Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy Generation System

Muhammad Zeeshan Malik* Kanza Zehra Irfan Ali

Faculty of Automation, Huaiyin Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Institute of Technology, Huai’an, Mehran UET, SZAB Campus, Mehran UET, SZAB Campus,
223003 Jiangsu, P.R China Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Ubedullah Muhammad Ismail Abid Hussain

Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Mehran UET, SZAB Campus, Mehran UET, SZAB Campus, Mehran UET, SZAB Campus,
Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Vishesh Kumar Mir Abid Mazhar H.Baloch

Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
Mehran UET, SZAB Campus, Mehran UET, SZAB Campus, Mehran UET, SZAB Campus,
Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan Khairpur Mir’s, Pakistan Khairpur, Pakistan, Pakistan
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
2020 IEEE 23rd International Multitopic Conference (INMIC) | 978-1-7281-9893-4/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/INMIC50486.2020.9318083

Abstract— Renewable energy integration has attracted help of WT, more output can be generated in winter, while
widespread attention due to its zero fuel cost, cleanliness, throughout the summer; more electricity can be produced by
availability, and ease of installation. Among various renewable PV [7]. It is environment-friendly and gives better ambient
energy sources, photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines (WT) have returns than other individual renewable energy sources. With
become very attractive due to the abundant local availability in an increase in the cost of fossil fuels, it becomes almost
nature, technological progress, and economic benefits. The impossible for rural people to fulfil their electricity demand.
hybrid combination of both distributed energy resources People use a generator for a certain time of the day. Thus,
eliminates mutual intermittences due to their adverse nature; awareness of hybrid power plays a vital role [8].
therefore, the reliability of the system will be improved. The
basic key objective of this project is to generate electrical energy II. SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN
by using renewable and clean energy with minimum pollution.
We use a hybrid system to overcome the drawbacks of Pakistan is rich in renewable energy resources . According
renewable free-standing generation system. The working model to the latest research, Pakistan has huge wind energy potential.
of the solar-wind hybrid energy generation system successfully Which is enough to fulfil the electricity demands of Pakistan.
operated. By considering the cost and effectiveness of the Pakistan is fortunate to have the finest level of solar irradiation
system, it is suggested for all the rural community members to (5-7 kWh/m2) a day and more than a Million MW of electricity
use the solar-wind hybrid system for the generation of can be generated from it. There are various sites in Pakistan
electricity. having the feasibility of wind and solar energy production
which can be utilized for the generation of electricity [9].
Keywords— Energy, Renewable Energy Resources, Electricity Thus, some regions are summarized in Table I.
Generation, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Pollution Free Energy
TABLE I. FEASIBILITY OF WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PAKISTAN [9]

Pakistan has faced a serious energy crisis over the past Region Average Wind Speed (m/s) Month
decade due to population growth and is heavily dependent on Thatta/Sindh 6.7 July
imports of fossil fuels. The electricity shortage is 14-18 hours Badin/Sindh 5.5 June
in rural areas and 8-10 hours in urban areas. This has Kotri/Sindh 4.8 May
significantly affected the economy of the country [1]. Jamshoro/Sindh 8.5 July
Nowadays, renewable energy is an alternate option to meet Hyderabad/Sindh 6.4 June
Jhampir/Sindh 7.3 June
electricity demand [2]. Its integration has attracted widespread T.B Khan/Sindh 5.1 June
attention due to its advantages [3]. Like Photovoltaic (PV) and Karachi/Sindh 4.2 June
Wind Turbines (WT) systems, become very attractive due to Pasni/Balochistan 5.9 April
the abundant availability, technological progress, and Region Average Temperature (oC) Month
economic benefits. The hybrid combination of both eliminates Jacobabad/Sindh 35.3 June
mutual intermittences; therefore improving the system’s Larkana/Sindh 26.9 June
reliability [4]. More, Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Dadu/Sindh 26.1 July
become a demanding system, for supplying electrical energy Nawabshah/Sindh 26.6 July
Moenjo-Daro/Sindh 35.0 June
to inaccessible and far-off areas [5]. Hybrid energy is designed Sukkur/Sindh 27.0 July
by using two or more renewable energy sources. The sources Rohri/Sindh 27.0 June
in higher numbers are used to increase and flourish the system Mianwali/Punjab 24.2 June
effectiveness and to maintain the desired balance in the supply Sibi/Balochistan 27.2 June
of electrical energy [6]. Hybrid generation systems merge
solar energy with electricity generation of WT. Thus, with the

