Foreign relations of India

India, officially the Republic of India, has full diplomatic relations with 201 states, including Palestine, the
Holy See, and Niue.[note 1][1] The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the government agency
responsible for the conduct of foreign relations of India. With the world's third largest military
expenditure, second largest armed force, fifth largest economy by GDP nominal rates and third largest
economy in terms of purchasing power parity, India is a prominent regional power and a rising
superpower.[2][3]

According to the MEA, the main purposes of Indian diplomacy include protecting India's national interests,
promoting friendly relations with other states, and providing consular services to "foreigners and Indian
nationals abroad." [4] In recent decades, India has pursued an expansive foreign policy, including the
neighborhood-first policy embodied by SAARC as well as the Look East policy to forge more extensive
economic and strategic relationships with other East Asian countries. It has also maintained a policy of
strategic ambiguity, which involves its "no first use" nuclear policy and its neutral stance on the Russo-
Ukrainian War.

India is a member of several intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations, the Asian
Development Bank, BRICS, and the G-20, which is widely considered the main economic locus of
emerging and developed nations.[5] India exerts a salient influence as the founding member of the Non-
Aligned Movement.[6] India has also played an important and influential role in other international
organisations, such as the East Asia Summit,[7] World Trade Organization,[8] International Monetary Fund
(IMF),[9] G8+5[10] and IBSA Dialogue Forum.[11] India is also a member of the Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. As a former British colony, India is a
member of the Commonwealth of Nations and continues to maintain relationships with other
Commonwealth countries.

History
India's relations with the world have evolved since the British Raj (1857–1947) when the British Empire
took responsibility for handling external and defence relations. When India gained independence in 1947,
few Indians had experience in making or conducting foreign policy. However, the country's oldest political
party, the Indian National Congress, had established a small foreign department in 1925 to make overseas
contacts and to publicise its independence struggle. From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had a
long-standing interest in world affairs among independence leaders, formulated the Congress's stance on
international issues in tandem with V. K. Krishna Menon; after 1947, they articulated India's worldview as
Prime Minister and de facto Foreign Minister.

India's international influence varied over the years after independence. Indian prestige and moral authority
were high in the 1950s and facilitated the acquisition of developmental assistance from both East and West.
Although the prestige stemmed from India's nonaligned stance, and in particular the position it placed
Indian diplomats, like Menon, to mediate or conciliate in others' disputes, the nation was unable to prevent
Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with interstate relations in South Asia. On the intensely
debated Kashmir issue with Pakistan, India lost credibility by rejecting United Nations' calls for a plebiscite
in the disputed area.[12]

In the 1960s and 1970s, India's international position among developed and developing countries faded
during wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India's attempt to
match Pakistan's support from the United States and China by signing the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
and Cooperation in August 1971. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and economic aid,
which helped to strengthen the nation, India's influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the
perception that its friendship with the Soviet Union prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet
presence in Afghanistan. In the late 1980s, India improved relations with the United States, other developed
countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South Asian
neighbours, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the Ministry of
External Affairs.[13]

Even before independence, the Indian colonial government maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic
relations. It had colonies (such as the Aden Settlement), that sent and received full missions.[14] India was a
founder member of both the League of Nations[15] and the United Nations.[16] After India gained
independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the Commonwealth of Nations and
strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the Indonesian National Revolution.[17]
The partition and various territorial disputes, particularly that over Kashmir, would strain its relations with
Pakistan for years to come. During the Cold War, India adopted a foreign policy of not aligning itself with
any major power bloc. However, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union and received extensive
military support from it.

The end of the Cold War significantly affected India's foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The
country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States,[18][19] the
European Union trading bloc,[20] Japan,[21] Israel,[22] Mexico,[23] and Brazil.[24] India has also forged
close ties with the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[25] the African Union,[26]
the Arab League[27] and Iran.[28]

Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia,[29] Israel has emerged as India's
second-largest military partner[26] while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United
States.[18][30] The foreign policy of Narendra Modi indicated a shift towards focusing on the Asian region
and, more broadly, trade deals.

Policy
India's foreign policy has always regarded the concept of neighbourhood as one of widening concentric
circles, around a central axis of historical and cultural commonalities.[31]

As many as 44 million people of Indian origin live and work abroad and constitute an important link with
the mother country. An important role of India's foreign policy has been to ensure their welfare and well-
being within the framework of the laws of the country where they live.[32]

Role of the Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, promoted a strong personal role for the Prime Minister.
Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign
policy decisions himself after consulting with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international
affairs to senior members of the Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding father of the Panchsheel
or the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence.

His successors continued to exercise considerable control over India's international dealings, although they
appointed separate ministers of external affairs.[33][34][35]

India's second prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–66),

expanded the Prime Minister's Office (sometimes called the Prime
Minister's Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970s, the
Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator
and supra-ministry of the Indian government. The enhanced role of
the office strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign
policymaking at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs.
Advisers in the office provided channels of information and policy
recommendations in addition to those offered by the Ministry of
External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office—the Research and
Analysis Wing (RAW)—functioned in ways that significantly
expanded the information available to the prime minister and his
advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence
analysis to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert
Jawaharlal Nehru, the 1st Prime
operations abroad.
Minister of India, addressing the
United Nations (1948)
The prime minister's control and reliance on personal advisers in the
Office of the Prime Minister was particularly strong under the
tenures of Indira Gandhi (1966–77 and 1980–84) and her son, Rajiv (1984–89), who succeeded her, and
weaker during the periods of coalition governments. Observers find it difficult to determine whether the
locus of decision-making authority on any issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of
Ministers, the Office of the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself.[36]

The Prime Minister is however free to appoint advisers and special committees to examine various foreign
policy options and areas of interest. In a recent instance, Manmohan Singh appointed K. Subrahmanyam in
2005 to head a special government task force to study 'Global Strategic Developments' over the next
decade.[37] The Task Force submitted its conclusions to the Prime Minister in 2006.[38][39] The report has
not yet been released in the public domain.

India's historical inclination towards a "non-aligned" foreign policy has witnessed a shift under Prime
Minister Narendra Modi's leadership since 2014, as New Delhi has displayed a heightened level of
"assertiveness" in its international engagements.[40]

Ministry of External Affairs

The Ministry of External Affairs is the Indian government's agency responsible for the foreign relations of
India. The Minister of External Affairs holds cabinet rank as a member of the Council of Ministers.
Subrahmanyam Jaishankar is the current Minister of External
Affairs. The Ministry has a Minister of State V Muraleedharan. The
Indian Foreign Secretary is the head of the Indian Foreign Service
(IFS) and therefore, serves as the head of all Indian (ambassadors)
and high commissioners.[41] Vinay Mohan Kwatra is the current
Foreign Secretary of India.[42]

Pranab Mukherjee, the former

Act East Policy
Finance Minister of India and former
In the post-Cold War era, a significant aspect of India's foreign President of India with former US
policy is the Look East Policy. During the cold war, India's relations President George W. Bush in 2008.
with its Southeast Asian neighbours were not strong. After the end
of the cold war, the government of India particularly realised the
importance of redressing this imbalance in India's foreign policy. Consequently, the Narsimha Rao
government in the early nineties of the last century unveiled the look east policy. Initially, it focused on
renewing political and economic contacts with the countries of East and South-East Asia.

At present, under the Look East Policy, the Government of India is

giving special emphasis on the economic development of the
backward northeastern region of India taking advantage of a huge
market of ASEAN as well as of the energy resources available in
some of the member countries of ASEAN like Burma.[43] The
look-east policy was launched in 1991 just after the end of the cold
war, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After the start of
liberalisation, it was a very strategic policy decision taken by the The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan
government in foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the opening ceremony of
Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and third Summit of the Bay of Bengal
India's place in the evolving global economy". Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical
and Economic Cooperation
The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister (BIMSTEC), at Nay Pyi Taw,
Narasimha Rao visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Myanmar on March 04, 2014
Singapore and India becoming an important dialogue partner with
ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has
given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit-level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved
in some regional initiatives such as the BIMSTEC and the Ganga–Mekong Cooperation and now becoming
a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS) in December 2005.[44]

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India has forged a closer partnership with Western powers. In the
1990s, India's economic problems and the demise of the bipolar world political system forced India to
reassess its foreign policy and adjust its foreign relations. Previous policies proved inadequate to cope with
the serious domestic and international problems facing India. The end of the Cold War gutted the core
meaning of nonalignment and left Indian foreign policy without significant direction. The hard, pragmatic
considerations of the early 1990s were still viewed within the nonaligned framework of the past, but the
disintegration of the Soviet Union removed much of India's international leverage, for which relations with
Russia and the other post-Soviet states could not compensate. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union,
India improved its relations with the United States, Canada, France, Japan, and Germany. In 1992, India
established formal diplomatic relations with Israel and this relationship grew during the tenures of the
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government and the subsequent United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
governments.[45]

In the mid-1990s, India attracted the world's attention to Pakistan-backed terrorism in Kashmir. The Kargil
War resulted in a major diplomatic victory for India. The United States and European Union recognised the
fact that the Pakistani military had illegally infiltrated Indian territory and pressured Pakistan to withdraw
from Kargil. Several anti-India militant groups based in Pakistan were labelled as terrorist groups by the
United States and European Union.

In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time (see Pokhran-II) which resulted in several US,
Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, George Fernandes, said that
India's nuclear programme was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat.
Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.[46]

After September 11 attacks in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies

provided the US with significant information on Al-Qaeda and
related groups' activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India's
extensive contribution to the War on Terror, coupled with a surge in
its economy, has helped India's diplomatic relations with several
countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint
military exercises with US and European nations that have resulted
India has often represented the
in a strengthened US-India and EU-India bilateral relationship. interests of developing countries on
India's bilateral trade with Europe and the United States had more various international platforms.
than doubled in the five years since 2003.[47] Shown here are Vladimir Putin,
Narendra Modi, Dilma Rousseff, Xi
India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with Jinping, and Jacob Zuma, 2014.
mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN
Security Council is currently backed by several countries including
France, Russia,[48] the United Kingdom,[49] Germany, Japan, Brazil,[50] Australia[51] and UAE.[52] In
2004, the United States signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with India even though the latter is not a
part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation
record made it an exception, however, this has not persuaded other Nuclear Suppliers Group members to
sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US President Barack Obama
announced US support for India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council[53] as well as
India's entry to Nuclear Suppliers Group, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group and Missile
Technology Control Regime.[54][55] As of January 2018, India has become a member of Wassenaar
Arrangement, Australia Group and Missile Technology Control Regime.[56]

Strategic partners
India's growing economy, strategic location, a mix of friendly and diplomatic foreign policy and large and
vibrant diaspora has won it more allies than enemies.[57] India has friendly relations with several countries
in the developing world. Though India is not a part of any major military alliance, it has a close strategic
and military relationship with most of its fellow major powers.
Countries considered India's closest include the United Arab
Emirates,[58] Russian Federation,[59] Israel,[60] Afghanistan,[61]
France,[62] Bhutan,[63] Bangladesh,[64] and the United States.
Russia is the largest supplier of military equipment to India,
followed by Israel and France.[65] According to some analysts,
Israel is set to overtake Russia as India's largest military and
strategic partner.[66] The two countries also collaborate extensively
in the sphere of counter-terrorism and space technology.[67] India
also enjoys strong military relations with several other countries, The Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi,
including the United Kingdom, the United States,[68] Japan,[69] Deputy Supreme Commander of
Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and Italy.[70] In addition, India U.A.E. Armed Forces, General
Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al
operates an airbase in Tajikistan,[71] signed a landmark defence
Nahyan being received by the
accord with Qatar in 2008,[72] and has leased out Assumption President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee
Island from Seychelles to build a naval base in 2015.[73] and the Prime Minister, Shri
Narendra Modi
India has also forged relationships with developing countries,
especially South Africa, Brazil,[74] and Mexico.[75] These countries
often represent the interests of developing countries through economic forums such as the G8+5, IBSA and
WTO. India was seen as one of the standard bearers of the developing world and claimed to speak for a
collection of more than 30 other developing nations at the Doha Development Round.[76][77] Indian Look
East policy has helped it develop greater economic and strategic partnerships with Southeast Asian
countries, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. India also enjoys friendly relations with the Persian Gulf
countries and most members of the African Union.

The Foundation for National Security Research in New Delhi published India's Strategic Partners: A
Comparative Assessment and ranked India's top strategic partners with a score out of 90 points: Russia
comes out on top with 62, followed by the United States (58), France (51), UK (41), Germany (37), and
Japan (34).[78] One of the outcomes of the 2023 G20 summit is a transportation project that would facilitate
Indian trade to the Middle East and Europe.[79]

Partnership agreements
India has signed strategic partnership agreements with more than two dozen countries/supranational entities
listed here in the chronological order of the pacts:
 Agreements
S.no. Country Year of Agreement signed Reference

1 France 1997 [80]

2 Russia 2000 [81]

3 Germany 2001 [82]

4 Mauritius 2003 [83]

5 Iran 2003 [84]

6 United Kingdom 2004 [85]

7 United States 2004 [86]

8 Rwanda 2017 [87]

9 Indonesia 2005 [88]

10 China 2005 [89]

11 Brazil 2006 [90]

12 Vietnam 2007 [91]

13 Oman 2008 [92]

14 Kazakhstan 2009 [93]

15 Australia 2009 [94]

16 Malaysia 2010 [95]

17 South Korea 2010 [96]

18 Saudi Arabia 2010 [97]

19 Uzbekistan 2011 [98]

20 Afghanistan 2011 [99]

21 Tajikistan 2012 [100]

22 Israel 2017 [101]

23 Japan 2014 [102]

24 Seychelles 2014 [103]

25 Mongolia 2015 [104]

26 Singapore 2015 [105]

27 United Arab Emirates 2015 [106]

28 European Union 2004 [107]

29 ASEAN 2012 [108]

30 Egypt 2023 [109]

31 Italy 2023 [110]

32 Greece 2023 [111]

Future agreements
Currently, India is taking steps towards establishing strategic partnerships with Canada[112] and
Argentina.[113] Although India has not signed any formal strategic partnership agreements with Bhutan and
Qatar, its foreign ministry often describes relations with these countries as 'strategic'.[114][115]

Diplomatic relations
List of countries which India maintains diplomatic relations with:
# Country Date[116]

1 Australia 7 March 1941[117]

2 Canada 6 April 1945[118]

3 United States 1 November 1946[119]

4 United Kingdom November 1946[120]

5 Russia 14 April 1947[121]

6 Netherlands 17 April 1947[122]

7 Nepal 13 June 1947[123]

8 Thailand 1 August 1947[124]

9 France 15 August 1947[125]

10 Norway 15 August 1947[126]

11 Pakistan 15 August 1947[127]

12 Saudi Arabia 15 August 1947[128]

13 Turkey 15 August 1947[129]

14 Egypt 18 August 1947

15 Belgium 20 September 1947[130]

16 Czech Republic 18 November 1947[131]

17 Afghanistan 10 December 1947[132]

18 Iraq 1947[133]
19 Ireland 1947

20 Jordan 1947

21 Myanmar 4 January 1948[134]

22 Italy 25 March 1948[135]

23 Brazil 6 April 1948[136]

— Holy See 12 June 1948[137]

24 Ethiopia 1 July 1948[138]

25 Luxembourg 1 July 1948[139]

26 Switzerland 14 August 1948

27 Lebanon 15 September 1948[140]

28 Hungary 18 November 1948[141]

29 Serbia 5 December 1948[142]

30 Romania 14 December 1948[143]

31 Sri Lanka 1948[144]

32 Indonesia 2 February 1949[145]

33 Argentina 3 February 1949[146]

34 Chile March 1949[147]

35 Portugal 22 June 1949[148]

36 Finland 10 September 1949[149]

37 Denmark September 1949

38 Philippines 26 November 1949

39 Austria 1949

40 Sweden 1949[150]
41 Iran 15 March 1950

42 China 1 April 1950

43 Syria May 1950[151]

44 Mexico 1 August 1950[152]

45 Germany 7 March 1951[153]

46 New Zealand 7 April 1952[154]

47 Japan 28 April 1952

48 Cambodia 30 May 1952[155]

49 Libya 20 July 1952[156]

50 Poland 30 March 1954[157]

51 Bulgaria 22 December 1954[158]

52 Mongolia 24 December 1955[159]

53 Laos 2 February 1956[160]

54 Sudan 7 May 1956[161]

55 Greece 14 May 1956[162]

56 Spain 7 November 1956[163]

57 Albania 1956

58 Ghana 6 March 1957[164]

59 Malaysia 8 October 1957[165]
60 Morocco 1957

61 Tunisia 2 April 1958[166]

62 Nigeria 20 November 1958[167]

63 Bolivia 1958[168]
64 Colombia 19 January 1959

65 Venezuela 1 November 1959[169]

66 Cuba 12 January 1960[170]

67 Madagascar 25 June 1960[171]

68 Liberia 7 July 1960[172]

69 Guinea 8 July 1960[172]

70 Democratic Republic of the Congo August 1960[173]

71 Uruguay 1960[174]

72 Somalia 10 March 1961[175]

73 Senegal 2 April 1961[176]

74 Sierra Leone 28 April 1961[177]

75 Paraguay 13 September 1961[178]

76 Ivory Coast 5 November 1961[179]

77 Tanzania 9 December 1961[180]

78 Mali 24 January 1962[181]

79 Cyprus 10 February 1962

80 Yemen 15 March 1962[182]

81 Burkina Faso 23 March 1962[183]

82 Kuwait 26 March 1962[184]

83 Panama 1 July 1962[185]

84 Algeria July 1962

85 Jamaica 12 August 1962[186]

86 Togo 31 August 1962[187]

87 Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962[188]

88 Uganda 9 October 1962[189]

89 Peru 25 March 1963[190]

90 Cameroon 4 April 1963[191]

91 Benin 25 June 1963[192]

92 Kenya 14 December 1963[193]

93 Malawi 19 October 1964[194]

94 Malta 10 March 1965[195]

95 Zambia April 1965[196]

96 Gambia 25 June 1965[197]

97 Singapore 24 August 1965[198]

98 Mauritania 22 October 1965[199]

99 Maldives 1 November 1965[200]

100 Guyana 26 May 1966

101 Gabon 16 July 1966[201]

102 Barbados 30 November 1966[202]

103 Republic of the Congo 26 August 1967[203]

104 Burundi 1967[204]

105 Bhutan 14 January 1968[205]

106 Mauritius 12 March 1968[206]

107 Equatorial Guinea 1968

108 Ecuador 1969

109 Samoa June 1970

110 Fiji 10 October 1970[207]

111 Tonga 23 December 1970[208]

112 Eswatini 1970[209]

113 Lesotho 8 June 1971[210]

114 Oman 25 July 1971[211]

115 Bahrain 12 October 1971[212]

116 Bangladesh 6 December 1971[213][214]

117 United Arab Emirates 6 January 1972[215]

118 Vietnam 7 January 1972

119 Qatar 12 April 1972[216]

120 Iceland 11 May 1972[217]

121 Guatemala 16 May 1972

122 Botswana 1972[218]

123 Guinea-Bissau 7 October 1973[219]

124 North Korea 10 December 1973

125 South Korea 10 December 1973

126 Mozambique 25 June 1975[220]

127 Nauru 12 September 1975[221]

128 Grenada 1 October 1975[222]

129 Bahamas 16 October 1975[223]

130 Chad 18 October 1975[224]

131 São Tomé and Príncipe 1975

132 Suriname 23 January 1976[225]

133 Papua New Guinea 19 May 1976[226]

134 Central African Republic 7 June 1976[227]

135 Seychelles 29 June 1976[228]

136 Comoros June 1976

137 Cape Verde 6 June 1977[229]

138 Niger 18 July 1977[230]

139 El Salvador 12 February 1979[231]

140 Angola 2 June 1979[232]

141 Zimbabwe June 1980[233]

142 Djibouti 7 December 1981[234]

143 Antigua and Barbuda 1981[235]

144 Dominica 28 March 1982[236]

145 Saint Lucia 1982[237]

146 Belize 28 March 1983

147 Nicaragua March 1983

148 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983[238]

149 Brunei 10 May 1984

150 Kiribati 7 August 1985[239]

151 Costa Rica 1985[240]

— Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (cancelled) 1985[241]

152 Vanuatu 1986

153 Solomon Islands 1 May 1987[242]

— State of Palestine 16 November 1989[243]

154 Namibia 19 December 1990[244]

155 Estonia 2 December 1991[245]

156 Latvia 20 December 1991

157 Ukraine 17 January 1992[246]

158 Israel 21 January 1992[247]

159 Kazakhstan 22 February 1992

160 Lithuania 25 February 1992

161 Azerbaijan 28 February 1992[248]
162 Kyrgyzstan 18 March 1992

163 Uzbekistan 18 March 1992

164 Moldova 20 March 1992

165 Belarus 17 April 1992[249]

166 Turkmenistan 20 April 1992[250]

167 Slovenia 18 May 1992[251]

168 Croatia 9 July 1992

169 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 August 1992[252]

170 Tajikistan 28 August 1992

171 Armenia 31 August 1992

172 Georgia 28 September 1992

173 Slovakia 1 January 1993[253]

174 Eritrea 17 September 1993[254]

175 South Africa 22 November 1993

176 Liechtenstein 1993

177 Honduras 28 September 1994[255]

178 Andorra 22 November 1994[256]

179 Palau 10 April 1995[257]

180 North Macedonia 9 February 1995[258]

181 Haiti 27 September 1996

182 Federated States of Micronesia 29 November 1996[259]

183 Marshall Islands 2 February 1997[260]

— Cook Islands May 1998[261][262]

184 Dominican Republic 4 May 1999[263]

185 Rwanda 1999[264]

186 East Timor 24 January 2003[265]

187 Montenegro 2 August 2006

188 Monaco 21 September 2007

189 San Marino 26 September 2011[266]

190 South Sudan 13 March 2012[267]

— Niue 30 August 2012[268]

191 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown

192 Tuvalu Unknown

Africa
Algeria

Burkina Faso

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March

1962[269]

Burundi
The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid
Burundi has an embassy in New Delhi .[270] Ansari calling on the President of
India is represented in Burundi by its embassy in Algeria, Mr. Abdelaziz Bouteflika, in
Kampala, Uganda.[271] Algiers, Algeria on October 19, 2016

Both countries have a number of bilateral

agreements.[272]

Chad

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975[224]

Comoros

Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1976.[273]

Both countries are full members of the Indian-Ocean Rim Association.

