DCP or SP)
 7. Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.
DCP or Addl. SP)
8. Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police (ACP or DSP)

Q.8. Which are the armed police organizations of central police?

Answer: Following are the organizations which come in the armed police organization;
1. Assam Rifles (AR)
2. Border Security Force (BSF)
3. Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
4. Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
5. Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
6. National Security Guards (NSG)
7. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
8. Special Protection Group (SPG)

VI. QUIZ
Q. 1. BPR&D stands for;
a) Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D).
b) Bureau of Police Resource and Development (BPR&D).
c) Bureau of Public Research and Development (BPR&D).
d) Bureau of Police Research and Department (BPR&D).

Answer: a)

Q. 2. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science (NICFS) provides;

a) Training and research support.

b) Education.
c) Both a & b.
d) None of the above.

Answer: c).

Q. 3. Indian Police Act was established in;

 a) 1859
b) 1860
c) 1861
d) 1862

Answer: C)

Q.4. Police commission established in;

a) 1857
b) 1860
c) 1861
d) 1867

Answer: b)

Q. 5. Who is the highest rank officer in the central police organization?

a) Director General of Police (DGP).

b) Inspector General of Police (IG).
c) Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB).
d) Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP).

Answer: c)

VII. ASSINGMENTS

1. Shortly describe about the Indian police history.

2. What are the limitations of police?
3. Who is a Gazette officer?
4. Classify Central police organization based on Arms.
5. Classify central police based on work.
 VIII. References

1. Nehad Ashraf, (1992), Police and Policing in India, Common Wealth Publishers, New
Delhi.
2. Indian Police Act.
3. Police Organization in India, Commonwealth Human Rifgts Initiatie, New Delhi India.
4. S. K. Gosh, K. F. Rustamji. Encyclopedia of Police in India Vol I, Ashish Publishing
House, New Delhi.
5. S. K. Gosh, K. F. Rustamji. Encyclopedia of Police in India Vol II A, Ashish Publishing
House, New Delhi.
6. S. K. Gosh, K. F. Rustamji. Encyclopedia of Police in India Vol II B, Ashish Publishing
House, New Delhi.
7. S. K. Gosh, K. F. Rustamji. Encyclopedia of Police in India Vol III, Ashish Publishing
House, New Delhi.
IX. Glossary

1. DIB-Director of Intelligence Bureau.

2. CP or DGP-Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police.
3. JCP or IGP-Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police.
4. Addl. CP or DIG- Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of
Police.
5. DCPW-Directorate of Coordination of Police Wireless.
6. ACP or DSP-Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police.
7. CBI-Central Bureau of Investigation.
8. IB-Intelligence Bureau.
9. NCB-Narcotics Control Bureau.
10. SPG-Special Protection Group.
11. SSB-Sashastra Seema Bal.
12. NSG-National Security Guards.
13. ITBP-Indo-Tibetan Border Police.
14. CRPF-Central Reserve Police Force.
15. CISF-Central Industrial Security Force.
16. AR-Assam Rifles.
17. BSF-Border Security Force.
18. NPA-National Police Academy.
19. NICFS-National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science.
20. DFSS-Directorate of Forensic Sciences Services.
21. BPR&D-Bureau of Police Research and Development.
22. NCRB-National Crime Record Bureau.
23. Addl. DCP or Addl. SP-Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional
Superintendent of Police.
X. links
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_ranks_and_insignia_of_India.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Service.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Armed_Police_Forces.