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 III. LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY APPLIED must be a low rate of self-discharge.
can operate properly within the specified limits.
TABLE II. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SURVEYED PAPERS
The capacity a of battery dependents on temperature and
Name of Paper Usage of Outcomes its age. It is rated in Ampere-hour (Ah) with size dependents
Algorithm
The hybrid system of Usage of solar cell, The idea is about the
on energy consumption. If the average per hour consumption
PV solar/wind and fuel wind and fuel cell connection of two or of energy is determined and the average value for the battery
cell [10] more than two is well-known, then the capacity of the battery can be given
renewable energy by the following equations [16]:
sources with a grid
network.
Control of Hybrid Usage of solar Electrical lead-acid
BC=2*f*W/Vbatt (1)
Solar-Wind system energy, wind batteries are used to Where, BC= Battery Capacity, f= Factor for reverse, W=
with acid battery [11] energy, Acid supply electrical
battery, and Micro- energy from Daily Energy and Vbatt= DC Voltage of system. Further, the
controller. chemical energy. rating of the battery in Ah is determined as:
Design and Usage of solar The energy
Implementation of power, wind energy, requirement of the Daily Energy Consumption (KW)
Domestic Solar-wind Battery and MPPT home has been
(2)
Batter rating in Ah at a specified voltage
Hybrid Energy System fulfilled.
[12] D. Inverter:
Batteries store and provide Direct Current (DC), But most
With the help of comparative analysis of latest researches, of the load is Alternating Current (AC). An inverter converts
it is concluded that design and implementation of Domestic DC into AC power. Thus, it is installed between batteries and
Solar-wind Hybrid Energy System is more suitable in terms AC load. It may be analog or digital. The digital inverter uses
of methodology, outcomes, feasibility and installation [12]. a microcontroller and provides greater efficiency by using
MOSFET technology. That causes an increase in buildup cost
IV. SYSTEM DESIGN of the system. Therefore, an analog inverter is studied for the
The block diagram of the developed systems is given as: system design. Inverter helps to transform DC energy into AC
(120V, 1500W, 50Hz) for the main supply of household. AC
loads can be connected at the output part. Moreover, few
inbuilt protective devices are incorporated with the inverters
[15,16]:
Automatic re-start.
If the battery or array output is enough high or enough
low, then automatic switch-off is available.
Fig. 1. Basic Block Diagram
Protecting scheme is available to cope up with the
situation of overloading or short circuit.
The presented system is the hybrid of two stand-alone
systems like wind system and solar system. The description of
the components used is specified below: The inverters having the given features are used for the
quality output [16]:
A. Solar/ photovoltaic panel Low-battery protection is available.
A solar panel helps to transform solar energy into electrical The charging system, that is trickle and constant.
energy. The production quantity of DC depends upon the Status indicator of the load is present.
point, location and intensity of solar radiations [13]. For the Protections of overload are available.
presented project, a 12V, 10W, with size (48inches × 22inches
× 2inches) solar panel is needed. This can easily be purchased E. Maximum Charged Battery Selection:
in the market. It is the designed circuitry. The function of Maximum
Charged Battery Selection is to determine the utmost energy
B. Wind Turbine quantity of electrically stored in individual batteries.
A wind turbine is a mechanical setup that generates Maximum Charged Batter Selection is usually joined inside
electricity effectively by utilizing wind energy. Electrical the circuit of the inverter. Thus, the block of inverter surrounds
energy (AC) can be generated according to the amount, the Maximum Charged Battery Selection. The construction of
pressure and speed of the wind. For this project, a 17 W, 12V this circuit is possible with the help of transistor family
DC, 3 blades having a radius of 1.2 meters is considered [14]. together with diodes, capacitors and resistors [12].

C. Batteries V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

As the electrical energy generated by the hybrid system is The circuit diagram of the proposed model is given below,
required to store. So, two batteries are required. The capacity
of each battery can be changed according to the demand of the
system [15]. One battery (200-400AmpH) and other (7AmpH)
is connected to store output power of WT and PV system.
Both provide backups during low irradiance or low wind
power [16]. Therefore, batteries must fulfil the following
conditions:
Fig. 2. Basic Circuit Diagram
should resist several cycles of charge and discharge.

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 The Solar-Wind hybrid system has PV (12V DC) TABLE III. SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS
connected to a battery. In which it stores energy. An inverter Components Ratings
converts DC into AC (220 V, 1500 W). The wind turbine has Wind Turbine
three blades, connected to a motor/generator that generates Rated power 17W
AC output. A rectifier converts AC into DC supply. Again, Battery voltage DC 12V
battery banks store this energy. In the last stage, inverter Rated Voltage DC 12V
supplies the AC signal to Load (LED). Number of Blades 3
Rotor Diameter 1.2 m
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Battery Capacity 200AH-400AH
Largest Discharging Current 1.4A
A. Solar Photovoltaic Panel Solar Panel

It is used according to the project requirement and its Rated power 10W
Battery voltage DC 12V
specifications must be kept in mind so that it cannot be altered Rated voltage DC 12V
thereafter. The battery capacity is 7 AH for charge storage. Battery Capacity 7AH
The solar panel is selected for the time taken by the battery to Number of Solar cells 36
charge [7]. To calculate the charging time: Inverter
Rated Voltages 120V
= (3) Output power 1500W
Supply Load 50HZ