Congo

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1967.[274]

DR Congo

Djibouti

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 1981[275]

Ethiopia

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1948.[276]

India and Ethiopia have warm bilateral ties based on mutual cooperation and support. India has been a
partner in Ethiopia's developmental efforts, training Ethiopian personnel under its ITEC programmer,
providing it with several lines of credit and launching the Pan-African e-Network project there in 2007. The
Second India–Africa Forum Summit was held in Addis Ababa in 2011. India is also Ethiopia's second-
largest source of foreign direct investments.

Egypt

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1947.[277]

Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad
Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective
movements of independence.[278] In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul
Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the
Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting
Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the
Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Arab–Israeli conflict,
India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the
visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and
considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on
the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian
Abdel Nasser and his children
exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilisers, oil
with Jawaharlal Nehru. In
and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, and leather and iron 1955, Egypt under Gamal
products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, Abdel Nasser and India under
coffee, herbs, tobacco, lentils, pharmaceutical products and transport Jawaharlal Nehru became the
equipment. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently founders of the Non-Aligned
negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertiliser plant with Movement. During the 1956
another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited War, Nehru stood supporting
Egypt to the point of
bought 15% of Egypt's Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In
threatening to withdraw his
2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, country from the
according to the Egyptian ambassador.[279] After the Arab Spring of 2011, Commonwealth of Nations.
with ousting of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt asked for the help of India in
conducting nationwide elections.

Gabon

Gabon maintains an embassy in New Delhi. The Embassy of India in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of
Congo is jointly accredited to Gabon.[280]

Ghana

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.[281]

Relations between Ghana and India are generally close and cordial mixed with economic and cultural
connections. Trade between India and Ghana amounted to US$818 million in 2010–11 and is expected to
be worth US$1 billion by 2013.[282] Ghana imports automobiles and buses from India and companies like
Tata Motors and Ashok Leyland have a significant presence in the country.[283][284] Ghanaian exports to
India consist of gold, cocoa and timber while Indian exports to Ghana comprise pharmaceuticals,
agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, plastics, steel and cement.[285]

The Government of India has extended $228 million in lines of credit to Ghana which has been used for
projects in sectors like agro-processing, fish processing, waste management, rural electrification and the
expansion of Ghana's railways.[286] India has also offered to set up an India-Africa Institute of Information
Technology (IAIIT) and a Food Processing Business Incubation Centre in Ghana under the India–Africa
Forum Summit.[285]
India is among the largest foreign investors in Ghana's economy. At the end of 2011, Indian investments in
Ghana amounted to $550 million covering some 548 projects.[286] Indian investments are primarily in the
agriculture and manufacturing sectors of Ghana while Ghanaian companies manufacture drugs in
collaboration with Indian companies. The IT sector in Ghana too has a significant Indian presence in it.
India and Ghana also have a Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement between them.[287] India's
Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers is in the process of setting up a fertiliser plant in Ghana at Nyankrom in
the Shama District of the Western Region of Ghana. The project entails an investment of US$1.3 billion
and the plant would have an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tones, the bulk of which would be
exported to India.[288][289] There are also plans to develop a sugar processing plant entailing an investment
of US$36 million.[290] Bank of Baroda, Bharti Airtel, Tata Motors and Tech Mahindra are amongst the
major Indian companies in Ghana.[291]

There are about seven to eight thousand Indians and Persons of Indian Origin living in Ghana today with
some of them having been there for over 70 years.[285] Ghana is home to a growing indigenous Hindu
population that today numbers 3000 families. Hinduism first came to Ghana only in the late 1940s with the
Sindhi traders who migrated here following India's Partition. It has been growing in Ghana and
neighbouring Togo since the mid-1970s when an African Hindu monastery was established in
Accra.[292][293]

Guinea

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1960.[172]

Ivory Coast

The bilateral relations between India and Ivory Coast have expanded considerably in recent years as India
seeks to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the West African region. The Indian
diplomatic mission in Abidjan was opened in 1979. Ivory Coast opened its resident mission in New Delhi
in September 2004.[294] Both nations are currently fostering efforts to increase trade, investments and
economic cooperation.[295]

Kenya

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December

1963[296]

As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial

ties between India and Kenya go back several centuries. Kenya has
a large minority of Indians and Persons of Indian Origin living there
who are descendants of labourers who were brought in by the The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
British to construct the Uganda Railway and Gujarati Modi presenting a guide for Indian
merchants.[297] India and Kenya have growing trade and Businesses: "Doing Business in
commercial ties. Bilateral trade amounted to $2.4 billion in 2010– Kenya" to the President of Kenya,
Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta, at the India-
2011 but with Kenyan imports from India accounting for $2.3
Kenya Business Forum, at Nairobi,
billion, the balance of trade was heavily in India's favour. India is Kenya on July 11, 2016.
Kenya's sixth-largest trading partner and the largest exporter to
Kenya. Indian exports to Kenya include pharmaceuticals, steel,
machinery and automobiles while Kenyan exports to India are primary commodities such as soda ash,
vegetables and tea. Indian companies have a significant presence in Kenya with Indian corporates like the
Tata Group, Essar Group, Reliance Industries and Bharti Airtel operating there.

Lesotho

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1971.[298]

India operates a High Commission in Pretoria which serves Lesotho and Lesotho operates a residential
mission in India. Lesotho and India have strong ties. Lesotho has backed India's bid for a Permanent UN
seat and has also recognized Jammu and Kashmir as a part of India. India exported US$11 Million to
Lesotho in the 2010–2011 year while only importing US$1 Million in goods from Lesotho. Since 2001, an
Indian Army Training Team has trained several soldiers in the LDF.

Liberia

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960.[299]

The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Liberia have expanded on
growing bilateral trade and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Liberia through its embassy in
Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and an active honorary consulate in Monrovia since 1984. Liberia was represented in
India through its resident mission in New Delhi which subsequently closed due to budgetary
constraints.[300]

Libya

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1952.[301]

Malawi

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1964.[194]

Mali

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1962.[302]

Mauritania

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1965.[303]

India is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[304][305] India also has an honorary
consulate in Nouakchott.[306]

Mauritius

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1968.[307]

The relations between India and Mauritius existed since 1730, diplomatic relations were established in 1948
before Mauritius became an independent state.[308] The relationship is very cordial due to cultural affinities
and long historical ties that exist between the two nations. More than 68% of the Mauritian population are
of Indian origin, most known as Indo-Mauritian. The economic and commercial corporation has been
increasing over the years. India has become Mauritius' largest source of imports since 2007 and Mauritius
imported US$816 million worth of goods in the April 2010 –
March 2011 financial year. Mauritius has remained the largest
source of FDI for India for more than a decade with FDI equity
inflows totalling US$55.2 billion in the period April 2000 to April
2011. India and Mauritius co-operate in combating piracy which
has emerged as a major threat in the Indian Ocean region and
support India's stand against terrorism.[309]

The relationship between Mauritius and India date back to the early Admiral RK Dhowan inspecting guard
of honour in Mauritius
1730s, when artisans were brought from Puducherry and Tamil
Nadu.[308] Diplomatic relations between India and Mauritius were
established in 1948. Mauritius maintained contacts with India through successive Dutch, French and British
rule. From the 1820s, Indian workers started coming to Mauritius to work on sugar plantations. From 1833
when slavery was abolished by Parliament, large numbers of Indian workers began to be brought into
Mauritius as indentured labourers. On 2 November 1834, the ship named 'Atlas' docked in Mauritius
carrying the first batch of Indian indentured labourers.

Morocco

Morocco has an embassy in New Delhi. It also has an Honorary Consul based in Mumbai. India operates
an embassy in Rabat. Both nations are part of the Non-Aligned Movement.[310]

In the United Nations, India supported the decolonisation of Morocco and the Moroccan freedom
movement. India recognised Morocco on 20 June 1956 and established relations in 1957.[311] The Ministry
of External Affairs of the Government of India states that "India and Morocco have enjoyed cordial and
friendly relations and over the years bilateral relations have witnessed significant depth and growth."[312]

The Indian Council for Cultural Relations promotes Indian culture in Morocco.[313] Morocco seeks to
increase its trade ties with India and is seeking Indian investment in various sectors[314] The bilateral
relations between India and Morocco strengthened after the Moroccan Ambassador to India spent a week in
Srinagar, the capital city of Jammu and Kashmir. This showed Moroccan solidarity with India regarding
Kashmir.[314]

Mozambique

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975.[315]

India has a high commissioner in Maputo[316] and Mozambique has a high commissioner in New Delhi.

Namibia

Relations between India and Namibia are warm and cordial.[317]

India was one of SWAPO's earliest supporters during the Namibian liberation movement. The first SWAPO
embassy was established in India in 1986. India's observer mission was converted to a full High
Commissioner on Namibia's Independence Day of 21 March 1990.[317] India has helped train the
Namibian Air Force since its creation in 1995. The two countries work closely in mutual multilateral
organisations such as the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Namibia supports the expansion of the United Nations Security Council to include a permanent seat for
India.[317]
In 2008–09, trade between the two countries stood at approximately US$80 million. Namibia's main
imports from India were drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural machinery, automobile and
automobile parts, glass and glassware, and plastic and linoleum products. India primarily imported
nonferrous metals, ores, and metal scraps. Indian products are also exported to neighbouring South Africa
and re-imported to Namibia as South African imports. Namibian diamonds are often exported to European
diamond markets before being again imported to India. In 2009, the first direct sale of Namibian diamonds
to India took place.[317] In 2008, two Indian companies won a US$105 million contract from NamPower to
lay a high-voltage direct current bi-polar line from Katima Mulilo to Otjiwarongo.[317] Namibia is a
beneficiary of the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme for telecommunications
professionals from developing countries.

India has a high commissioner in Windhoek[318] and Namibia has a high commissioner in New Delhi.
Namibia's high commissioner is also accredited for Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.[319]

Niger

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1977.[230]

Nigeria

India has close relations with this oil-rich West African country. Twenty percent of India's crude oil needs
are met, by Nigeria. 40,000 barrels per day (6,400 m3 /d) of oil, is the amount of oil, that India receives from
Nigeria. Trade, between these two countries stands at $875 million in 2005–2006. Indian companies have
also invested in manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, iron ore, steel, information technology, and
communications, amongst other things. Both India and Nigeria, are members of the Commonwealth of
Nations, G-77, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Former Nigerian President, Olusegun Obasanjo was the
guest of honour, at the Republic Day parade, in 1999, and the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
visited Nigeria in 2007 and addressed the Nigerian Parliament.

Rwanda

Indo-Rwandan relations are the foreign relations between the

Republic of India and the Republic of Rwanda. India is represented
in Rwanda through its honorary consulate in Kigali. Rwanda has
been operating its Embassy in New Delhi since 1998 and appointed
its first resident Ambassador in 2001.[320]
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
Seychelles Modi meeting the President of
Rwanda, Mr. Paul Kagame, at Kigali,
India–Seychelles relations are bilateral relations between the Rwanda on July 23, 2018
Republic of India and the Republic of Seychelles. India has a High
Commission in Victoria while Seychelles maintains a High
Commission in New Delhi.[321]

South Africa

India and South Africa, have always had strong relations even though India revoked diplomatic relations in
protest of the apartheid regime in the mid-20th century. The history of British rule connects both lands.
There is a large group of Indian South Africans. Mahatma Gandhi, spent many years in South Africa,
during which time, he fought for the rights of the ethnic Indians. Nelson Mandela was inspired by Gandhi.
After India's independence, India strongly condemned apartheid and refused diplomatic relations while
apartheid was conducted as state policy in South Africa.

The two countries, now have close economic, political, and sports
relations. Trade between the two countries grew from $3 million in
1992–1993 to $4 billion in 2005–2006, and aim to reach trade of
$12 billion by 2010. One-third of India's imports from South Africa
is gold bar. Diamonds, that are mined from South Africa, are
polished in India. Nelson Mandela was awarded the Gandhi Peace
Prize. The two countries are also members of the IBSA Dialogue
Forum, with Brazil. India hopes to get large amounts of uranium,
from resource-rich South Africa, for India's growing civilian nuclear Mahatma Gandhi (middle row centre)
energy sector. with the leaders of the non-violent
resistance movement in South
South Sudan Africa.

India recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011, a day after South

Sudan became an independent state. Right now, relations are economic. Pramit Pal Chaudhuri wrote in the
Hindustan Times that South Sudan "has other attractions. As the Indian Foreign Ministry's literature notes,
South Sudan is reported to have "some of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and
Angola".[322] An article in The Telegraph reported that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in
the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its
investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of erstwhile united Sudan's
oil fields."[323]

In return for the oil resources that can be provided by South Sudan, India said it was willing to assist in
developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education, and rural development. "We have compiled
a definite road map using [sic] which India can help South Sudan."[323]

Sudan

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1956.[324]

Indo-Sudanese relations have always been characterised as

longstanding, close, and friendly, even since the early development
stages of their countries. At the time of Indian independence, Sudan
had contributed 70,000 pounds, which was used to build part of the
National Defence Academy in Pune. The main building of NDA is
called Sudan Block. The two nations established diplomatic
relations shortly after India became known as one of the first Asian
countries to recognise the newly independent African country. India INS Tarkash sailing with Sudan Navy
and Sudan also share geographic and historical similarities, as well ships Almazz (PC 411) & Nimer (PC
as economic interests. Both countries are former British colonies, 413) as part of Maritime Partnership
and remotely border Saudi Arabia using a body of water. India and Exercise.
Sudan continue to have cordial relations, despite issues such as
India's close relationship with Israel, India's solidarity with Egypt
over border issues with Sudan, and Sudan's intimate bonds with Pakistan and Bangladesh. India had also
contributed some troops as United Nations peacekeeping force in Darfur.
Togo

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962.[187]

Togo opened its embassy in New Delhi in October 2010. The High Commission of India in Accra, Ghana
is concurrently accredited to Togo. Togolese President Gnassingbé Eyadéma made an official state visit to
India in September 1994. During the visit, the two countries agreed to establish Joint Commission.[325]

Uganda

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1962.[326]

India and Uganda established diplomatic relations in 1965 and each maintains a High Commissioner in the
other's capital. The Indian High Commission in Kampala has concurrent accreditation to Burundi and
Rwanda. Uganda hosts a large Indian community and India–Uganda relations cover a broad range of
sectors including political, economic, commercial, cultural, and scientific cooperation.[327]

Relations between India and Uganda began with the arrival of over 30,000 Indians in Uganda in the 19th
century who were brought there to construct the Mombasa–Kampala railway line. Ugandan independence
activists were inspired in their struggle for Ugandan independence by the success of the Indian
independence movement and were also supported in their struggle by the Prime Minister of India
Jawaharlal Nehru.[328][329] Indo-Ugandan relations have been good since Uganda's independence except
during the regime of Idi Amin. Amin in 1972 expelled over 55,000 people of Indian origin and 5,000
Indians who had formed the commercial and economic backbone of the country accusing them of
exploiting native Ugandans.[329][330] Since the mid-1980s when President Yoweri Museveni came to
power, relations have steadily improved. Today some 20,000 Indians and PIOs live or work in
Uganda.[329] Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral
relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy.[331][332]

Zambia

Zimbabwe

African Union

As of the year 2011, India's total trade with Africa is over US$46 billion and its total investment is over
US$11 billion with a US$5.7 billion line of credit for executing various projects in Africa.[333]

India has had good relationships with most sub-Saharan African nations for most of its history. In the Prime
Minister's visit to Mauritius in 1997, the two countries secured a deal to new Credit Agreement of INR 105
million (US$3 million) to finance the import by Mauritius of capital goods, consultancy services and
consumer durable from India. The government of India secured a rice and medicine agreement with the
people of Seychelles. India continued to build upon its historically close relations with Ethiopia, Kenya,
Uganda, and Tanzania. Visits from political ministers from Ethiopia provided opportunities for
strengthening bilateral cooperation between the two countries in the fields of education and technical
training, water resources management and development of small industries. This has allowed India to gain
benefits from nations that are forgotten by other Western Nations. The South African President, Thabo
Mbeki has called for a strategic relationship between India and South Africa to avoid imposition by Western
Nations. India continued to build upon its close and friendly relations with Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs
arranged for the sending of Special Envoys to each of these countries during 1996–97 as a reaffirmation of
India's assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of South-South partnership.
These relations have created a position of strength with African nations that other nations may not
possess.[334]

Americas
India's commonalities with developing nations in Latin America, especially Brazil and Mexico have
continued to grow. India and Brazil continue to work together on the reform of the Security Council
through the G4 nations while having also increased strategic and economic cooperation through the IBSA
Dialogue Forum. The process of finalizing a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with MERCOSUR
(Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with
Chile.[335] Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was the guest of honor at the 2004 Republic Day
celebrations in New Delhi.[336]

North
Antigua and Barbuda

Both countries have established diplomatic relations and have an

Extradition Arrangement.[337][338]

Barbados

India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30

November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).[339]
On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in
Barbados' national House of Assembly.[340] India is represented in
Barbados through its embassy in Suriname[341][342][343] and an
Indian consulate in Holetown, St. James.[344] In 2011–12 the
Indian-based firm Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital,
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
established the American University of Barbados (AUB), as the
meeting Barbadian Prime Minister
island's first Medical School for international students. In 2015 the Mia Mottley at COP26 in Glasgow,
governments of Barbados and India signed a joint Open Skies Scotland; November 2021
Agreement. [345] Today around 3,000 persons from India call
Barbados home. Two-thirds are from India's Surat district of
Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are of Sindhis ancestry.

Belize

India has an Honorary Consulate in Belize City and Belize has an Honorary Consulate in New Delhi.
Bilateral trade stood at US$45.3 Million in 2014 and has steadily increased since. Belize and India have
engaged in dialogue in Central American Integration System (SICA) discussing anti-terrorism, climate
change and food security. India signed a Tax Information Exchange Agreement in 2013 with Belize. India
also provides Belize with US$30 Million as part of its foreign aid commitment to SICA countries. Citizens
of Belize are eligible for scholarships in Indian universities under Indian Technical and Economic
Cooperation Programme and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations.
The two nations share a close cultural link due to Belize's large East Indian Population, estimated at 4% of
the total population.

Canada

Indo-Canadian relations are the longstanding bilateral relations

between India and Canada, which are built upon a "mutual
commitment to democracy", "pluralism", and "people-to-people
links", according to the government of Canada. In 2004, bilateral
trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion.
However, the botched handling of the Air India investigation and
the case, in general, suffered a setback to Indo-Canadian relations.
India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the
two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the
terms of the Colombo Plan. Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo
Canadian Prime Minister, Justin
LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again
Trudeau receiving a welcome
halted after the Pokhran-II tests. ceremony in Rashtrapati Bhavan,
New Delhi, with PM Narendra Modi
Canada-India relations have been on an upward trajectory since along with his family. (2018)
2005. Governments at all levels, private-sector organisations,
academic institutes in two countries, and people-to-people contacts
—especially diaspora networks—have contributed through individual and concerted efforts to significant
improvements in the bilateral relationship.

The two governments have agreed on important policy frameworks

to advance the bilateral relationship. In particular, the Nuclear
Cooperation Agreement (signed in June 2010) and the current
successful negotiations of the Comprehensive Economic
Partnership Agreement (CEPA) constitute a watershed in Canada-
India relations.

The two governments have attempted to make up for lost time and
Stamp of India - 2017 - Diwali - Joint
Issue With Canada are eager to complete CEPA negotiations by 2013 and ensure its
ratification by 2014. After the conclusion of CEPA, Canada and
India must define the areas for their partnership which will depend
on their ability to convert common interests into common action and respond effectively for steady
cooperation. For example, during "pull-aside" meetings between Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and
Stephen Harper at the G-20 summit in Mexico in June 2012, and an earlier meeting in Toronto between
External Affairs Minister S. M. Krishna and John Baird, the leaders discussed developing a more
comprehensive partnership going beyond food security and including the possibility of tie-ups in the energy
sector, hydrocarbon.

Cuba

Relations between India and Cuba are close and warm. Both nations are part of the Non-Aligned
Movement. Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations
Security Council and supports India's candidacy as a permanent member of a reformed Security
Council.[346] Fidel Castro said that "The maturity of India..., its unconditional adherence to the principles
which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise
leadership of Indira Gandhi (the former Prime Minister of India), the non-aligned countries will continue
advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development..."[347]

India has an embassy in Havana, the capital of Cuba which opened in January 1960. This had particular
significance as it symbolised Indian solidarity with the Cuban revolution.[348] India had been one of the first
countries in the world to have recognised the new Cuban government after the Cuban Revolution.[349]

Cuba has an embassy in New Delhi, the Indian capital.[350]

Jamaica

Relations between India and Jamaica are generally cordial and close. There are many cultural and political
connections inherited from British colonial rule, such as membership in the Commonwealth of Nations,
parliamentary democracy, the English language and cricket.[351][352]

Both nations are members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the United Nations and the Commonwealth, and
Jamaica supports India's candidacy for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council.

During the British era, Indians voluntarily went to jobs in Jamaica and the West Indies. This has created a
considerable population of people of Indian origin in Jamaica. India has a High Commission in
Kingston,[351] whilst Jamaica has a consulate in New Delhi[353] and plans to upgrade it to a High
Commission soon.

Mexico

Mexico is a very important and major economic partner of India.

Nobel Prize laureate and ambassador to India Octavio Paz wrote his
book In Light of India which is an analysis of Indian history and
culture.[354] Both nations are regional powers and members of the
G-20 major economies.

India has an embassy in Mexico City.[355]

Mexico has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate in
Indians in Mexico City
Mumbai.[356]

Nicaragua

Bilateral relations between India and Nicaragua have been limited to SICA dialogue and visits by
Nicaraguan Ministers to India. India maintains an honorary consul general in Nicaragua,[357] concurrently
accredited to the Indian embassy in Panama City and Nicaragua used to maintain an embassy in India but
was reduced to an honorary consulate general in New Delhi.[358] the current Foreign minister Samuel
Santos López visited India in 2008 for the SICA-India Foreign ministers' meeting and in 2013[359] for high-
level talks with the then External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid which also expanded bilateral trade
with the two countries reaching a total of US$60.12 million during 2012–13.

Panama
Bilateral relations between Panama and India have been growing
steadily, reflecting the crucial role the Panama Canal plays in global
trade and commerce. Moreover, with over 15,000 Indians living in
Panama, diplomatic ties have considerably increased over the past
decade.

The opening of the expanded Canal in 2016 is expected to provide

new prospects for maritime connectivity. In seeking to rapidly The Vice President, Shri M.
strengthen trade relations such as the flow of trade triples between Venkaiah Naidu being bid farewell by
the two countries, India is keen to leverage these transit trade the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs,
facilities in Panama to access the wider market of Latin America. Mr. Luis Miguel Hincapie, on his
Along with pursuing a free trade agreement, India wants to promote departure, in Panama on May 10,
2018
investment in various sectors of Panama's economy, including the
banking and maritime industry and the multimodal centre of the
Colón Free Trade Zone.[360]

Paraguay

The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Paraguay have been traditionally strong due to
strong commercial, cultural and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Paraguay through its embassy
in Buenos Aires in Argentina. India also has an Honorary Consul-General in Asuncion. Paraguay opened
its embassy in India in 2005.[361]

Trinidad & Tobago

Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic

of Trinidad and Tobago have considerably expanded in recent years
with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Both
nations formally established diplomatic relations in 1962.[362]

Both nations were part of the British Empire; India supported the
independence of Trinidad and Tobago from British rule and
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad Modi meeting the Prime Minister of
and Tobago officially gained independence. They possess diverse Trinidad and Tobago, Dr. Keith C.
natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in Rowley, on the sidelines of CHOGM
their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth 2018, in London on April 19, 2018
of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM).

The Republic of India operates a High Commission in Port of Spain, whilst the Republic of Trinidad and
Tobago operates a High Commission in New Delhi.

United States of America

Before and during the Second World War, the United States under President Roosevelt gave strong support
to the Indian independence movement despite being allies to Britain.[363][364] Relations between India and
the United States were lukewarm following Indian independence, as India took a leading position in the
Non-Aligned Movement, and received support from the Soviet Union. The US provided support to India in
1962 during its war with China. For most of the Cold War, the USA tended to have warmer relations with
Pakistan, primarily as a way to contain Soviet-friendly India and to use
Pakistan to back the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet occupation
of Afghanistan. An Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation,
signed in 1971, also positioned India against the USA.

After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India
made considerable changes to its foreign policy. It developed a close
relationship with the Soviet Union and started receiving massive
military equipment and financial assistance from the USSR. This
harmed the Indo-US relationship. The United States saw Pakistan as a
counterweight to pro-Soviet India and started giving the former
military assistance. This created an atmosphere of suspicion between
India and the US. The Indo-US relationship suffered a considerable
setback when the Soviets took over Afghanistan and India overtly
US President Richard Nixon and
supported the Soviet Union. Prime Minister of India Indira
Gandhi in 1971. They had a deep
Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low personal antipathy that coloured
during the early 1970s. Despite reports of atrocities in East Pakistan, bilateral relations.
and being told, most notably in the Blood telegram, of genocidal
activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, the US. Secretary of
State Henry Kissinger and US President Richard Nixon did nothing to discourage then-Pakistani President
Yahya Khan and the Pakistan Army. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into
South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet
Union and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the
United States.[365] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Indian Armed Forces, along with the Mukti
Bahini, succeeded in liberating East Pakistan which soon declared independence. Nixon feared that an
Indian invasion of West Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region and that it would
seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit
ally, China. To demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of
the Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through
Jordan and Iran,[366] while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan.

When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the USS Enterprise to the Bay of
Bengal, a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. The Enterprise arrived at the station on 11
December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships, armed with
nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December
1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent nuclear submarines to ward off the threat posed by USS
Enterprise in the Indian Ocean.[367]

Though American efforts had no effect in turning the tide of the war, the incident involving USS Enterprise
is viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent interest in developing nuclear weapons.[368] American policy
towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the escalation of the war on the
Western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.[369] Years after the war, many American
writers criticised the White House policies during the war as being badly flawed and ill-serving to the
interests of the United States.[370] India carried out nuclear tests a few years later resulting in sanctions
being imposed by the United States, further drifting the two countries
apart. In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made
during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as
"bastards".[371] Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the
comments.[372]

After the Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War, India-USA relations have improved
dramatically. This has been fostered by the fact that the United States and
India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade
relationship. During the Gulf War, the economy of India went through an
extremely difficult phase. The Government of India adopted liberalised Kamala Harris is the 49th
Vice President of the United
economic systems. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, India
States. She is the first
improved diplomatic relations with the members of NATO, particularly
female, the first person of
Canada, France, and Germany. In 1992, India established formal colour, as well as the first
diplomatic relations with Israel. Indian American vice
president.
In recent years, India-United States relations have still improved
significantly during the Premiership of Narendra Modi since 2014.[373]
Both sides are committed to a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific".[374]

Pokhran tests reaction

In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several US,

Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence
minister, George Fernandes, said that India's nuclear programme
was necessary as it provided a deterrence to some potential nuclear
threats. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by
2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons
first but will defend itself if attacked. Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a
bilateral meeting with U.S. President
The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response Joe Biden, at the White House
to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to
seriously damage Indo-American relations. President Bill Clinton
imposed wide-ranging sanctions according to the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act. US sanctions
on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans
for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States
also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-
proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding
between the countries.

South

Argentina
Formal relations between both countries were first established in
1949. India has an embassy in Buenos Aires and Argentina has an
embassy in New Delhi. The current Indian Ambassador to
Argentina (concurrently accredited to Uruguay and Paraguay) is R
Viswanathan.

According to the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of

India, "Under the 1968 Visa agreement, (Argentine) fees for transit
and tourist visas have been abolished. Under the new visa
agreement signed during the Argentine Presidential visit in October
2009, it has been agreed that five-year multi-entry business visas
would be given free of cost. The Embassy of India in Buenos Aires
gives Cafe Con Visa (coffee with visa) to Argentine visitors. The
applicants are invited for coffee and a visa is given immediately.
This has been praised by the Argentine media, public and the
Foreign Minister himself."[375]
Nobel Laurate Rabindranath Tagore
Brazil and Argentine writer Victoria Ocampo
on the grounds of Villa Ocampo
Relations between Brazil and India have been extended to diverse
areas such as science and technology, pharmaceuticals and space as
both are member nations of BRICS. The two-way trade in 2007 nearly tripled to US$3.12 billion from
US$1.2 billion in 2004. India attaches tremendous importance to its relationship with this Latin American
giant and hopes to see the areas of cooperation expand in the coming years.

Both countries want the participation of developing countries in the UNSC permanent membership since
the underlying philosophy for both of them are: UNSC should be more democratic, legitimate and
representative – the G4 is a novel grouping for this realization.

Brazil and India are deeply committed to IBSA (South-South

cooperation) initiatives and attach utmost importance to this trilateral
cooperation between the three large, multi-ethnic, multi-racial and
multi-religious developing countries, which are bound by the
common principle of pluralism and democracy.

Bolivia

Chile The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

and the Prime Minister Shri Atal
Colombia
Bihari Vajpayee receiving the Chief
Both countries established diplomatic ties on 19 January 1959. Guest, the President of the
Federative Republic of Brazil Mr.
Since then, the relationship between the two countries has been
Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva on Republic
gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to
Day Parade-2004
promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges.
Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin
America for Indian companies.[376]

Ecuador
Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

Diplomatic relations between India and Venezuela were established The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
on 1 October 1959.[377] India maintains an embassy in Caracas, Modi meeting the President of the
while Venezuela maintains an embassy in New Delhi. Republic of Peru, Mr. Ollanta
Humala, on the sidelines of the Sixth
There have been several visits by heads of state and government, BRICS Summit, at Brasilia, in Brazil
on July 16, 2014
and other high-level officials between the countries. President Hugo
Chávez visited New Delhi on 4–7 March 2005.[377] Chávez met
with Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam and Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh. The two countries signed six agreements
including one to establish a Joint Commission to promote bilateral
relations and another on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector.
Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro visited India to attend the First
Meeting of the India-CELAC Troika Foreign Ministers meeting in
New Delhi on 7 August 2012.[378] Venezuelan President Nicolas
Maduro, ONGC Executive Director
The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the National Electoral Narendra Kumar Verma and PDVSA
Council (CNE) of Venezuela signed an MoU during a visit by President Eulogio Del Pino
Indian Election Commissioner V S Sampath to Caracas in 2012.
The Minister of State for Corporate Affairs visited Venezuela to
attend the state funeral of President Chavez in March 2013.[378] The President and Prime Minister of India
expressed condolences on the death of Chávez. The Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, observed
a minute's silence to mark his death. Ambassador Smita Purushottam represented India at the swearing-in
ceremony of Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro on 19 April 2013.[379]

Citizens of Venezuela are eligible for scholarships under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation
Programme and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations.[378][380]

Asia

Central

Kazakhstan

India is working towards developing strong relations with this resource-rich Central Asian country. The
Indian oil company, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation has got oil exploration and petroleum development
grants in Kazakhstan. The two countries are collaborating in petrochemicals, information technology, and
space technology. Kazakhstan has offered India five blocks for oil and gas exploration. India and
Kazakhstan, are to set up joint projects in construction, minerals and
metallurgy. India also signed four other pacts, including an
extradition treaty, in the presence of President Prathibha Patil and
her Kazakh counterpart Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kazakhstan will
provide Uranium and related products under the MoU between
Nuclear Power Corp. of India and Kazatomprom. These MoU also
open possibilities of joint exploration of uranium in Kazakhstan,
which has the world's second-largest reserves, and India building Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
atomic power plants in the Central Asian country. receives a guard of honour during his
visit to Kazakhstan in July 2015.
Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Diplomatic relations were established between India and Tajikistan

following Tajikistan's independence from the 1991 dissolution of
the Soviet Union, which had been friendly with India. Tajikistan
occupies a strategically important position in Central Asia,
bordering Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China and
separated by a small strip of Afghan territory from Pakistan. India's
role in fighting the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and its strategic rivalry
with both China and Pakistan have made its ties with Tajikistan Kyrgyz President Almazbek
important to its strategic and security policies. Despite their Atambayev presents a copy of
Manas-Semetei-Seitek to Indian
common efforts, bilateral trade has been comparatively low, valued
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi at
at US$12.09 million in 2005; India's exports to Tajikistan were
Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on
valued at US$6.2 million and its imports at US$5.89 million. India's December 20, 2016.
military presence and activities have been significant, beginning
with India's extensive support of the anti-Taliban Afghan Northern
Alliance (ANA). India began renovating the Farkhor Air Base and stationed aircraft of the Indian Air Force
there. The Farkhor Air Base became fully operational in 2006, and 12 MiG-29 bombers and trainer aircraft
are planned to be stationed there.

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

India has an embassy in Tashkent. Uzbekistan has an embassy in

New Delhi. Uzbekistan has had a great impact on Indian culture
mostly due to the Mughal Empire which was founded by Babur of
Ferghana (in present-day Uzbekistan) who created his empire
southward first in Afghanistan and then in India.

East
Prime Minister Narendra Modi in
China Turkmenistan

Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 Sino-Indian

War, the 1967 Nathu La and Cho La incidents, and continuing boundary disputes over Aksai Chin and
Arunachal Pradesh, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought
to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties,
and normalise relations.[382] A series of high-level visits between
the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996,
PRC President Jiang Zemin visited India during a tour of South
Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime
Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed
borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998
when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear
tests by citing potential threats from the PRC. However, in June A Chinese container ship unloads
1999, during the Kargil crisis, then-External Affairs Minister cargo at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port in
Jaswant Singh visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider India. Bilateral trade between the two
China a threat. By 2001, relations between India and the PRC were countries has surpassed US$65
on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from Tibet to billion by 2015 making China the
single largest trading partner of
India of the 17th Karmapa in January 2000 with delicacy and tact.
India.[381]
In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and
China recognised Sikkim as a formal part of India in 2004.

Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also
helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade
reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single
largest trading partner of India.[383] The increasing economic
reliance between India and China has also bought the two nations
closer politically, with both India and China eager to resolve their
boundary dispute.[384] They have also collaborated on several
The Current Prime Minister of India, issues ranging from WTO's Doha round in 2008[385] to regional
Narendra Modi and President of free trade agreement.[386] Similar to Indo-US nuclear deal, India
China Xi Jinping, at G7 Summit,
and China have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian
China (2016)
nuclear energy.[387] However, China's economic interests have
clashed with those of India.[388] Both countries are the largest
Asian investors in Africa[389] and have competed for control over their large natural resources.[390] There
was a tense situation due to the soldiers' stand-off in Doklam, Bhutan; but that was resolved early.[391]

Relations were lost due to Galwan Valley skirmishes[393][394] and

its progress. India ceased imports of Chinese products.[395] Various
measures were taken, such as several contracts with the Chinese
companies involved in railways, networks and several items
productions, which were cancelled in response.[396]

The outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic from Wuhan also

hampered the relations.[397] Following the straining of the bonds,
both sides blamed each other for the conflict on LAC.[398] On 29–
Liu Shaoqi, the then Chairman of the
30 August, it was reported that China had allegedly attempted to
Standing Committee of the National
cross LAC to attain important hilltops, which was filed by Indian People's Congress with Indira Gandhi
troops, as they were an advantage of acquiring important tops near when she was the President of
LAC.[399] India banned more than 250 Chinese apps,[400] and on Indian National Congress.[392]
16 October, it banned the import of ACs, Refrigerators and Coolers
from China.[401] Several core commanders' negotiations and talks were held,[402] which resulted in nothing
other than vague promises then. Cross-media blaming was common.

There was even a conference held in Moscow, Russia, on 5 September between the Defence Minister of
India, Rajnath Singh and Chinese Army General, Wei Fenghe, but that also ended up with no success.[403]
The recent meeting of the Quad-alliance was also questioned by China,[404] but was then downed by
India.[405]

In mid-January 2021, it was reported that both countries had finally agreed upon the de-escalation from
their positions. Footage of Chinese troops removing tents/barracks was released. Both countries also agreed
that India would move back to Finger-3, while China retained its position back to Finger-8, and also
declared the area from Finger-3 to Finger-8 to be "No man's land".[406]

Japan

India-Japan relations have always been strong. India has culturally

influenced Japan through Buddhism. During World War II, the
Imperial Japanese Army helped Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's
Indian National Army. Relations have remained warm since India's
independence, despite Japan imposing sanctions on India after the
1998 Pokhran-II nuclear tests (the sanctions were removed in
2001). [407] Japanese companies, like Sony, Toyota, and Honda, Two Japanese Naval warships took
have manufacturing facilities in India, and with the growth of the part in Malabar 2007 off India's
western coast, one of the few such
Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. The most
multilateral exercises Japan has ever
prominent Japanese company to have a big investment in India is
taken part in symbolising close
automobiles giant Suzuki which is in partnership with Indian military cooperation between India
automobile company Maruti Suzuki, the largest car manufacturer in and Japan.
India. Honda was also a partner in "Hero Honda", one of the
largest motorcycle sellers in the world (the companies split in
2011[408]).

According to Former Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's arc of freedom

theory, it is in Japan's interests to develop closer ties with India, the
world's most populous democracy, while its relations with China
remain chilly. To this end, Japan has funded many infrastructure
projects in India, most notably in New Delhi's metro subway
system.[409] In December 2006, then Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh's visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint
Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership".
Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect
Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme,
834423 - India Japan 50th
Anniversary Diplomatic Relations starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Also, in
2007, the Japan Self-Defense Forces took part in a naval exercise in
the Indian Ocean, known as Malabar 2007, which also involved the
naval forces of India, Australia, Singapore and the United States.

In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would grant the latter a low-interest
loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a high-speed rail line between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single
largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflects a growing economic partnership between the
two.[410] India and Japan signed a security cooperation
agreement[411] in which both will hold military exercises, police the
Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on
fighting terrorism, making India one of only three countries, the
other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan
has such a security pact.[412] There are 25,000 Indians in Japan as
of 2008.

Mongolia

The relations between India and Mongolia are still at a nascent Former PM Shinzo Abe and PM
Narendra Modi
stage and Indo-Mongolian cooperation is limited to diplomatic
visits, the provision of soft loans and financial aid and
collaborations in the IT sector.

India established diplomatic relations in December 1955. India was the first country outside the Soviet bloc
to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia. Since then, there have been treaties of mutual friendship
and cooperation between the two countries in 1973, 1994, 2001 and 2004.

North Korea

India and North Korea have growing trade and diplomatic relations. India had a fully functioning embassy
in Pyongyang which was closed down due to COVID-19 pandemic in the host country while North Korea
still operates an embassy in New Delhi. India has said that it wants the "reunification" of Korea.[413]

South Korea

The cordial relationship between the two countries extends back to

48AD, when Queen Suro, or Princess Heo, travelled from the
kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.[414] According to the Samguk
Yusa, the princess had a dream about a heavenly king who was
awaiting heaven's anointed ride. After Princess Heo had the dream,
she asked her parents, the king and queen, for permission to set out
and seek the man, which the king and queen urged with the belief
that god orchestrated the whole fate.[415] Upon approval, she set
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
out on a boat, carrying gold, silver, a tea plant, and a stone which
Modi and the President of the
Republic of South Korea, Mr. Moon
calmed the waters.[414] Archeologists discovered a stone with two
Jae-in take Delhi Metro ride on the fish kissing each other, a symbol of the Gaya kingdom that is
way to inaugurate the Samsung unique to the Mishra royal family in Ayodhya, India. This royal link
manufacturing plant, World's Largest provides further evidence that there was an active commercial
Mobile Factory, in Noida, Uttar engagement between India and Korea since the queen's arrival in
Pradesh. Korea.[414] Current descendants live in the city of Gimhae as well
as abroad in the America states of New Jersey and Kentucky. Many
of them became prominent and well known around the world like
President Kim Dae Jung and Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil. The relations between the countries have been
relatively limited, although much progress arose during the three decades.
Since the formal establishment of diplomatic ties between the two
countries in 1973, several trade agreements have been reached.
Trade between the two nations has increased exponentially,
exemplified by the $530 million during the fiscal year of 1992–
1993, and the $10 billion during 2006–2007.[416] During the 1997
Asian financial crisis, South Korean businesses sought to increase
access to the global markets and began trade investments with
India.[416] The last two presidential visits from South Korea to Stamp of India - 2019 - Joint Issue
India were in 1996 and 2006, [417] and the embassy works between with South Korea commemorating
relationship when Queen Suro, or
the two countries are seen as needing improvements.[418] Recently,
Princess Heo, travelled from the
there have been acknowledgements in the Korean public and kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.
political spheres that expanding relations with India should be a
major economic and political priority for South Korea. Much of the
economic investments of South Korea have been drained into China;[419] however, South Korea is
currently the fifth largest source of investment in India.[420] To The Times of India, President Roh Moo-
hyun voiced his opinion that cooperation between India's software and Korea's IT industries would bring
very efficient and successful outcomes.[417] The two countries agreed to shift their focus to the revision of
the visa policies between the two countries, expansion of trade, and establishment of free trade agreement to
encourage further investment between the two countries. Korean companies such as LG, Hyundai and
Samsung have established manufacturing and service facilities in India, and several Korean construction
companies won grants for a portion of the many infrastructural building plans in India, such as the
"National Highway Development Project".[420] Tata Motor's purchase of Daewoo Commercial Vehicles at
the cost of $102 million highlights India's investments in Korea, which consist mostly of
subcontracting.[420]

South
Afghanistan

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December

1947.[132]

Bilateral relations between India and Afghanistan have been

traditionally strong and friendly. While India was the only South Indian PM Narendra Modi, hosting
Asian country to recognise the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic President of Afghanistan, Ashraf
of Afghanistan in the 1980s, its relations were diminished during Ghani, in New Delhi (2018)
the Afghan civil wars and the rule of the Islamist Taliban in the
1990s.[421] India aided the overthrow of the Taliban and became
the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid.[61][422] The new democratically
elected Afghan government strengthened its ties with India in the wake of persisting tensions and problems
with Pakistan, which is continuing to shelter and support the Taliban.[61][422] India pursues a policy of
close cooperation to bolster its standing as a regional power and contains its rival Pakistan, which it
maintains is supporting Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India.[61] India is the largest regional
investor in Afghanistan, having committed more than US$3 billion for reconstruction purposes.[423] After
the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed, India participated in the evacuation of non-Muslim
minorities and provided food aid to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.[424]
Bangladesh

India was the second country to recognise Bangladesh as a separate

and independent state, doing so on 6 December 1971. India fought
alongside the Bangladeshis to liberate Bangladesh from West
Pakistan in 1971.

Bangladesh's relationship with India has been difficult in terms of

border killing, irrigation and land border disputes post-1976.
However, India has enjoyed a favourable relationship with
Bangladesh during governments formed by the Awami League in PM Narendra Modi, along with PM of
Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, and
1972 and 1996. The recent solutions to land and maritime disputes
Chief Minister of West Bengal,
have taken out irritants in ties. Mamata Banerjee, in an agreement
between Indian and Bangladeshi
At the outset, India's relations with Bangladesh could not have been Government, with Minister of
stronger because of India's unalloyed support for independence and External Affairs (India), S.
opposition against Pakistan in 1971. During the independence war, Jaishankar, and Bangladesh Govt.
many refugees fled to India. When the struggle of resistance officials
matured in November 1971, India also intervened militarily and
may have helped bring international attention to the issue through
Indira Gandhi's visit to Washington, D.C. Afterwards India furnished relief and reconstruction aid. India
extended recognition to Bangladesh before the end of the war in 1971 (the second country to do so after
Bhutan[425]) and subsequently lobbied others to follow suit. India also withdrew its military from the land
of Bangladesh when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman requested Indira Gandhi to do so during the latter's visit to
Dhaka in 1972.

Indo-Bangladesh relations have been somewhat less friendly since

the fall of the Mujib government in August 1975.[426] over the
years over issues such as South Talpatti Island, the Tin Bigha
Corridor and access to Nepal, the Farakka Barrage and water
sharing, border conflicts near Tripura and the construction of a
fence along most of the border which India explains as security
provision against migrants, insurgents and terrorists. Many
Bangladeshis feel India likes to play "big brother" to smaller
Lt Gen Niazi signing the Instrument neighbours, including Bangladesh. Bilateral relations warmed in
of Surrender under the gaze of Lt 1996, due to a softer Indian foreign policy and the new Awami
Gen Aurora, effectively ending League Government. A 30-year water-sharing agreement for the
Bangladesh Liberation War and
Ganges River was signed in December 1996, after an earlier
creating the new state of
bilateral water-sharing agreement for the Ganges River lapsed in
Bangladesh.
1988. Both nations also have cooperated on the issue of flood
warnings and preparedness. The Bangladesh Government and tribal
insurgents signed a peace accord in December 1997, which allowed for the return of tribal refugees who
had fled to India, beginning in 1986, to escape violence caused by an insurgency in their homeland in the
Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Bangladesh Army maintains a very strong presence in the area to this day. The
army is increasingly concerned about the growing problem of the cultivation of illegal drugs.
There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to
reclaim. Padua, part of Sylhet Division before 1971, has been under Indian control since the war in 1971.
This small strip of land was re-occupied by the BDR in 2001 but later given back to India after the
Bangladesh government decided to solve the problem through diplomatic negotiations. The Indian New
Moore island no longer exists, but Bangladesh repeatedly claims it[427] to be part of the Satkhira district of
Bangladesh.

In recent years India has increasingly complained that Bangladesh

does not secure its border properly. It fears an increasing flow of
poor Bangladeshis and it accuses Bangladesh of harbouring Indian
separatist groups like ULFA and alleged terrorist groups. The
Bangladesh government has refused to accept these
allegations.[428][429] India estimates that over 20 million
Bangladeshis are living illegally in India.[430] One Bangladeshi
official responded that "there is not a single Bangladeshi migrant in
India".[431] Since 2002, India has been constructing an India –
Bangladesh Fence along much of the 2500-mile border.[432] The
failure to resolve migration disputes bears a human cost for illegal
migrants, such as imprisonment and health risks (namely
HIV/AIDS).[433]

India's prime minister Narendra Modi and his Bangladeshi

Stamp of India - 1973- Flower with
counterpart Sheikh Hasina have completed a landmark deal
Flag - India commemorating the
redrawing their messy shared border and thereby solving disputes
creation of Republic of Bangladesh.
between India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh has also given India a
transit route to travel through Bangladesh to its North East states.
India and Bangladesh also have free trade agreement on 7 June 2015.[434]

Both countries solved their border dispute on 6 June 2015.[435]

The Agartala-Akhaura rail link between Indian Railway and Bangladesh Railway will reduce the current
1700 km road distance between Kolkata to Agartala via Siliguri to just 350 kilometer by railway. To
connect Kolkata with Tripura via Bangladesh through railway, the Union Government on 10 February
2016 sanctioned about 580 crore rupees. The project which is expected to be completed by 2017 will pass
through Bangladesh.

The project ranks high on Prime Minister's 'Act East Policy', and is expected to increase connectivity and
boost trade between India and Bangladesh.

Bhutan

Historically, there have been close ties with India. Both countries signed a friendship treaty in 1949, where
India would assist Bhutan in foreign relations. On 8 February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was
substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. Whereas in the Treaty
of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to
exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On
its part, the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the
advice of the Government of India regarding its external relations."

In the revised treaty it now reads as, "In keeping with the abiding
ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India,
the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of
the Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on The King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar
issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall Namgyel Wangchuck, at Prime
Minister's Residence with PM
allow the use of its territory for activities harmful to the national
Narendra Modi in New Delhi on 1
security and interest of the other". The revised treaty also includes
November 2017.
in it the preamble "Reaffirming their respect for each other's
independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity", an element that
was absent in the earlier version. The Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 strengthens Bhutan's status as
an independent and sovereign nation.

India continues to be the largest trade and development partner of

Bhutan. Planned development efforts in Bhutan began in the early
1960s. The First Five Year Plan (FYP) of Bhutan was launched in
1961. Since then, India has been extending financial assistance to
Bhutan's FYPs. The 10th FYP ended in June 2013. India's overall
assistance to the 10th FYP was a little over Rs. 5000 crores,
excluding grants for hydropower projects. India has committed Rs.
4500 crores for Bhutan's 11th FYP along with Rs. 500 crores as an
Economic Stimulus Package.[436]

The hydropower sector is one of the main pillars of bilateral

Indian PM Narendra Modi meets with
cooperation, exemplifying mutually beneficial synergy by providing Bhutanese PM Tshering Tobgay
clean energy to India and exporting revenue to Bhutan (power
contributes 14% to the Bhutanese GDP, comprising about 35% of
Bhutan's total exports). Three hydroelectric projects (HEPs) totaling 1416 MW, (336 MW Chukha HEP, the
60 MW Kurichu HEP, and the 1020 MW Tala HEP), are already exporting electricity to India. In 2008 the
two governments identified ten more projects for development with a total generation capacity of 10,000
MW. Of these, three projects totaling 2940 MW (1200 MW Punatsangchu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchu-II
and 720 MW Mangdechu HEPs) are under construction and are scheduled to be commissioned in the last
quarter of 2017–2018. Out of the remaining 7 HEPs, 4 projects totaling 2120 MW (600 MW Kholongchhu,
180 MW Bunakha, 570 MW Wangchu and 770 MW Chamkarchu) will be constructed under a Joint
Venture model, for which a Framework Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed between both
governments in 2014. Of these 4 JV-model projects, pre-construction activities for Kholongchhu HEP have
commenced.[436] Tata Power is also building a hydroelectric dam in Bhutan.

India had assisted Bhutan by deploying its troops in Doklam in 2017- a territory claimed and controlled by
the Bhutanese government- to resist a Chinese army's control and construction of military structures.[391]

Maldives
India enjoys a considerable influence over Maldives' foreign policy
and provides extensive security cooperation, especially after
Operation Cactus in 1988 during which India repelled Tamil
mercenaries who invaded the country.

As a founder member in 1985 of the South Asian Association for

Regional Cooperation, SAARC, which brings together
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka, the country plays a very active role in SAARC. The
PM Narendra Modi meeting
Maldives has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade
President of Maldives, Ibrahim
Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of Mohamed Solih, in Malé (2018)
informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for
greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous
human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human
Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such
as through formulating common positions at the UN.

India is starting the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the
moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier this year over fears that one of its island resorts
could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities.[437] India also
signed an agreement with the Maldives in 2011 which is centred around the following:

India shall permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance
capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. One helicopter from the Coast Guard
was handed over during A. K. Antony's visit while another from the Navy will be cleared for
transfer shortly.
Maldives has coastal radars on only two of its 26 atolls. India will help set up radars on all 26
for seamless coverage of approaching vessels and aircraft.
The coastal radar chain in the Maldives will be networked with the Indian coastal radar
system. India has already undertaken a project to install radars along its entire coastline. The
radar chains of the two countries will be interlinked and a central control room in India's
Coastal Command will get a seamless radar picture.
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) will carry out regular Dornier sorties over the island nation to
look out for suspicious movements or vessels. The Southern Naval Command will facilitate
the inclusion of Maldives into the Indian security grid.
Military teams from Maldives will visit the tri-services Andaman & Nicobar Command (ANC)
to observe how India manages security and surveillance of the critical island chain.
Relations faced a strain in January 2024 due to derogatory remarks by Maldivian officials and concerns
over racism, targeted towards Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi as well as India, triggering the 2024
India-Maldives diplomatic row.[438]

This was seen very negatively in India, with citizens calling for a boycott of vacations in Maldives, with
many renowned Bollywood actors and personalities criticising the Maldivian government. This also led to
the death of a young Maldivian teenager,[439] who had to be taken to India via an air ambulance, after the
request at the last minute was denied by Maldivian authorities due to the ongoing tensions against the
country.[440]

Nepal
Relations between India and Nepal are close yet fraught with
difficulties stemming from border disputes, geography, economics,
the problems inherent in big power-small power relations, and
common ethnic and linguistic identities that overlap the two
countries borders. In 1950 New Delhi and Kathmandu initiated
their intertwined relationship with the Treaty of Peace and
Friendship and accompanying secret letters that defined security
relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing
both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian soil. The 1950 treaty
and letters stated that "neither government shall tolerate any threat PM Narendra Modi, with Former
to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor" and obligated Prime Minister of Nepal, KP Sharma
both sides "to inform each other of any serious friction or Oli, in BIMSTEC Summit 2018 at
misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any Kathmandu.
breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two
governments", and also granted the Indian and Nepali citizens right
to get involved in any economic activity such as work and business-related activity in each other's territory.
These accords cemented a "special relationship" between India and Nepal that granted Nepalese in India
the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens.

Relations between India and Nepal reached their lowest in 1989

when India imposed a 13-month-long economic blockade on
Nepal. Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Nepal in 2014, the first by
an Indian PM in nearly 17 years.

In 2015, a blockade of the India-Nepal border affected relations.

The blockade is led by ethnic communities angered by Nepal's
recently promulgated new constitution.[441] However, the Nepalese Local Nepalese and Army persons
government accuses India of deliberately worsening the embargo, are being evacuated by the Indian Air
but India denies it.[441] Force (IAF) Mi-17 V5 helicopter at
the directions of Nepalese authority
India aided Nepal during the 2015 Kathmandu earthquake with the as part of relief & rescue operations
following the 2015 Kathmandu
financial aid of $1 billion and launched Operation Maitri.[442]
Earthquake.
The relations were strained during mid-2020, when it was reported
that a firing took place by the Nepalese police across the Indo-
Nepalese border of Bihar on 12 July.[443] Nepalese Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli commented about the
pandemic of Coronavirus that the "Indian virus was deadlier" than the one which spread from Wuhan.[444]
As time progressed, certain claims were also made on the Indian territories, for example, Kalapani,
Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh of Uttarakhand.[445] Similarly, the claims were also made culturally, when it
was said that Hindu God Ram was Nepalese, that he was born in Thori, west of Birgunj, and that Ayodhya
in Uttar Pradesh was fake.[446] Rules were made strict for Indians in Nepal[447] along with banning some
Indian media.[448]

Indian media stated that the actions of the Oli government were souring the relations, "and these were being
done on the direction of China and propelled by Chinese ambassador Hou Yanqi". Speculations were made
that since China could not handle India directly, in the aftermath of the LAC skirmish, it was lurking and
trapping its neighboring countries and provoking them against India. In August, there were reports about the
Chinese "illegal occupations" in Nepal's border states' areas.[449]
Pakistan

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947.[450]

Despite historical, cultural and ethnic links between them, relations

between India and Pakistan have been "plagued" by years of mistrust and
suspicion ever since the partition of India in 1947. The principal source of
contention between India and its western neighbour has been the Kashmir
conflict. After an invasion by Pashtun tribesmen and Pakistani
paramilitary forces, the Hindu Maharaja of the Dogra Kingdom of Jammu
and Kashmir, Hari Singh, and its Muslim Prime Minister, Sheikh
Abdullah, signed an Instrument of Accession with New Delhi. The First
Kashmir War started after the Indian Army entered Srinagar, the capital of
Jawahar Lal Nehru and
the state, to secure the area from the invading forces. The war ended in
Muhammed Ali Jinnah walking
December 1948 with the Line of Control dividing the erstwhile princely in the grounds of Government
state into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) House, Simla, British
and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). Pakistan contested the India.[392]
legality of the Instrument of Accession since the Dogra Kingdom has
signed a standstill agreement with it. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
started following the failure of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into
Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused
thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the
subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. India and Pakistan went to war again in 1971, this time
the conflict being over East Pakistan. The large-scale atrocities committed there by the Pakistan army led to
millions of Bengali refugees pouring over into India. India, along with the Mukti Bahini, defeated Pakistan
and the Pakistani forces surrendered on the eastern front. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. In
1998, India carried out the Pokhran-II nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's Chagai-I tests.
Following the Lahore Declaration in February 1999, relations briefly improved. A few months later,
however, Pakistani paramilitary forces and Pakistan Army, infiltrated in large numbers into the Kargil
district of Indian Kashmir. This initiated the Kargil War after India moved in thousands of troops to
successfully flush out the infiltrators. Although the conflict did not result in a full-scale war between India
and Pakistan, relations between the two reached an all-time low which worsened even further following the
involvement of Pakistan-based terrorists in the hijacking of the Indian Airlines Flight 814 in December
1999. Attempts to normalise relations, such as the Agra summit held in July 2001, failed. An attack on the
Indian Parliament in December 2001, which was blamed on Pakistan, which had condemned the attack[451]
caused a military standoff between the two countries which lasted for nearly a year raising fears of nuclear
warfare. However, a peace process, initiated in 2003, led to improved relations in the following years.

Since the initiation of the peace process, several confidence-building measures (CBMs) between India and
Pakistan have taken shape. The Samjhauta Express and Delhi–Lahore Bus service are two of these
successful measures which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the
two countries.[452] The initiation of the Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus service in 2005 and the opening of a
historic trade route across the Line of Control in 2008 further reflects increasing eagerness between the two
sides to improve relations. Although bilateral trade between India and Pakistan was a modest US$1.7 billion
in March 2007, it is expected to cross US$10 billion by 2010. After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, India
sent aid to affected areas in Pakistani Kashmir and Punjab as well as Indian Kashmir.[453]
The 2008 Mumbai attacks seriously undermined the relations
between the two countries. India alleged Pakistan harbouring
militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently denied such
claims.

A new chapter started in India-Pakistan relations when a new NDA

government took charge in Delhi after victory in the 2014 election
PM Narendra Modi meeting Former
and invited SAARC members' leaders to an oath-taking ceremony.
Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz
Subsequently, the visit of the Indian prime minister on 25 December
Sharif, at Raiwind, Pakistan
informally wished Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on his (2015, last formal dialogue)
Birthday and participate in his daughter's wedding. It was hoped
that the relationship between the neighbour will improve but an
attack on an Indian army camp by Pakistani infiltrators on 18 September 2016[454] and a subsequent
surgical strike by India[455] aggravated the already strained relationship between the nations.

A SAARC summit scheduled in Islamabad was called off because

of a boycott by India and other SAARC members
subsequently.[456]

The relationship took a further nosedive after another attack on

CRPF in February 2019 by a terrorist associated with the Pakistan-
based terror organisation, Jaish-e-Mohammed, when the terrorist
rammed his vehicle packed with explosives against a bus carrying
CRPF soldiers in Pulwama, Kashmir, killing 40.[457] India blamed The evening flag lowering ceremony
at the India-Pakistan International
Pakistan which was denied by the Pakistani establishment. India
Border near Wagah. Taken from the
retaliated with an airstrike on Balakot, a region claimed and Pakistani side.
controlled by Pakistan.[458]

A new chapter in peace was ignited when it was suddenly declared that a back-door peace settlement over
ceasing the cross-border firing across LOC was signed between the armies of both sides, and a steady
growth in the countries coming together was observed.[459]

Sri Lanka

Bilateral relations between Sri Lanka and India have enjoyed historically a good relationship. The two
countries share near-identical racial and cultural ties. According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles
(Dipavamsa), Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 4th century BCE by Venerable Mahinda, the
son of Indian Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of Sri Lanka's King Devanampiya Tissa. During this time,
a sapling of the Bodhi Tree was brought to Sri Lanka and the first monasteries and Buddhist monuments
were established.

Nevertheless, relations post-independence were affected by the Sri Lankan Civil War and by the failure of
Indian intervention during the civil war as well as India's support for Tamil Tiger militants. India is Sri
Lanka's only neighbour, separated by the Palk Strait; both nations occupy a strategic position in South Asia
and have sought to build a common security umbrella in the Indian Ocean.[460]

India-Sri Lanka relations have undergone a qualitative and quantitative transformation in the recent past.
Political relations are close, trade and investments have increased dramatically, infrastructural linkages are
constantly being augmented, defence collaboration has increased and there is a general, broad-based
improvement across all sectors of bilateral cooperation. India was
the first country to respond to Sri Lanka's request for assistance
after the tsunami in December 2004. In July 2006, India evacuated
430 Sri Lankan nationals from Lebanon, first to Cyprus by Indian
Navy ships and then to Delhi and Colombo by special Air India
flights.

There exists a broad consensus within the Sri Lankan polity on the
The Former President of Sri Lanka,
primacy of India in Sri Lanka's external relations matrix. Both the
at Prime Minister's Residence, New
major political parties in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party Delhi with PM Narendra Modi (2018)
and the United Nationalist Party have contributed to the rapid
development of bilateral relations in the last ten years. Sri Lanka has
supported India's candidature to the permanent membership of the UN Security Council.[461]

SAARC

Certain aspects of India's relations within the subcontinent are

conducted through the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC). Its members other than India are
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and
Sri Lanka. Established in 1985, SAARC encourages cooperation in
agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture,
health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism.

SAARC has intentionally stressed these "core issues" and avoided

more divisive political issues, although the political dialogue is often
conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings. In 1993, India and
India and its neighbor countries. its SAARC partners signed an agreement to gradually lower tariffs
within the region. Forward movement in SAARC has come to a
standstill because of the tension between India and Pakistan, and
the SAARC Summit originally scheduled for, but not held in, November 1999 has not been rescheduled.
The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held during 3–4 April 2007 in New Delhi. The 19th SAARC summit
that was scheduled to be held in Islamabad was cancelled due to terrorist acts, particularly the Uri attack.

BIMSTEC

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic

Cooperation is now an "organization of member states" that are
littorals of the Bay of Bengal or adjacent to it. The BIMSTEC
member states – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, and Thailand – are among the major South and Southeast
Asia countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.[462] India and

Members of BIMSTEC.
some other countries, frustrated by the obstacles in SAARC's efforts to promote regional cooperation, have
been working to make BIMSTEC the premier vehicle in this regard.[463]

Southeast

Brunei

Brunei has a high commission in New Delhi, and India has a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Cambodia

Both nations have been in friendly relations.

Indonesia

The ties between Indonesia and India date back to the times of the
Ramayana,[464] "Yawadvipa" (Java) is mentioned in India's earliest epic,
the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to
Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.[465] Indonesians had
absorbed many aspects of Indian culture since almost two millennia ago.
The most obvious trace is the large adoption of Sanskrit into the
Indonesian language. Several Indonesian toponymy has Indian parallel or
origin, such as Madura with Mathura, Serayu and Sarayu rivers, Kalingga
from Kalinga Kingdom, and Ngayogyakarta from Ayodhya. Indianised
Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms, such as Kalingga, Srivijaya, Mataram, Sunda,
Jawaharlal Nehru and his Kadiri, Singhasari and Majapahit were the predominant governments in
daughter Indira Gandhi with Indonesia, and lasted from 200[466] to the 1500s, with the last remaining
Sukarno, Megawati being in Bali. An example of profound Hindu-Buddhist influences in
Sukarnoputri and Guruh Indonesian history is the 9th-century Prambanan and Borobudur temples.
Sukarnoputra, Indonesia,
1950. In 1950, the first President of
Indonesia – Sukarno called upon
the peoples of Indonesia and India
to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two
countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been
"disrupted" by colonial powers.[467] In the spring of 1966, the
foreign ministers of both countries began speaking again of an era
of friendly relations. India had supported Indonesian independence
and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in the United Nations
Security Council. PM Narendra Modi meets Indonesian
President Joko Widodo, in Jakarta
India has an embassy in Jakarta[468] and Indonesia operates an (2018)

embassy in Delhi. [469] India regards Indonesia as a key member of

ASEAN. Today, both countries maintain cooperative and friendly
relations. India and Indonesia are one of the few (and also one of the largest) democracies in the Asian
region which can be projected as a real democracy.[470] Both nations had agreed to establish a strategic
partnership.[471] As fellow Asian democracies that share common values, it is natural for both countries to
nurture and foster strategic alliances. Indonesia and India are member states of the G-20, the E7, the Non-
Aligned Movement, and the United Nations.

Laos

In recent years, India has endeavoured to build relations, with this small Southeast Asian nation. They have
strong military relations, and India shall be building an Airforce Academy in Laos.[472]

Malaysia

India has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a

high commission in New Delhi. Both countries are full members of
the Commonwealth of Nations and the Asian Union. India and
Malaysia are also connected by various cultural and historical ties
that date back to antiquity. The two countries are on friendly terms
with each other and Malaysia harbours a small population of Indian
immigrants. Mahathir bin Mohamad the fourth and longest-serving
Prime Minister of Malaysia is of Indian origin. His father Mohamad Stamp of India - IOCOM Submarine
Telephone Cable
Iskandar, is a Malayalee Muslim who migrated from Kerala and his
mother Wan Tampawan, is a Malay.[473]

Relations escalated when the Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad questioned the action of revocating the
special status of Jammu and Kashmir and on CAA-NRC protests. The relations continue to be diminished,
also during the palm oil export from Malaysia to India.

Even with the new government in power, currently, there seems no recovery, as former Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad still favored Pakistan.[474]

Myanmar

India established diplomatic relations after Burma's independence

from Great Britain in 1948. For many years, Indo-Burmese
relations were strong due to cultural links, flourishing commerce,
common interests in regional affairs and the presence of a
significant Indian community in Burma.[475] India provided
considerable support when Myanmar struggled with regional
insurgencies. However, the overthrow of the democratic The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
government by the Military of Burma led to strains in ties. Along Modi calling on the President of
with much of the world, India condemned the suppression of Myanmar, Mr. U. Thein Sein, at
democracy and Myanmar ordered the expulsion of the Burmese Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar on
November 11, 2014
Indian community, increasing its isolation from the world.[475][476]
Only China maintained close links with Myanmar while India
supported the pro-democracy movement.[475][477][478]

However, due to geopolitical concerns, India revived its relations and recognised the military junta ruling
Myanmar in 1993, overcoming strains over drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of
the military junta in Myanmar. Myanmar is situated to the south of the states of Mizoram, Manipur,
Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. and the proximity of the People's Republic of China
gives strategic importance to Indo-Burmese relations. The Indo-
Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometers[479] and some
insurgents in North-east India seek refuge in Myanmar.
Consequently, India has been keen on increasing military
cooperation with Myanmar in its counter-insurgency activities. In
2001, the Indian Army completed the construction of a major road
along its border with Myanmar. India has also been building major
roads, highways, ports and pipelines within Myanmar in an attempt
to increase its strategic influence in the region and also to counter The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
China's growing strides in the Indochina peninsula. Indian Modi and the State Counsellor of
companies have also sought active participation in oil and natural Myanmar, Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi at
gas exploration in Myanmar. In February 2007, India announced a the Joint Press Statement, at
Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on
plan to develop the Sittwe port, which would enable ocean access
19 October 2016.
from Indian Northeastern states like Mizoram, via the Kaladan
River.

India is a major customer of Burmese oil and gas. In 2007, Indian exports to Myanmar totaled US$185
million, while its imports from Myanmar were valued at around US$810 million, consisting mostly of oil
and gas.[480] India has granted US$100 million credit to fund highway infrastructure projects in Myanmar,
while US$57 million has been offered to upgrade Burmese railways. A further US$27 million in grants has
been pledged for road and rail projects.[481] India is one of the few countries that has provided military
assistance to the Burmese junta.[482] However, there has been increasing pressure on India to cut some of
its military supplies to Burma.[483] Relations between the two remain close which was evident in the
aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, when India was one of the few countries whose relief and rescue aid
proposals were accepted by Myanmar's junta.[484]

India maintains embassies in Rangoon and consulate generals in Mandalay.

Philippines

Through the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires, Hindu influence has

been visible in Philippine history from the 10th to 14th centuries.
During the 18th century, there was robust trade between Manila
with the Coromandel Coast and Bengal, involving Philippine
exports of tobacco, silk, cotton, indigo, sugar cane and coffee.
Stamp of Ganges River Dolphin
(Platanista gangetica) and Whale Formal diplomatic relations
Shark (Rhincodon typus), 2009, between the Philippines and
India-Philippines joint issue.
India were established on
16 November 1949. The
first Philippine envoy to India was the late Foreign Secretary
Narciso Ramos. Seven years after India's independence in 1947, the
Philippines and India signed a Treaty of Friendship on 11 July 1952
in Manila to strengthen the friendly relations existing between the
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
two countries. Soon after, the Philippine Legation in New Delhi
and Philippines President Rodrigo
was established and then elevated to an embassy. However, due to Roa Duterte meeting in Manila, 2017
foreign policy differences as a result of the bipolar alliance structure
of the Cold War, the development of bilateral relations was stunted.
It was only in 1976 that relations started to normalise when Aditya Birla, one of India's successful
industrialists, met with then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos to explore possibilities of setting up joint
ventures in the Philippines. Today, like India, the Philippines is the leading voice-operated business process
outsourcing (BPO) source in terms of revenue (US$5.7) and number of people (500,000) employed in the
sector. In partnership with the Philippines, India has 20 IT/BPO companies in the Philippines. Philippines-
India bilateral trade stood at US$986.60 million in 2009. In 2004 it was US$600 million. Both countries
aim to reach US$1 billion by 2010. 60,000 Indians are living in the Philippines. The Philippines and India
signed in October 2007 the Framework for Bilateral Cooperation which created the PH-India JCBC. It has
working groups in trade, agriculture, tourism, health, and renewable energy, a regular policy consultation
mechanism and security dialogue.

Singapore

India and Singapore share long-standing cultural, commercial and

strategic relations, with Singapore being a part of the "Greater
India" cultural and commercial region. More than 300,000 people
of Indian Tamil "தமிழ்" origin live in Singapore. Following its
independence in 1965, Singapore was concerned with China-
backed communist threats as well as domination from Malaysia and
Indonesia and sought a close strategic relationship with India,
Singapore Navy frigate RSS
which it saw as a counterbalance to Chinese influence and a partner Formidable (68) steams alongside
in achieving regional security.[485] Singapore had always been an the Indian Navy frigate INS
important strategic trading post, giving India trade access to Brahmaputra (F-31) in the Bay of
Maritime Southeast Asia and the Far East. Although the rival Bengal. Singapore is one of India's
positions of both nations over the Vietnam War and the Cold War strongest allies in South East Asia.

caused consternation between India and Singapore, their

relationship expanded significantly in the 1990s;[485] Singapore
was one of the first to respond to the Indian Look East policy of expanding its economic, cultural and
strategic ties in Southeast Asia to strengthen its standing as a regional power.[485] Singapore, and especially,
the Singaporean Foreign Minister, George Yeo, have taken an interest, in re-establishing the ancient Indian
university, Nalanda University.

Singapore is the 8th largest source of

investment in India and the largest among
ASEAN member nations.[485][486] It is
also India's 9th biggest trading partner as
of 2005–06.[485] Its cumulative
investment in India totals US$3 billion as
The Istana Rashtrapati Bhavan
of 2006 and is expected to rise to US$5
billion by 2010 and US$10 billion by
India Singapore Joint Issue - 2015 - Commemorating relationship.
2015.[485][487][488] India's economic
liberalisation and its "Look East" policy
have led to a major expansion in bilateral trade, which grew from US$2.2 billion in 2001 to US$9–10
billion in 2006 – a 400% growth in five years – and to US$50 billion by 2010.[485][487][488] Singapore
accounts for 38% of India's trade with ASEAN member nations and 3.4% of its total foreign trade.[485]
India's main exports to Singapore in 2005 included petroleum, gemstones, jewellery, and machinery and its
imports from Singapore included electronic goods, organic chemicals and metals. More than half of
Singapore's exports to India are basically "re-exports" – items that had been imported from India.[485][486]

Thailand

India's Indian Look East policy, saw India grow relations with
ASEAN countries including Thailand, and Thailand's Look West
policy, also saw it grow its relations with India. Both countries are
members of BIMSTEC. Indian Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi, P.V.
Narasimha Rao, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh, have
visited Thailand, which was reciprocated by contemporary Thai
Prime Ministers Chatichai Choonhavan, Thaksin Sinawatra, and
Surayud Chulanont. In 2003, a Free Trade Agreement was signed
between the two countries. India is the 13th largest investor in The mural of the Temple of the
Thailand. The spheres of trade are in chemicals, pharmaceuticals, Emerald Buddha depicting Ninlaphat
textiles, nylon, tyre cord, real estate, rayon fibres, paper-grade (Nila in Ramayana) a monkey soldier,
pulps, steel wires, and rods. However, IT services, and serves as a bridge during an event in
manufacturing, are the main spheres. Through Buddhism, India has Ramakien ("Glory of Rama"), a Thai
culturally influenced Thailand. The Indian epics, Mahabharata, and version of the Hindu epic Ramayana.

Ramayana, are popular and are widely taught in schools as part of

the curriculum in Thailand. The example can also be seen in temples around Thailand, where the story of
Ramayana and renowned Indian folk stories are depicted on the temple wall. Thailand has become a big
tourist destination for Indians.

Moreover, India and Thailand have been culturally linked for centuries and India has had a deep influence
on Thai culture. There are a substantial number of words in Thai that are borrowed from Sanskrit, India's
classical language. Pali, which was the language of Magadha and is a medium of Theravada, is another
important root of Thai vocabulary. Buddhism, the major religion of Thailand, itself originates from India.
The Hindu story of Ramayana is also well known throughout Thailand in the name Ramakien.

Timor-Leste

Both nations have friendly and collateral relations.

Vietnam

India supported Vietnam's independence from France, opposed US

involvement in the Vietnam War and supported the unification of
Vietnam. India established official diplomatic relations in 1972 and
maintained friendly relations, especially in the wake of Vietnam's
hostile relations with the People's Republic of China, which had
become India's strategic rival.[489]
Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru (left) and Vietnamese
India granted the "Most favoured nation" status to Vietnam in
President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi
1975[489] and both nations signed a bilateral trade agreement in
1978 and the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection
Agreement (BIPPA) on 8 March 1997.[490] In 2007, a fresh joint declaration was issued during the state
visit of the Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyen Tan Dung.[491] Bilateral trade has increased rapidly since
the liberalisation of the economies of both Vietnam and India.[489] India is the 13th-largest exporter to
Vietnam, with exports having grown steadily from US$11.5 million in 1985–86 to US$395.68 million by
2003.[490] Vietnam's exports to India rose to US$180 million, including agricultural products, handicrafts,
textiles, electronics and other goods.[492] Between 2001 and 2006, the volume of bilateral trade expanded
at 20–30% per annum to reach $1 billion by 2006.[493][494] Continuing the rapid pace of growth, bilateral
trade is expected to rise to $2 billion by 2008, two years ahead of the official target.[494][495] India and
Vietnam have also expanded cooperation in information technology, education and collaboration of the
respective national space programmes.[491] Direct air links and lax visa regulations have been established to
bolster tourism.[496]

India and Vietnam are members of the Mekong–Ganga

Cooperation, created to develop to enhance close ties between India
and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to
become a permanent member of the United Nations Security
Council and join the Indo-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC).[497] In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam
envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in
Southeast Asia;[491] to this end, Vietnam has backed a more Bilateral signing ceremony in 2011
important relationship and role between India and the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an
Indo–ASEAN free trade agreement.[489][491] India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships,
including extensive cooperation in developing nuclear power, enhancing regional security and fighting
terrorism, transnational crime and drug trafficking.[498][491][492]

ASEAN

India's interaction with ASEAN during the Cold War was very limited. India declined to get associated with
ASEAN in the 1960s when full membership was offered even before the grouping was formed.[44]

It is only with the formulation of the Look East policy in the last decade (1992), India started giving this
region due importance in the foreign policy. India became a sectoral dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992,
a full dialogue partner in 1995, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1996, and a summit-
level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002.

The first India–ASEAN Business Summit was held in New Delhi in October 2002. The then Prime
Minister A. B. Vajpayee addressed this meeting and since then this business summit has become an annual
feature before the India–ASEAN Summits, as a forum for networking and exchange of business
experiences between policymakers and business leaders from ASEAN and India.

Four India-ASEAN Summits, first in 2002 at Phnom Penh (Cambodia), second in 2003 at Bali, Indonesia,
third in 2004 at Vientiane, Laos, and the fourth in 2005 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, have taken place.

The following agreements have been entered into with ASEAN:

Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (for establishing an FTA

in a time frame of 10 years) was concluded in Bali in 2003.
An ASEAN-India Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism has
been adopted.
 India acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation
(TAC) in 2003, on which ASEAN was formed initially (in
1967).
The agreement on "India-ASEAN Partnership for Peace,
Progress and Shared Prosperity" was signed at the 3rd
ASEAN-India Summit in November 2004.
Setting up of Entrepreneurship Development Centres in
ASEAN member states – Cambodia, Burma, Laos, and
Vietnam. (The one in Laos is already functional)
The following proposals were announced by the Prime Minister at Stamp of India - ASEAN India
the 4th ASEAN-India Summit: Summit Delhi 2018 - Shared Heritage
of Ramayana.
Setting up centres for English Language Training (ELT)
in Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Vietnam.
Setting up a telemedicine and tele-education network for Cambodia, Burma, Laos and
Vietnam.
Organising special training courses for diplomats from ASEAN countries.
Organising an India-ASEAN Technology Summit in 2006.
Organising education fairs and road shows in ASEAN countries.
Conducting an India-ASEAN IT Ministerial and Industry Forum in 2006.
The ASEAN region has an abundance of natural resources and significant technological skills. These
provide a natural base for the integration between ASEAN and India in both trade and investment. The
present level of bilateral trade with ASEAN of nearly US$18 billion is reportedly increasing by about 25%
per year. India hopes to reach the level of US$30 billion by 2007. India is also improving its relations with
the help of other policy decisions like offers of lines of credit, better connectivity through the air (open skies
policy), and rail and road links.[44]

West

Armenia

India established diplomatic relations with Armenia in December 1992. It wasn't recognised by some
countries including Pakistan, which most of the nations did. As of the earliest days of the silk route, there
have been strong cultural, moral and ancient other traditional relations among the nations. It fully supports
India's bid for a permanent seat in UNSC and even completely supports India on Kashmir conflicts. There
exists a small community of Armenians in India while there is also a small community of Indians.

Azerbaijan

India has an embassy in Baku and Azerbaijan has an embassy in New Delhi. Both have been connected
through ancient cultural links and trade routes (especially the Silk Route).

Bahrain

India is a close ally of Bahrain, the Kingdom along with its GCC partners are (according to Indian officials)
among the most prominent backers of India's bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council,[499] and
Bahraini officials have urged India to play a greater role in international affairs. For instance, over concerns
about Iran's nuclear programme Bahrain's Crown Prince appealed to India to play an active role in resolving
the crisis.[500]
Ties between India and Bahrain go back generations, with many of
Bahrain's most prominent figures having close connections: poet
and constitutionalist Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh grew up in Bombay,
while 17th-century Bahraini theologians Sheikh Salih Al-Karzakani
and Sheikh Ja'far bin Kamal al-Din were influential figures in the
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
Kingdom of Golkonda[501] and the development of Shia thought in
Modi meeting the Foreign Minister of
the sub-continent.
Bahrain, Shaikh Khalid Bin Mohamed
Al Khalifa, in New Delhi on February
Bahraini politicians have sought to enhance these long-standing
23, 2015
ties, with Parliamentary Speaker Khalifa Al Dhahrani in 2007
leading a delegation of parliamentarians and business leaders to
meet the then Indian President Pratibha Patil, the then opposition leader L K Advani, and take part in
training and media interviews.[502] Politically, it is easier for Bahrain's politicians to seek training and
advice from India than it is from the United States or other Western alternatives.

Adding further strength to the ties, Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa visited India during which MOUs and
bilateral deals worth $450 million were approved.[503] India expressed its support for Bahrain's bid for a
non-permanent seat in the UNSC in 2026–27.[504]

Cyprus

Cyprus has a High Commission in New Delhi and 2

honorary consulates (in Mumbai and Kolkata).[505]
India has a High Commission in Nicosia.[506]
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of
Nations.
Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties
with India (https://web.archive.org/web/2012022513123
9/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/210EAF742
62E6F34C22571E100240EC8/$file/India.pdf?OpenEle
ment)
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
India supported Cyprus during its struggle for independence from Modi meeting the President of the
British colonial rule. India supported the Greeks in Cyprus during Republic of Cyprus, Mr. Nicos
the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and lobbied for the Anastasiades, at Hyderabad House,
in New Delhi on April 28, 2017
international recognition of the Government of Nicosia as the sole
legal representative of the entire nation. India has consistently
supported and voted for a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus dispute at the United Nations.

Georgia

Georgia has an embassy in New Delhi.[507]

India is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Yerevan (Armenia) and an honorary
consulate in Tbilisi.[508]
Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0111116052839/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=373&lang_id=ENG)

Iran
 Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15
March 1950.[509] After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Iran
withdrew from CENTO and dissociated itself from US-
friendly countries, including Pakistan, which automatically
meant an improved relationship with the Republic of India.

Currently, the two countries have friendly relations in many

areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude oil
imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran frequently
Rabindranath Tagore as a guest of Iran's objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at
parliament in the 1930s. international organisations such as the OIC. India welcomed
Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the SAARC regional
organisation. Lucknow continues to be a major centre of Shiite
culture and Persian study in the subcontinent.

In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan against the Taliban
regime. They continue to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government led by Hamid
Karzai and backed by the United States.

However, one complex issue in Indo-Iran relations is the issue of

Iran's nuclear programme. In this intricate issue, India tries to make
a delicate balance. According to Rejaul Laskar, an Indian expert on
international relations, "India's position on Iran's nuclear
programme has been consistent, principled and balanced, and
makes an endeavour to reconcile Iran's quest for energy security
with the international community's concerns on proliferation. So,
while India acknowledges and supports Iran's ambitions to achieve PM Narendra Modi with Former
President of Iran, Hassan Rouhani,
energy security and in particular, its quest for peaceful use of
in Tehran. (2016)
nuclear energy, it is also India's principled position that Iran must
meet all its obligations under international law, particularly its
obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other such treaties to which it is a
signatory"[510]

Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, the Delhi Police contended that the
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement in the attack. This was subsequently confirmed
in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of the Iranian Revolutionary
Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.[511]

Iraq

Iraq was one of the few countries in the Middle East with which India established diplomatic relations at the
embassy level immediately after its independence in 1947.[512] Both nations signed the "Treaty of Perpetual
Peace and Friendship" in 1952 and an agreement of cooperation on cultural affairs in 1954.[512] India was
amongst the first to recognise the Ba'ath Party-led government, and Iraq remained neutral during the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1965. However, Iraq sided alongside other Persian Gulf states in supporting Pakistan
against India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which saw the creation of Bangladesh.[512] The eight-
year-long Iran–Iraq War caused a steep decline in trade and commerce between the two nations.[512]
During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, India remained neutral but
permitted refuelling for US aircraft.[512] It opposed UN sanctions on
Iraq, but the period of war and Iraq's isolation further diminished
India's commercial and diplomatic ties.[512] From 1999 onwards, Iraq
and India began to work towards a stronger relationship. Iraq had
supported India's right to conduct nuclear tests following its tests of
five nuclear weapons on 11 and 13 May 1998.[512] In 2000, the then-
Vice-President of Iraq Taha Yassin Ramadan visited India, and on 6
August 2002 President Saddam Hussein conveyed Iraq's "unwavering
support" to India over the Kashmir conflict with Pakistan.[512][513]
India and Iraq established joint ministerial committees and trade
delegations to promote extensive bilateral cooperation.[514][515]
Although initially disrupted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq,
diplomatic and commercial ties between India and the new democratic Gandhi statue in Erbil, Iraqi
government of Iraq have since been normalised.[515] Kurdistan

Israel

The establishment of Israel at the end of World War II was a

complex issue. Based on its own experience during partition, when
14 million people were displaced[516][517] and an estimated
200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in Punjab Province,[518]
India had recommended a single state, as did Iran and Yugoslavia
(later to undergo its genocidal partition). The state could allocate
A Beni-Israel family in Bombay
Arab- and Jewish-majority provinces to prevent the partition of
historic Palestine and prevent widespread conflict.[519] But, the
final UN resolution recommended the partition of Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states based on
religious and ethnic majorities. India opposed this in the final vote as it did not agree with the concept of
partition based on religion.[520]

Due to the security threat from a US-backed Pakistan and its

nuclear programme in the 1980s, Israel and India started a
clandestine relationship that involved cooperation between their
respective intelligence agencies.[521] Israel shared India's concerns
about the growing danger posed by Pakistan and nuclear
proliferation to Iran and other Arab states.[522]

Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in

PM Narendra Modi, with Former
1992, India has improved its relationship with the Jewish state. Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin
India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is Netanyahu, during a press meet, in
India's second-largest arms supplier. Since India achieved its Jerusalem, (2017)
independence in 1947, it has supported Palestinian self-
determination. India recognised Palestine's statehood following
Palestine's declaration on 18 November 1988[523] and Indo-Palestinian relations was first established in
1974.[524] This has not adversely affected India's improved relations with Israel.
India entertained the Israeli Prime Minister in a visit in 2003,[525] and Israel has entertained Indian
dignitaries such as Finance Minister Jaswant Singh in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate in
scientific and technological endeavours. Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest
in collaborating with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) towards using satellites to better
manage land and other resources. Israel has also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's Chandrayaan
Mission involving an uncrewed mission to the moon.[526] On 21 January 2008, India successfully launched
an Israeli spy satellite into orbit from the Sriharikota space station in southern India.[527]

Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have

developed close defence and security ties since establishing
diplomatic relations in 1992. India has bought more than $5 billion
worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training
Indian military units and in 2008 was discussing an arrangement to
give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and
urban warfare.[528] In December 2008, Israel and India signed a
memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate
discussions and exchange programmes between judges and jurists
Narendra Modi's warm visit to Israel,
of the two countries.[529] hugging Former President Reuven
Rivlin in 2017
Following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 2006, India stated that
the Israeli use of force was "disproportionate and excessive".[530]

The India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of Narendra Modi since
2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.[531]

Lebanon

India and Lebanon enjoy cordial and friendly relations based on many complementarities such as a political
system based on parliamentary democracy, non-alignment, human rights, commitment to a just world order,
regional and global peace, a liberal market economy and a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. India has a
peacekeeping force as part of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). One infantry
battalion is deployed in Lebanon and about 900 personnel are stationed in the Eastern part of Southern
Lebanon.[532] The force also provided non-patrol aid to citizens.[533] India and Lebanon have had very
good relations since the 1950s.

Oman

India–Oman relations are foreign relations between India and the

Sultanate of Oman. India has an embassy in Muscat, Oman. The
Indian consulate was opened in Muscat in February 1955 and five
years later it was upgraded to a consulate general and later
developed into a full-fledged embassy in 1971. The first
Ambassador of India arrived in Muscat in 1973. Oman established
its embassy in New Delhi in 1972 and a consulate general in
Mumbai in 1976. Prime Minister Narendra Modi
meeting with Sultan Qaboos bin Said
$5.6 bn Oman-India energy pipeline plans progressing: Fox Al Said at Al Baraka Palace, Muscat
Petroleum Group envisions a roughly five-year timeframe for the in 2018.

execution of the pipeline project.[534]

Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an
associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr. Modi had "fired the best weapon of
economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr.
Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of the industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and
heavy industries too."
[534][535][536][537][538][539]

Saudi Arabia

Bilateral relations between India and Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in
regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, which is one of the top
seven trading partners and the 5th biggest investor in Saudi Arabia.[540]

India was one of the first nations to establish ties with the Third Saudi State. During the 1930s, India
heavily funded Nejd through financial subsidies.[541]

India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by

the latter's close ties with Pakistan.[542] Saudi Arabia supported
Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict during the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1971 at the expense of its relations with India.[543] The
Soviet Union's close relations with India also served as a source of
consternation.[542][543] During the Persian Gulf War (1990–91),
India officially maintained neutrality. Saudi Arabia's close military
and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of Prime Minister Narendra Modi in
continuing strain.[542][543] conversation with King Salman bin
Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia
Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties.
Saudi Arabia has supported granting observer status to India in the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and has expanded its cooperation with India to fight
terrorism.[544] In January 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia made a special visit to India, becoming the
first Saudi monarch in 51 years to do so.[542] The Saudi king and former Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Singh signed an agreement forging a strategic energy partnership that was termed the "Delhi
Declaration".[545] The pact provides for a "reliable, stable and increased volume of crude oil supplies to
India through long-term contracts."[546] Both nations also agreed on joint ventures and the development of
oil and natural gas in public and private sectors.[546] An Indo-Saudi joint declaration in the Indian capital
New Delhi described the king's visit as "heralding a new era in India-Saudi Arabia relations".[544]

Syria

Bilateral relations between India and Syria are historic and the two have ancient civilizational ties. Both
countries were on the Silk Road through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries. Syriac
Christianity, originating in ancient Syria, spread further to the East and created the first Christian
communities in ancient India. The ancient Syriac language among the Syrian Christians of Kerala was also
brought to Kerala by St Thomas in the 1st century CE. Even today the language continues to be taught in
colleges and universities in Kerala.
A common nationalism and secular orientation, membership of
NAM and similar perceptions on many issues further strengthened
the bond between the two states. India supported "Syria's legitimate
right to regain the occupied Golan Heights". In turn, this was
reciprocated with Syrian recognition that Kashmir is a bilateral issue
as well as general support of India's concerns and even candidature
at various international forums.

Turkey
Syrian Christian Women in Kerala
(1912)
Due to controversial issues such as Turkey's close relationship with
Pakistan, relations between the two countries have often been
blistered at certain times, but better at others. India and Turkey's relationship alters from unsureness to
collaboration when the two nations work together to combat terrorism in Central and South Asia, and the
Middle East. India and Turkey are also connected by history, seeing as they have known each other since
the days of the Ottoman Empire, and seeing as India was one of the countries to send aid to Turkey
following its war of independence. The Indian real estate firm GMR has invested in and is working towards
the modernisation of Istanbul's Sabiha Gökçen International Airport.

The relations took a nose-dive after Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan spoke against India on the
Kashmir issue and supported Pakistan, during his address at United Nations General Assembly after
Pakistan PM Imran Khan, in September 2019. In February 2020, he visited Islamabad and held talks with
Imran Khan, on "improving and bolding the relations with Islamabad". At the end of the month, during the
riots in Delhi and CAA-NRC protests in India, he criticized the government for its policies. He also
criticized the move of the Indian Government on the Galwan Valley skirmishes with China on LAC.

United Arab Emirates

India–United Arab Emirates relations refer to the bilateral relations

that exist between the Republic of India and the United Arab
Emirates. After the creation of the Federation in 1971, India-UAE
relations flourished. Today UAE and India share political,
economic and cultural links. There are over a million Indians in the
United Arab Emirates, being by far the largest migrant group in the
country.[1] A large Indian expatriate community resides and
engages in the UAE in economically productive activities and has
played a significant role in the evolution of the UAE. In 2008–09,
The President, Shri Pranab
India emerged as the largest trade partner of the UAE with bilateral
Mukherjee and the Prime Minister,
trade between the two countries exceeding US$44.5 billion. [9] Shri Narendra Modi with the Chief
UAE and India are each other's main trading partners. The trade Guest of the Republic Day, The
totals over $75 billion (AED275.25 billion). Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, Deputy
Supreme Commander of U.A.E.
Arab states of the Persian Gulf Armed Forces, General Sheikh
Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, at
India and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf enjoy strong cultural Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th
and economic ties. This is reflected in the fact that more than 50% Republic Day Parade 2017, in New
of the oil consumed by India comes from the Persian Gulf Delhi.
countries[547] and Indian nationals form the largest expatriate
community in the Arabian peninsula.[548] The annual remittance by
Indian expatriates in the region amounted to US$20 billion in 2007.[549] India is one of the largest trading
partners of the CCASG with non-oil trade between India and Dubai alone amounting to US$19 billion in
2007.[550] The Persian Gulf countries have also played an important role in addressing India's energy
security concerns, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regularly increasing their oil supply to India to meet the
country's rising energy demand. In 2005, Kuwait increased its oil exports to India by 10% increasing the net
oil trade between the two to US$4.5 billion.[551] In 2008, Qatar decided to invest US$5 billion in India's
energy sector.[552]

India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.[553] In 2008, a landmark defence
pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external
threats".[554] There has been progress in a proposed deep-sea gas pipeline from Qatar, via Oman, to
India.[555]

Europe
Albania

Austria

Austria–India relations refers to the bilateral ties between Austria and India. Indo-Austrian relations were
established in May 1949 by the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and the Chancellor of Austria
Leopold Figl.[556] Historically, Indo-Austrian ties have been particularly strong and India intervened in
June 1953 in Austria's favour whilst negotiations were going on with the Soviet Union about the Austrian
State Treaty.[557] There is a fully functioning Indian embassy in Vienna, Austria's capital, which is
concurrently accredited to the United Nations offices in the city.[558] Austria is represented in India by its
embassy and Trade Commission in New Delhi, India's capital, as well as honorary consulates in Mumbai,
Kolkata, Chennai and Goa.[559]

Belarus

Belarus has an embassy in New Delhi.[560] Since 14 May 1992,

India has an embassy in Minsk.[561]

Belgium

Belgium has an embassy in New Delhi, consulates in Chennai and

Mumbai, and an honorary consulate in Kolkata.[562] India has an
embassy in Brussels.[563]

Bosnia and Herzegovina Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi

and Belarus President Alexander
Bulgaria Lukashenko.

Bulgaria has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate

in Kolkata.[564] India has an embassy in Sofia.[565]

Croatia

Since February 1995, Croatia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in Mumbai.[566]
Since 28 April 1996, India has an embassy in Zagreb.[567]
Czech Republic

Czech-Indian relations were established in 1921 by a consulate in Bombay.[568] The Czech Republic has
an embassy in New Delhi.[569] Consulates of the Czech Republic in India are in Chennai, Mumbai and
Kolkata. India has an embassy in Prague.[570]

Denmark

Denmark has an embassy in New Delhi, and India has an embassy in

Copenhagen.[571][572]

Tranquebar, a town in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, was a

Danish colony in India from 1620 to 1845. It is spelled Trankebar or
Tranquebar in Danish, which comes from the native Tamil,
Tarangambadi, meaning "place of the singing waves". It was sold, along
with the other Danish settlements in mainland India, most notably
Serampore (now in West Bengal), to Great Britain in 1845. The Nicobar
Islands were also colonised by Denmark until sold to the British in 1868,
who made them part of the British Indian Empire.
India released a stamp
commemorating Henning After Independence in 1947, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru's
Holck-Larsen, founder of
visit to Denmark in 1957 laid the foundation for a friendly relationship
Larsen & Toubro.
between India and Denmark that has endured ever since. The bilateral
relations between India and Denmark are cordial and friendly, based on
synergies in political, economic, academic and research fields. There have been periodic high-level visits
between the two countries.[573]

Anders Fogh Rasmussen, former Prime Minister of Denmark,

accompanied by a large business delegation, paid a state visit to
India from 4 to 8 February 2008. He visited Infosys, Biocon and
IIM Bangalore in Bangalore and Agra. He launched an 'India
Action Plan', which called for strengthening of the political
dialogue, strengthening of cooperation in trade and investments,
research in science and technology, energy, climate and
environment, culture, education, student exchanges and attracting
skilled manpower and IT experts to Denmark for short periods. The The Denmark Tavern of Serampore
two countries signed an Agreement for the establishment of a in West Bengal
Bilateral Joint Commission for Cooperation.

In July 2012, the Government of India decided to scale down its diplomatic ties with Denmark after that
country's refusal to appeal in their Supreme Court against a decision of its lower court rejecting the
extradition of Purulia arms drop case prime accused Kim Davy a.k.a. Niels Holck. Agitated over Denmark's
refusal to act on India's repeated requests to appeal in their apex court to facilitate Davy's extradition to
India, the government issued a circular directing all senior officials not to meet or entertain any Danish
diplomat posted in India.[574]

Estonia
India's first recognition of Estonia came on 22 September 1921 when the former had just acquired
membership in the League of Nations. India re-recognised Estonia on 9 September 1991 and diplomatic
relations were established on 2 December of the same year in Helsinki. Neither country has a resident
ambassador. Estonia is represented in India by an Embassy in New Delhi one honorary consulate in
Mumbai. India is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and an honorary
consulate in Tallinn.

France

France and India established diplomatic

relations before India's independence from
the British Empire on 17 February
1947.[575] France's Indian possessions were
returned to India after a treaty of cession
was signed by the two countries in May
1956. On 16 August 1962, India and France
exchanged the instruments of ratification
under which France ceded to India full
sovereignty over the territories it held. Rooster Motif 15th Century Peacock Motif 19th
Pondicherry and the other enclaves of Sketch Century Minakari
Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be India France Joint Issue - 2003 - Commemorating relationship.
administered as the Union Territory of
Puducherry on 1 July 1963.

France, Russia and Israel were the only countries that did not condemn India's decision to go nuclear in
1998.[576] In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains
a large military and economic trade partner. India's candidacy for permanent membership in the UN
Security Council has found very strong support from former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Indian
Government's decisions to purchase French Scorpène-class submarines worth US$3 billion and 43 Airbus
aircraft for Air India worth US$2.5 billion have further cemented the strategic, military and economic
cooperation between India and France.

France's decision to ban schoolchildren from wearing headdresses and veils had the unintended
consequence of affecting Sikh children who have been refused entry into public schools. The Indian
Government, citing the historic traditions of the Sikh community, has requested French authorities to review
the situation to not exclude Sikh children from education.

President Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande visited India in January 2008 and 2016 respectively as
the Chief Guest of the annual Republic Day parade in New Delhi. France was the first country to sign a
nuclear energy cooperation agreement with India; this was done during Prime Minister Singh's visit,
following the waiver by the Nuclear Suppliers Group. During the Bastille Day celebrations on 14 July
2009, a detachment of 400 Indian troops marched alongside the French troops and the then Indian Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh was the guest of honour.[577]

Finland

India has an embassy in Helsinki.[578] Finland has an embassy in New Delhi and three honorary consulates
in Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai.[579]
Germany

During the Cold War India maintained diplomatic relations with both West
Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the
reunification of Germany, relations have further improved.

Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. Between 2004 and

2013, Indo-German trade grew in volume but dropped in importance.[580]
According to Indian Ministry of Commerce MX data: Total trade between
India and Germany was $5.5 billion (3.8% share of Indian trade and ranked
6) in 2004 and $21.6 billion (2.6% share of Indian trade and ranked 9) in
2013. Indian exports to Germany were $2.54 billion (3.99% ranked 6) in
2004 and $7.3billion (2.41% ranked 10) in 2013. Indian imports from
Germany were $2.92 billion (3.73% ranked 6) in 2004 and $14.33 billion Arrival of the first Indian
(2.92% ranked 10) in 2013. student to Dresden, East
Germany, in 1951
Indo-German ties are transactional.
The strategic relationship between
Germany and India suffers from sustained anti-Asian
sentiment,[581] institutionalized discrimination against minority
groups,[582][583][584][585] and xenophobic incidents against Indians
in Germany. The 2007 Mügeln mob attack on Indians and the 2015
Leipzig University internship controversy have clouded the
predominantly commercial-oriented relationship between the two
Embassy of the Republic of India in
Berlin (2008) countries. Stiff competition between foreign manufactured goods
within the Indian market has seen machine tools, automotive parts
and medical supplies from German Mittelstand ceding ground to
high-technology imports manufactured by companies located in ASEAN & BRICS
countries.[586][587][588][589] The Volkswagen emissions scandal drew the spotlight on corrupt behaviour in
German boardrooms[590][591][592] and brought back memories of the HDW bribery scandal surrounding
the procurement of Shishumar-class submarines by the Indian Navy. The India-Germany strategic
relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Germany has
no strategic footprint in Asia. Germany like India is working towards gaining permanent seats in the United
Nations Security Council.

Greece

For the Ancient Greeks "India" (Greek: Ινδία) meant only the upper Indus until the time of Alexander the
Great. Afterwards, "India" meant to the Greeks most of the northern half of the Indian subcontinent. The
Greeks referred to the Indians as "Indói" (Greek: Ἰνδοί), literally meaning "the people of the Indus River".
Indians called the Greeks Yonas or "Yavanas" from Ionians.

Indo-Greek kingdoms were founded by the successor of Alexander the Great. (Greek conquests in India)
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea was a manual written in Greek for navigators who carried trade between
Roman Empire and other regions, including ancient India. It gives detailed information about the ports,
routes and commodities. The Greek ethnographer and explorer of the Hellenistic period, Megasthenes was
the ambassador of Seleucus I in India. In his work, Indika (Greek: Ινδικά),
he wrote the history of Indians and their culture. Megasthenes also
mentioned the prehistoric arrival of the God Dionysus and Herakles
(Megasthenes' Herakles) in India.

There is now tangible evidence indicating that the settlement of Greek

merchants in Bengal must have begun as early as the beginning of the
seventeenth century.[593] Dimitrios Galanos (Greek: Δημήτριος Γαλανός,
1760–1833) was the earliest recorded Greek Indologist. His translations of
Sanskrit texts into Greek made knowledge of the philosophical and
religious ideas of India available to many Europeans. A "Dimitrios
Galanos" Chair for Hellenic Studies was established at Jawaharlal Nehru Greek and Indian deities on
University in New Delhi, India in September 2000. the coinage of Agathocles,
circa 180 BCE. Besides the
In modern times, diplomatic relations between Greece and India were Greek god Zeus, the Indian
established in May 1950. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi deities have been variously
was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.[594] As of 2020, the relationship identified as the Buddha,
between the two countries is closer than ever and is considered historical Vishnu, Shiva, Vasudeva or
Balarama.
and strategic by both parties.[595][596]

Hungary

The Indian embassy is located in Budapest.

Iceland

Iceland and India established diplomatic relations in 1972. The

Embassy of Iceland in London was accredited to India and the
Embassy of India in Oslo, Norway, was accredited to Iceland. Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor
However, it was only after 2003 that the two countries began close Orbán and Vice President of India
diplomatic and economic relationships.[597] In 2003, President of Mohammad Hamid Ansari in
Iceland Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson visited India on a diplomatic Budapest in 2016
mission. This was the first visit by an Icelandic President to India.
During the visit, Iceland pledged support to New Delhi's
candidature for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council thus becoming the first Nordic
country to do so. This was followed by an official visit of President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to Iceland
in May 2005.[598] Following this, a new embassy of Iceland was opened in New Delhi on 26 February
2006.[597] Soon, an Indian Navy team visited Iceland on a friendly mission.[599] Gunnar Pálsson is the
ambassador of Iceland to India. The Embassy's area of accreditation, apart from India includes Bangladesh,
Indonesia, the Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius and Nepal.[600] India
appointed S. Swaminathan as the first resident ambassador to Iceland in March 2008.[601]

India has an embassy established in 2006 in Reykjavík.[602]

Iceland has an embassy established in 2005 in New Delhi.[603]

Ireland
Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during their respective
campaigns for independence from the British Empire. Political
relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-
cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped
build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by
Pandit Nehru, Éamon de Valera, Rabindranath Tagore, W. B. Yeats,
James Joyce, and, above all, Annie Besant. Politically, relations
have not been cold or warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic
ties that are fruitful for both states. Visits by government leaders
have kept relations cordial at regular intervals.

India has an embassy in Dublin.[604]

The Republic of Ireland has an embassy in New
Delhi.[605]

Italy

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March

Annie Besant, one of the founders of
1948[135] the Banaras Hindu University, was
regarded as a champion of human
India maintains an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in freedom, she was an ardent
Milan. Italy has an embassy in New Delhi, and consulate-generals supporter of both Irish and Indian
in Mumbai and Calcutta. self-rule and the first woman
president of the Indian National
Indo-Italian relations have historically been cordial. In recent times, Congress
their state has mirrored the political fortunes of Sonia Maino-
Gandhi, the Italian-born leader of the Indian National Congress and
de facto leader of the UPA government of Manmohan Singh.

Since 2012 the relationship has been affected by the ongoing Enrica Lexie case: two Indian fishermen were
killed on the Indian fishing vessel St. Antony as a result of gunshot wounds following a confrontation with
the Italian oil tanker Enrica Lexie in international waters, off the Kerala coast.

After a period of tension, in 2017 Italian Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni visited India and met his Indian
counterpart Narendra Modi; they held extensive talks to strengthen the political cooperation and to boost the
bilateral trade.[606]

There are around 150,000 people of Indian Origins living in Italy. Around 1,000 Italian citizens reside in
India, mostly working on behalf of Italian industrial groups.

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Relations were established in 1947, following India's independence. Luxembourg operates an Embassy in
New Delhi whilst India operates a Consulate General in Luxembourg City. Bilateral Trade stood at US$37
Million in 2014 and trade continues to grow every year. Diplomats from both countries have visited the
other several times. In 2019, Luxembourg plans to host the annual Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
and open an economic mission in India.
Malta

Malta opened a High Commission of Malta, New Delhi in New

Delhi in 2007. Malta also has an honorary consulate in Mumbai.
India is represented in Malta by its high commission in Valletta.

Moldova

The Indian embassy to Moldova is accredited by Bucharest,

Romania. Moldova maintains an honorary consulate in New Delhi
and a consulate in Mumbai. Both countries have taken steps to
deepen their ties, which are still maintained at a modest level. Both Indian Sikh soldiers in the Italian
countries have been found supporting each other on many campaign

international platforms like the United Nations through reciprocal

support mechanisms. India-Moldova bilateral trade has been rather
modest.

Monaco

Netherlands

India–Netherlands relations refer to foreign relations between India

and the Netherlands. India maintains an embassy in The Hague,
Netherlands and the Netherlands maintains an embassy in New
Delhi and a consulate general in Mumbai. Both countries
established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947.[122]

Norway Factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Dutch

Bengal. Hendrik van Schuylenburgh,
In 2012, Trond Giske met with Minister of Finance Pranab 1665.
Mukherjee, to save[607] Telenor's investments to put forth Norway's
"strong wish" that there must not be a waiting period between the
confiscation of telecom licenses and the re-sale of those.[608] The leader of Telenor attended the meeting.

North Macedonia

Mother Teresa, honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta became an Indian citizen in
1951, and was born in Skopje (in present-day North Macedonia) in 1910. India has an embassy in Sofia,
Bulgaria jointly accredited to the Republic of Macedonia. Both Macedonia has an embassy in New Delhi
and an honorary consulate in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore.

Poland

Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterised by understanding and
cooperation on the international front.[609]

India has an embassy in Warsaw.[610]

Poland has an embassy in New Delhi.[611]

Portugal
India and Portugal have a long history of relations ever since the
Portuguese colonisation in British Raj.

Russia

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April

1947[122]

India's ties with the Russian Federation are time-tested and based on
continuity, trust and mutual understanding. There is a national
consensus in both countries on the need to preserve and strengthen
India-Russia relations and further consolidate the strategic
partnership between the two countries. A Declaration on Strategic
Partnership was signed between present Russian President Vladimir
Putin and former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in
October 2000 the partnership is also referred to asa "special and
privileged strategic partnership".

Russia and India have decided not to renew the 1971 Indo-Soviet The Prime Minister of India,
Peace and Friendship Treaty and have sought to follow what both Manmohan Singh meeting the
President of the Russian Federation,
describe as a more pragmatic, less ideological relationship. Russian
Mr. Vladimir Putin, in New Delhi on
President Yeltsin's visit to India in January 1993 helped cement this 24 December 2012.
new relationship. Ties have grown stronger with President Vladimir
Putin's 2004 visit. The pace of high-level visits has since increased,
as discussed in major defence purchases. Russia is working on the development of the Kudankulam
Nuclear Power Plant, which will be capable of producing 1000 MW of electricity. Gazprom is working for
the development of oil and natural gas, in the Bay of Bengal. India and Russia, have collaborated
extensively, on space technology. Other areas of collaboration include software, Ayurveda, etc. India and
Russia, have set a determination in increasing trade to $10 billion. Cooperation between clothing
manufacturers of the two countries continues to strengthen. India and Russia signed an agreement on joint
efforts to increase investment and trade volumes in the textile industry in both countries. In signing the
document included representatives of the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs of Textile and Light Industry
Council and apparel exports of India (AEPC). A cooperation agreement provides, inter alia, the exchange of
technology and know-how in textile production. For this purpose, a special Commission on Affairs Textile
(Textile Communication Committee). Counter-terrorism techniques are also in place between Russia and
India. In 2007 President Vladimir Putin was the guest of honour at the Republic Day celebration on 26
January 2007. 2008, has been declared by both countries as the Russia-India Friendship Year. Bollywood
films are quite popular in Russia. The Indian public sector oil company ONGC bought Imperial Energy
Corporation in 2008. In December 2008, during President Medvedev's visit, to New Delhi, India and
Russia, signed a nuclear energy cooperation agreement. In March 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir
Putin signed an additional 19 pacts with India which included civilian nuclear energy, space and military
cooperation and the final sale of Admiral Gorshkov (Aircraft Carrier) along with MiG-29K fighter jets.

During the 2014 Crimean crisis, India refused to support American sanctions against Russia and one of
India's national security advisers Shivshankar Menon was reported to have said "There are legitimate
Russian and other interests involved and we hope they are discussed and resolved."[612]
On 7 August 2014, India and Russia held a joint counter-terrorism
exercise near the Moscow boundary with China and Mongolia. It
involved the use of tanks and armoured vehicles.[613]

India and Russia have so far conducted three rounds of INDRA

exercises. The first exercise was carried out in 2005 in Rajasthan,
followed by Prshkov in Russia. The third exercise was conducted at
Chaubattia in Kumaon Hills in October 2010.[613][614] Indian PM Narendra Modi with
Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Romania India and Russia enjoy strong
strategic and military relations.
India has an embassy in Bucharest[615] and an honorary consulate (New Delhi, 2021)
in Timișoara. Romania has an embassy in New Delhi and an
honorary consulate in Kolkata.[616]

Serbia

India has an embassy in Belgrade.[617]

Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in Chennai.[618]
The relations are seen as one of the closest for both nations.[619]

Slovakia

India has an embassy in Bratislava and Slovakia has an embassy in New Delhi.

Slovenia

India has an embassy in Ljubljana.[620]

Slovenia has an embassy in New Delhi.[621]

Spain

Diplomatic ties with Spain started in 1956.[622] The first Spanish embassy was established in Delhi in 1958.
India and Spain have had a cordial relationship with each other, especially after the establishment of
democracy in Spain in 1978. Spain has been a main tourist spot for Indians over the years. Many presidents
including Prathibha Patil visited Spain. The royal family of Spain has always liked the humble nature of the
Indian government and they have thus paid several visits to India. There was no direct flight from India to
Spain but it all changed in 1986 when Iberian travels started to fly directly from Mumbai to Madrid.
However, it was stopped in 22 months. In 2006 this issue of the direct flight was reconsidered to improve
the ties between India and Spain. "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara" was shot completely in Spain in 2011. The
tourism ministry of Spain is using this movie to promote tourism to Spain in India.

Sweden

India has an embassy in Stockholm, which is also accredited to Latvia.[623]

Sweden has an embassy in New Delhi, which is also accredited to Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan
and the Maldives. It has three honorary consulates in Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai.[624]

Switzerland
 Switzerland has an embassy in New Delhi and a
consulate in Bangalore and Mumbai.[625]
India has an embassy in Bern and consulates in Geneva
and Zürich.[626]
India is one of Switzerland's most important partners in Asia.
Bilateral and political contacts are constantly developing, and trade
and scientific cooperation between the two countries are
flourishing.[627] Switzerland was the first country in the World to
sign a Friendship treaty with India in 1947.[628]

Ukraine
Consulate-General of India in
Diplomatic relations between India and Ukraine were established in
Geneva
January 1992. The Indian Embassy in Kyiv was opened in May
1992 and Ukraine opened its mission in New Delhi in February
1993. The Consulate General of India in Odesa functioned from 1962 until its closure in March 1999.

India has an embassy in Kyiv.[629]

Ukraine has an embassy in New Delhi[630] and an honorary consulate in Mumbai.[631]

United Kingdom

UK& India has a high commission in London and two consulates-

general in Birmingham and Edinburgh.[632] The United Kingdom
has a high commission in New Delhi and five deputy high
commissions in Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and
Kolkata.[633] Since 1947, India's relations with the United
Kingdom have been bilateral, as well as through the
Commonwealth of Nations framework. Although the Sterling Area
no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal
Narendra Modi addressing the British
forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in
Parliament (2015)
part due to the significant number of people of Indian origin living
in the UK. The large South Asian population in the UK results in
steady travel and communication between the two countries. The British Raj allowed for both cultures to
imbibe tremendously from the other. The English language and cricket are perhaps the two most evident
British exports, whilst in the UK food from the Indian subcontinent is very popular.[634] The United
Kingdom's favourite food is often reported to be Indian cuisine, although no official study reports this.[634]

Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. India is the second largest investor
in Britain after the US.[635][636] Britain is also one of the largest investors in India.[637]

Vatican City & the Holy See

Formal bilateral relations between India and Vatican City have existed since 12 June 1948. An Apostolic
Delegation existed in India from 1881. The Holy See has a nunciature in New Delhi whilst India has
accredited its embassy in Bern, Switzerland to the Holy See as well. India's Ambassador in Bern has
traditionally been accredited to the Holy See.
The connections between the Catholic Church and India can be traced back to the apostle St. Thomas, who,
according to tradition, came to India in 52 CE in the 9th century, the patriarch of the Nestorians in Persia
sent bishops to India. There is a record of an Indian bishop visiting Rome in the early part of the 12th
century.

The diplomatic mission was established as the Apostolic Delegation to the East Indies in 1881, and included
Ceylon, and was extended to Malaca in 1889, then to Burma in 1920, and eventually included Goa in
1923. It was raised to an Internunciature by Pope Pius XII on 12 June 1948 and to a full Apostolic
Nunciature by Pope Paul VI on 22 August 1967.

There have been three Papal visits to India. The first Pope to visit India was Pope Paul VI, who visited
Mumbai in 1964 to attend the Eucharistic Congress. Pope John Paul II visited India in February 1986 and
November 1999. Several Indian dignitaries have, from time to time, called on the Pope in the Vatican.
These include Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1981 and Prime Minister I. K. Gujral in September 1987.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime Minister, called on the Pope in June 2000 during his official visit to Italy. Vice-
President Bhairon Singh Shekhawat represented the country at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

European Union

India was one of the first countries to develop relations with the
European Union. The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the
1994 Cooperation Agreement were the foundational agreements for
the bilateral partnership. In 2004, India and European Union
became "Strategic Partners". A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon
in 2005 and updated in 2008. India-EU Joint Statements were
published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union
Summits.[638]

India and the European Commission initiated negotiations on a Indian PM Narendra Modi with the
Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) in 2007. president of the European Council
Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without Donald Tusk, and the president of
reaching a Free Trade Agreement.[639] the European Commission Jean-
Claude Juncker, at the EU-India
According to the Government of India, trade between India and the Summit, Brussels, 2016
EU was $57.25 billion between April and October 2014 and stood
at $101.5 billion for the fiscal period of 2014–2015.[640]

The European Union is India's second largest trade bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade (Gulf
Cooperation Council is the largest trade bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade[641]). India was the
European Union's 8th largest trading partner in 2010. EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to
€72.7 billion in 2013.[642]
France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade.[643] Annual trade in
commercial services tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010.[644] Denmark, Sweden,
Finland and the Netherlands are the other more prominent European Union countries that trade with
India.[645][646]

Oceania
Australia

India & Australia are both Commonwealth members. Sporting and cultural ties are significant. Australian
cricketers often undertake large commercial ventures in India, enhanced with the IPL, and, to a lesser
degree, the ICL. Bollywood productions enjoy a large market in Australia. In 2007, PM John Howard
visited Mumbai and its entertainment industry, in efforts to increase Tourism in India to Australia.[647]

There are ongoing strategic attempts to form an "Asian NATO"

with India, Japan, the US and Australia through the Quadrilateral
Security Dialogue.[648][649] During the first decade of the 21st
century, the deepening of strategic relations between the two
nations was prevented by a range of policy disagreements, such as
India's refusal to sign the NPT and Australia's consequent refusal to
provide India with uranium. Australia's parliament later allowed for
the sale of uranium to India, following changes in government.[650]
Closer strategic cooperation between India, Japan, the United States One-day International cricket match
and Australia also began during the second half of the 2010s, which between Australia and India, MCG
some analysts attributed to a desire to balance Chinese initiatives in January 2004
the Indo-Pacific region.[651]

Cook Islands

Fiji

Fiji's relationship with the Republic of India is often seen by observers against the backdrop of the
sometimes tense relations between its indigenous people and the 44 percent of the population who are of
Indian descent. India has used its influence in international forums such as the Commonwealth of Nations
and United Nations on behalf of ethnic Indians in Fiji, lobbying for sanctions against Fiji in the wake of the
1987 coups and the 2000 coup, both of which removed governments, one dominated and one led, by Indo-
Fijians.

Kiribati

Marshall Islands

Micronesia

Nauru

India and Nauru relations have been established since the island nation's independence in 1968. Leaders of
both countries have been meeting on the sidelines of some of the international forums of which both nations
are part such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement. India is one of the largest donors to
the island by improving the education ministry and creating transportation and computer connections for the
MPs and the Speaker of the Parliament of Nauru. There were numerous visits by the President of Nauru to
the republic to further strengthen ties and cooperation.[652]

New Zealand

Bilateral relations were established between India and New Zealand

in 1952.[653] India has a High Commission in Wellington with an
Honorary Consulate in Auckland, while New Zealand has a High
Commission in New Delhi along with a Consulate in Mumbai,
trade offices in New Delhi and Mumbai and an Honorary
Consulate in Chennai. India Vs New Zealand One Day
International, 10 December 2010.
India–New Zealand relations were cordial but not extensive after Cricket is hugely popular in both
Indian independence. More recently, New Zealand has shown nations and is seen as a connection
interest in extending ties with India due to India's impressive GDP between them.

growth.

Niue

Palau

Papua New Guinea

India and Papua New Guinea established relations in 1975, following PNG's independence from Australia.
Since 1975, relations have grown between the two nations. India maintains a High Commission in Port
Moresby while Papua New Guinea maintains a High Commission in New Delhi In the 2010 Fiscal Year,
Trade between the two nations grew to US$239 Million. PNG has sent numerous military officers and
students to be trained and educated in India's academies and universities respectively. In recent years, India
and PNG have signed an Economic Partnership Agreement, allowing India to further invest in PNG's
infrastructure, telecommunications and educational institutions.

Samoa

Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1970.[654]

Solomon Islands

Tonga

Tuvalu

Vanuatu

India has its High Commission in Wellington, New Zealand, accredited to Vanuatu.

De Facto
Kosovo
Since its declaration of independence from Serbia, Kosovo sought recognition from the major of the world's
most influential countries, among them, India. Indian views regarding the developments followed initial
constringent to comment but dismissed to give recognition of statehood. There are almost negligible
interactions.

Palestine

After India achieved its independence in 1947, the country moved

to support Palestinian self-determination following the partition of
India. In light of a religious partition between India and Pakistan,
the impetus to boost ties with Muslim states around the world was a
further tie to India's support for the Palestinian cause. Though it
started to waver in the late 1980s and 1990s, as the recognition of
Israel led to diplomatic exchanges, the ultimate support for the
Palestinian cause, was still an underlying concern. Beyond the PM, Narendra Modi and the
recognition of Palestinian self-determination ties have been largely President of the State of Palestine,
dependent upon socio-cultural bonds, while economic relations Mahmoud Abbas, at Ramallah, where
Shree Modi received the Grand
were neither cold nor warm.
Collar of the State of Palestine, (the
highest civilian honour of the State of
India recognised Palestine's statehood following its declaration on
Palestine, 2018)
18 November 1988;[523] although relations were first established in
1974.[524]

PNA President Abbas paid a State visit to India in September 2012, during which India pledged $10 million
as aid. Indian officials said it was the third such donation, adding that New Delhi was committed to helping
other development projects. India also pledged support to Palestine's bid for full and equal membership of
the UN.

Taiwan

India recognized the Republic of China (R.O.C) from 1947 to 1950. On 1 April 1950, India officially
recognised the People's Republic of China (P.R.C) as "China" and continued to recognise the PRC's "One
China" policy in which the island of Taiwan is a part of the Chinese territory. However, the bilateral
relations between India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s despite both nations not maintaining
official diplomatic relations. Taiwan and India maintain non-governmental interaction via India-Taipei
Association and Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre respectively. In July 2020, the Indian government
appointed a top career diplomat, Joint Secretary Gourangalal Das, the former head of the U.S. division in
India's Ministry of External Affairs, as its new envoy to Taiwan.

International organizations
India participates in the following international organisations:[655]

AALCO – Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization

ADB – Asian Development Bank
AfDB – African Development Bank (non-regional members)
AG – Australia Group
ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN (dialogue partner)
BIMSTEC – Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
BIS – Bank for International Settlements
BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Commonwealth of Nations
CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research[656]
CP – Colombo Plan
EAS – East Asia Summit
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
G-4
G-15
G-20
G-24
G-77
IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC – International Chamber of Commerce
ICRM – International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
IDA – International Development Association
IEA – International Energy Agency
IFAD – International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC – International Finance Corporation
IFRCS – International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IHO – International Hydrographic Organization
ILO – International Labour Organization
IMF – International Monetary Fund
IMO – International Maritime Organization
IMSO – International Mobile Satellite Organization
Interpol – International Criminal Police Organization
IOC – International Olympic Committee
IOM – International Organization for Migration (observer)
IPEEC – International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation
IPU – Inter-Parliamentary Union
ISA – International Solar Alliance
ISO – International Organization for Standardization
ITSO – International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
ITU – International Telecommunication Union
ITUC – International Trade Union Confederation (the successor to ICFTU (International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions) and the WCL (World Confederation of Labour))
LAS – League of Arab States (observer)
MIGA – Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MTCR – Missile Technology Control Regime
NAM – Non-Aligned Movement
OAS – Organization of American States (observer)
OPCW – Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
 PCA – Permanent Court of Arbitration
PIF – Pacific Islands Forum (partner)
SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SACEP – South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme
SCO – Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (member)
UN – United Nations
UNAIDS- United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDOF – United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNIFIL – United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNMEE – United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
UNMIS – United Nations Mission in Sudan
UNOCI – United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire
MONUSCO – United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo
UNWTO – World Tourism Organization
UPU – Universal Postal Union
WA – Wassenaar Arrangement
WCL – World Confederation of Labour
WCO – World Customs Organization
WFTU – World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO – World Health Organization
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO – World Meteorological Organization
WTO – World Trade Organization

India and the Commonwealth

India became independent within the British Commonwealth in August 1947 as the Dominion of India after
the partition of India into India and the Dominion of Pakistan. King George VI, the last Emperor of India
became the King of India with the Governor-General of India as his viceregal representative.

India became the very first Commonwealth republic on 26 January 1950, as a result of the London
Declaration.

Non-Aligned Movement

India played an important role in the multilateral movements of colonies and newly independent countries
that developed into the Non-Aligned Movement. Nonalignment had its origins in India's colonial
experience and the nonviolent Indian independence movement led by the Congress, which left India
determined to be the master of its fate in an international system dominated politically by Cold War alliances
and economically by Western capitalism and Soviet communism. The principles of nonalignment, as
articulated by Nehru and his successors, were the preservation of India's freedom of action internationally
through refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance, particularly those led by the United States or the
Soviet Union; nonviolence and international cooperation as a means
of settling international disputes. Nonalignment was a consistent
feature of Indian foreign policy by the late 1940s and enjoyed
strong, almost unquestioning support among the Indian elite.

The term "Non-Alignment" was coined by V K Menon in his

speech at the UN in 1953 which was later used by Indian Prime
Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru during his speech in 1954 in Colombo,
Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be
Memorial stone plaque dedicated to
used as a guide for China–India relations, which were first put forth
Brijuni Declaration of the Non-Aligned
by PRC Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel (five restraints), Movement, signed on 19 July 1956,
these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned exhibited in the Brijuni Museums,
Movement. The five principles were: Republic of Croatia

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and

sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
4. Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence
Jawaharlal Nehru's concept of nonalignment brought India
considerable international prestige among newly independent states
that shared India's concerns about the military confrontation
between the superpowers and the influence of the former colonial
powers. New Delhi used nonalignment to establish a significant
role for itself as a leader of the newly independent world in such
multilateral organisations as the United Nations (UN) and the
Nonaligned Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, From left to right: Prime Minister of
Japan Yoshihide Suga, Prime
Friendship, and Cooperation between India and the Soviet Union in
Minister of India Narendra Modi,
1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller President of United States Joe Biden
neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as and Prime Minister of Australia Scott
a nonaligned nation and led some observers to note that in practice, Morrison in White House, USA.
nonalignment applied only to India's relations with countries outside
South Asia.

Quad Alliance

The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD, also known as the Quad) is an informal strategic dialogue
between the United States, India, Japan and Australia that is maintained by talks between member countries.
The dialogue was initiated in 2007 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, with the support of American
Vice President Dick Cheney, Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Former Indian Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh. The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled
Exercise Malabar. The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to increased
Chinese economic and military power. On 12 March 2021, the first summit meeting was held virtually
between U.S President Joe Biden, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Japanese Prime Minister
Yoshihide Suga and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison.

United Nations
India was among the original members of the United Nations that
signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington on 1
January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations
Conference on International Organization in San Francisco from 25
April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United
Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the
UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the
goals of the Charter and the evolution of the UN's specialised
programmes and agencies.[657] India is a charter member of the
United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agencies and Narendra Modi, The current Prime
organisations. India has contributed troops to United Nations Minister of India, addressing the 69th
peacekeeping efforts in Korea, [658][659] Egypt and the Congo in its UNGA, in 2014

earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and

Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[660] India has been a member of the
UN Security Council for eight terms (a total of 16 years).[661] India is a member of the G4 group of nations
who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the security council and advocate in favour of the
reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the Group of 77.

World Trade Organization

Described by the WTO's former chief, Pascal Lamy, as one of the organisation's "big brothers",[662] India
was instrumental in bringing down the Doha Development Round of talks in 2008.[76] It has played an
important role in representing as many as 100 developing nations during WTO summits.[663]

Former
Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for
Indian foreign policy. Substantial trade with the former Soviet Union
plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding
military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions
over financing, although Russia continues to be India's largest supplier of
military systems and spare parts.

The relationship with USSR was tested (and proven) during the 1971 war
with Pakistan, which led to the subsequent liberation of Bangladesh. Soon
after the victory of the Indian Armed Forces, one of the foreign delegates
to visit India was Admiral S.G. Gorshkov, Chief of the Soviet Navy.
During his visit to Mumbai (Bombay), he came on board INS Vikrant.
Soviet Stamp celebrating
During a conversation with Vice Admiral Swaraj Prakash, Gorshkov Indo-Soviet friendship &
asked the Vice Admiral, "Were you worried about a battle against the Cooperation
American carrier?" He answered himself: "Well, you had no reason to be
worried, as I had a Soviet nuclear submarine trailing the American task
force all the way into the Indian Ocean."[664]

Yugoslavia
India had formal relations with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 1992 with the Breakup of
Yugoslavia.

Border disputes
India's territorial disputes with neighbouring Pakistan and the People's Republic of China have played a
crucial role in its foreign policy. India is also involved in minor territorial disputes with neighbouring
Bangladesh, Nepal and Maldives. India currently maintains two manned stations in Antarctica but has made
some unofficial territorial claims, which are yet to be clarified.

India is involved in the following border disputes:

Nepal

Kalapani village of India is claimed by Nepal and Susta village in Nawalparasi district of Nepal is claimed
by India.[665] The dispute between India and Nepal involves about 75 km2 (30 sq mi) of area in Kalapani,
where China, India, and Nepal meet. Indian forces occupied the area in 1962 after China and India fought
their border war. Three villages are located in the disputed zone: Kuti [Kuthi, 30°19'N, 80°46'E], Gunji,
and Knabe. India and Nepal disagree about how to interpret the 1816 Sugauli treaty between the British
East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the Maha Kali River (Sarda River in
India). The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on the hydroelectric
development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal
regards the Limpiyadhura as the source; India claims the Lipu Lekh. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856
map from the British India Office to support its position. The countries have held several meetings about the
dispute and discussed jointly surveying to resolve the issue.[666] Although the Indo-Nepali dispute appears
to be minor, it was aggravated in 1962 by tensions between China and India. Because the disputed area lies
near the Sino-Indian frontier, it gains strategic value.[667]

Pakistan

The unresolved Kashmir conflict and the status of

Kashmir with India: Pakistan claims that it is a disputed
territory with India, meanwhile Pakistan claims its side of
the disputed territory and calls it "Azad Kashmir".
Dispute over Sir Creek and the maritime boundary
regarding the Rann of Kachchh area of the southern tip
of Sindh.
Water-sharing problems with Pakistan over the Indus
River (Wular Barrage). (Indus Waters Treaty)

China

India claims Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract, as

part of Ladakh.
Indus and tributaries
China claims most of Arunachal Pradesh, a contested
disputed territory of north-east India by not recognising
the McMahon Line.
Two regions are claimed by both India and China. Aksai Chin is in the disputed territory of Ladakh, at the
junction of India, Tibet and Xinjiang, India claims the 38,000-square-kilometre territory, currently
administered by China after Sino-Indian War. India also considers the cessation of Shaksam Valley to China
by Pakistan as illegal and a part of its territory. Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India in the country's
northeast, bordering on Bhutan, Burma and China's Tibet, though it is under Indian administration since
1914, China claims the 90,000-square-kilometre area as South Tibet. Also, the boundary between the North
Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand with China's Tibet is not properly demarcated with
some portions under the de facto administration of India.[668]

Diplomatic relations with India through philately

List of countries commemorating anniversaries of diplomatic relations with India through philately
 Date of
Year Country Anniversary Milestone Type Sub type Image
issue

Soviet Unilateral
1972 25th Anniversary Postal Stationery 1972
Union Issue

Unilateral
2000 China 50th Anniversary Postal Stationery 1st Apr
Issue
Unilateral 26th
2002 Japan 50th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Apr

South Joint 10th

2002 30th Anniversary Stamp
Korea Issue Dec

South Unilateral 16th

2003 10th Anniversary Stamp
Africa Issue Oct

Unilateral
2007 Japan Japan - India Friendship Stamp 23 May
Issue

Unilateral 30th
2008 Ethiopia 60th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Dec

Joint 16th
2009 Philippines 60th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Nov
Unilateral 10th
2010 Cuba 50th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Feb

Joint
2012 Israel 20th Anniversary Stamp 5th Nov
Issue

Unilateral
2012 Russia 60th Anniversary Postal Stationery 2012
Issue
Unilateral 19th
2013 Peru 50th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Mar

Unilateral
2013 20th Anniversary Stamp 2nd Jul
Kazakhstan Issue
Unilateral
2014 Bulgaria 60th Anniversary Postal Stationery 2014
Issue

The Five Principles of Peaceful

Stamp + Postal Unilateral
2014 Myanmar Co-existence by Myanmar, 2014
Stationery Issue
China & India

Unilateral
2016 Oman 60th Anniversary Stamp 5th Apr
Issue
Unilateral
2017 Moldova 25th Anniversary Postal Stationery 2017
Issue

Unilateral
2017 Russia 70th Anniversary Postal Stationery 2017
Issue

Joint 12th
2017 Belarus 25th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Sep
Unilateral 2nd
2018 Brazil 70th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Oct

Unilateral 21st
2018 Bhutan 50th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Feb

Unilateral 14th
2018 Georgia 25th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Jun
 Unilateral 18th
2018 Mauritius 50th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Aug
Joint 15th
2018 Serbia 70th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Sep

Stamp Unilateral
2019 Indonesia 70th Anniversary 2019
(Personalized) Issue

Unilateral 28th
2019 Colombia 60th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Jan
Unilateral
2019 Afghanistan Friendship Stamps 2019
Issue

Unilateral
2020 China 70th Anniversary Postal Stationery 1st Apr
Issue

Unilateral 24th
2020 Mongolia 65th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Dec
Joint 27th
2021 Bangladesh 50th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Mar

Joint 10th
2021 Germany 70th Anniversary Stamp
Issue Jun

Unilateral
2021 Senegal 60th Anniversary Stamp 5th Nov
Issue
75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral 16th
2021 Tajikistan Stamp
Independence Issue Sep

Unilateral 17th
2022 Iraq Iraqi - India relations Stamp
Issue Feb

75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral 27th

2022 Cuba Postmark
Independence Issue Jun
United Arab 75th Anniversary of India's Joint 30th
2022 Stamp
Emirates Independence Issue Jun

Unilateral
2022 Belarus 30th Anniversary Postal Stationery 3rd Aug
Issue

75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral 18th

2022 Egypt Stamp
Independence Issue Aug
75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral 26th
2022 Peru Stamp
Independence Issue Aug

75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral

2022 Andorra Stamp 3rd Oct
Independence Issue

75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral

2022 Moldova Postmark 7th Oct
Independence Issue
75th Anniversary of India's Unilateral 29th
2022 Serbia Postmark
Independence Issue Nov

75th Anniversary of India's Stamp Unilateral 29th

2022 Cyprus
Independence (Personalized) Issue Dec

30th Anniversary of Diplomatic Unilateral 30th

2023 Kyrgyzstan Stamp
Relations Issue Jan

75 Years of Friendship Between Joint 15th

2023 Miniature Sheet
Luxembourg Luxembourg and India Issue Mar
75 Years of India's Unliateral
2023 Uzbekistan Miniature Sheet 7th Aug
Independence Issue
 50th Anniversary of Diplomatic Joint 16th
2023 Vietnam Stamps
Relations Issue Oct
75th Anniversary of Diplomatic Joint 2nd
2023 Mauritius Stamps
Relations Issue Nov

100 years of Establishment of

Stamp Unilateral
2023 Sri Lanka the Assistant High Commission 7th Dec
(Personalized) Issue
of India in Kandy

Miniature Sheet Joint 15th

2023 Oman Celebrating Friendship
& Stamps Issue Dec

Planned philatelic issues on diplomatic relations that did not materialize.

Year Postal administration Topic Note

2023 South Korea 50th Anniversary of the Relationship 28th Jun / 8th Dec

2023 Uruguay 75th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations November

[top]
See also
India portal

India and the United Nations

India and the Non-Aligned Movement
Cold War in Asia#India, 1947–1991
List of diplomatic missions in India
List of diplomatic missions of India
List of diplomatic visits to India
List of Republic of India extradition treaties
Research and Analysis Wing
Visa policy of India
Visa requirements for Indian citizens

Notes

Explanatory notes
1. Including all 193 UN member countries and 8 dependencies.

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Further reading
Abraham, Itty. "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian foreign policy, 1947–65."
Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 46.2 (2008): 195–219.
Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. Routledge Handbook of China–
India Relations (Routledge, 2020). excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-
China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/)
Basrur, Rajesh. Subcontinental Drift: Domestic Politics and India's Foreign Policy
(Georgetown University Press, 2023). ISBN 9781647122843
Brands, H. W. India and the United States: The Cold Peace (1990) online (https://archive.org/
details/indiaunitedstat00bran)
Bradnock, Robert W. India's Foreign Policy Since 1971 (1990) 128pp; by a geographer
Budhwar, Prem K. "India-Russia relations: Past, Present and the future." India Quarterly 63.3
(2007): 51–83.
Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." Indian Foreign
Affairs Journal 13.1 (2018): 1–50. essays by seven experts.online (http://www.associationdip
lomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20190303073210/http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%20
13/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf) 3 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Chacko, Priya. Indian foreign policy: the politics of postcolonial identity from 1947 to 2004
(Routledge, 2013).
Chakma, Bhumitra, ed. The politics of nuclear weapons in South Asia (Ashgate, 2011).
Chaudhuri, Rudra. Forged In Crisis: India and the United States since 1947 (2014)
Cohen, Stephen P., and Sunil Dasgupta. Arming Without Aiming: India's Military
Modernisation (2010) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/Arming-Without-Aim
ing-Military-Modernization/dp/081570402X/)
Fonseca, Rena. "Nehru and the Diplomacy of Nonalignment." The Diplomats, 1939-1979
(Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 371–397. online (https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.1
9)
Gaan, Narottam. India and the United States: from Estrangement to Engagement (2007)
Ganguly, Sumit. India's Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect (2012)
Ganguly, Sumit. "Has Modi Truly Changed India's Foreign Policy?." The Washington
Quarterly 40.2 (2017): 131–143.
Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: 1947–56 v.2: A Biography (1979); Jawaharlal Nehru:
Vol.3: 1956–1964: A Biography (1984), a major scholarly biography with full coverage of
foreign policy
Gould, Harold A. The South Asia story: The first sixty years of US relations with India and
Pakistan (SAGE Publications India, 2010).
Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
(2008) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/India-After-Gandhi-History-Democr
acy/dp/0060958588/)
Gupta, Surupa, et al. "Indian Foreign Policy under Modi: A New Brand or Just
Repackaging?." International Studies Perspectives 20.1 (2019): 1–45. online (https://www.ac
ademia.edu/download/60752956/eky008.pdf)
Heimsath, Charles H., and Surjit Mansingh. Diplomatic History of Modern India (1971), major
scholarly history online (https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim)
Jain, B. M. Global Power: India's Foreign Policy, 1947–2006 (2009)
Jain, Rashmi K. The United States and India: 1947–2006 A Documentary Study (2007)
Karunakaran, K.P. India in World Affairs, August 1947 – January 1950 (1952)
Karunakaran, K.P. India in World Affairs, Feb. 1950– Dec. 1953. Calcutta. (1958),
Kust, Matthew J. Foreign Enterprise in India: Laws and Policies (2011)
Mallavarapu, Siddharth. "Development of international relations theory in India."
International Studies 46.1–2 (2009): 165–183.
Malone, David. Does the Elephant Dance?: Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy (2011)
excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/Does-Elephant-Dance-Contemporary-For
eign/dp/0199552029/)
Malone, David et al. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. (2015) excerpt (http
s://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Handbooks/dp/019874353X); a
comprehensive overview by over 50 leading experts.
Mansinghm Surjit. India's Search for Power: Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy 1966–1982
(1984)
Mansinghm Surjit. Nehru's foreign policy, fifty years on (1998)
Michael, Arndt. India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism (Palgrave Macmillan,
2013) excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Regional-Multilateralism-Critical-Asia-Pacif
ic/dp/1137263113/)
Miller, Manjari Chatterjee, and Kate Sullivan de Estrada. "Pragmatism in Indian foreign
policy: how ideas constrain Modi." International Affairs 93.1 (2017): 27–49. online (http://ww
w.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2017/01/INTA93_1_03_Miller_Sullivan.pdf)
 Mukherjee, Mithi. "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations,
1947–62." International History Review 32.2 (2010): 253–271. online free (http://125.22.40.1
34:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1811/1/A_World_of_Illusion_The_Legacy_of_Empir%2
0%281%29.pd)
Muni, S. D. India's Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension (2009)
Pant, Harsh V., and Julie M. Super. "India's 'non-alignment' conundrum: a twentieth-century
policy in a changing world." International Affairs 91.4 (2015): 747–764.
Pant, Harsh, and Yogesh Joshi. The US Pivot and Indian Foreign Policy: Asia's Evolving
Balance of Power (Springer, 2015).
Raghavan, Srinath. The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia.
(Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as Fierce Enigmas: A History of the
United States in South Asia.(2018). online review (https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/revi
ews/3515710/subramaniam-raghavan-fierce-enigmas-history-united-states-south-asia); also
see excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/Fierce-Enigmas-History-United-States/dp/046503019
X/)
Sathasivam, Kanishkan. Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan and US Foreign Policy
(Routledge, 2017).
Schaffer, Teresita C. India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing
Partnership (2009)
Shukla, Subhash. "Foreign Policy Of India Under Narasimha Rao Government" (PhD
dissertation, U of Allahabad, 1999) online free (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14
466), bibliography pp 488–523.
Singh, Sangeeta. "Trends in India's Foreign Policy: 1991–2009." (PhD dissertation, Aligarh
Muslim University, 2016) online (https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230921/http://ir.amu.a
c.in/11775/1/T10126.pdf), bibliography pp 270–86.
Sridharan, Eswaran. "Where is India headed? Possible future directions in Indian foreign
policy." International Affairs 93.1 (2017): 51–68.
Tharoor, Shashi. Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under
Indira Gandhi, 1966-1977 (1982) online (https://archive.org/details/reasonsofstatepo0000tha
r/page/n5/mode/2up)

External links
Briefs on India's Bilateral Relations, Ministry of External Affairs (https://web.archive.org/web/
20170102080612/https://www.mea.gov.in/foreign-relations.htm)
Harvard University homepage (http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_f
oreign_policy.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090417003013/http://belfercente
r.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html) 17 April 2009 at the
Wayback Machine India's Foreign Policy, Xenia Dormandy
List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and India (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
(https://web.archive.org/web/20090831193028/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/in.
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IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa – News and Media (http://www.ibsanews.com)

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