= (4)
VIII. ELECTRICAL GENERATION SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN
When the sun is at its peak, 5-8 hours are required to Pakistan is abundant with lots of natural reservoirs but due
charge the battery. to out of job, unclear attitude towards energy crisis solutions,
lack of proper arrangement and policymaking in the energy
127 sector side, the root causes for power crisis in Pakistan. Even
= = 10 though Pakistan has decreased the blackouts and increased the
8
production of electricity significantly. The installed electricity
So, the rated power for the solar panel must be 10 W. generation capacity reached 37,402 MW by 2020, according
B. Turbine Design: to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-20. In general, the
overall electricity generation in Pakistan is given in Fig. 3 by
A wind turbine of 1.2 meter diameter is used in this
using different resources.
project. There are three fans. The motor-generator set
generates 12 V and 1.4 A at 550 RPM. Therefore, RPM to
Volt ratio is:
550
= = 45.8 (5)
12

Based on the proposed model, a solar-wind hybrid system

can be utilized in the areas of low-wind. In the case of
unavailability of grid power, inverter battery can be charged.
Lots of modification can be done in the proposed model, such
as the Maximum Power Point Tracking. Thus, without the
huge spend on system costing, improvements can be done in
the model.
VII. SPECIFICATIONS OF PROJECT Fig. 3. Electricity Generation in Pakistan
Referring to “Design and Implementation of Domestic
Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy System”, it proposed that if an Non-renewable energy resources are unable to meet the
individual requires more energy, it can be fulfilled by current energy needs of Pakistan, causes large populations
renewable energy sources like wind energy and solar energy. deprived of electricity [17]. The traditional grid structure of
This can be attained by the connection of the hybrid system Pakistan is mainly built for non-renewable electricity which
with the grid to get fluctuation free electrical energy. In our cannot support the current power load and cannot combine
proposed model, the solar panel receives input from the sun renewable energy sources. Due to this the System losses, such
radiation and produces electrical energy as output. Here, solar as distribution and transmission, are much higher than other
panels are acting as a medium between the conversions South Asian countries which make worse further the situation.
processes of solar energy into electrical energy. In the same
manner, whenever the force of wind exerts on the rotor blades by only constructing new power lines and substations.
of the turbine, the wind turbine converts it into torque. There Renewable energy sources mainly solar energy and wind
are some factors for the transferring process of wind the rotor, energy can overcome the existing energy crises of the country.
i.e. the area of the rotor, air density and the speed of the wind. Solar and wind energy has a lot of opportunities particularly
Solar system and wind turbine produce DC power. Then, both as a cheaper, cleaner alternative in rural areas and areas far off
the powers are kept in the batteries. For controlling purpose, from national grid [18]. Solar and wind are predicted to
inverters are used, that converts DC power into AC power and account for an increasing share of the electricity mix in the
then provides the electrical power to the load. years ahead, rising from around 3% at present to 23% by 2030.

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 A. Solar Energy overall generation capacity will grow from 33,000 MW in
Geographically, Pakistan lies in the zone where it receives 2020 to around 168,200 MW in 2047 [17].
massive amounts of sunlight all through the year. Currently,
public and private sector investment is very important to
utilize its true potential. The government has been trying to
install and expand its usage. The average amount of daily
sunlight in Pakistan is eight and a half hours. There are a few
cloudy days even in the moist regions. Baluchistan & Thar,
lower Sindh, lower KPK & Punjab are main regions with the
potential to produce more than 250 Giga Watts electric power
to reach energy shortfall over the coming decades [18].
1) Annual Solar Irradiation
Solar irradiation 5.3 kWh/m²/day is in Pakistan. Pakistan
set a target to add about 10 GW of renewable capacity by 2030
as well as replacing 5% diesel with biodiesel by 2015 and 10%
by 2025 [17]. Fig. 5. Electrical Energy Production on Annually Basis

B. Wind Energy
The wind energy potential as a renewable energy source in
Pakistan is the major focus for power generation to energy
demand. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory
generates a wind map of Pakistan based on satellite data. This
help in the development of wind potential in many parts of the
country. In 2018, wind power capacity in Pakistan was 1,237
MW. The Gharo-Jhimpir wind corridor in Sindh was noticed
as the most cost-effective site for wind power generation
plants. About 9700 km2 area is covered by wind power
potential with a capacity of 43000 MW [18].

Fig. 4. Annual Solar Irradiation

2) Average production of Solar Energy

Presently, Pakistan has set up many plants to overcome the
electricity fall. Eight power plants have been installed and
eleven are under construction. In December 1981, the first PV
energy generation system was commissioned, located in
village Mumniala (60 km from Islamabad). Pakistan starts
working on renewable energy sources and setups many Solar
PV plants which are given in Table IV [18].

TABLE IV. OPERATIONAL STATIONS

Capacity
Station Community Location Status Fig. 6. Wind Map of Pakistan
(MW)
Quaid-e-Azam Bahawalpur,
400 2016
Solar Park Punjab C. Solar and Wind Energy Generation Capacity
OurSun Solar
Gharo, Sindh
24°72'15.4"N
50 2018 Solar and wind are considered as a growing share of the
Power Plant42] 67°53'36.6"E
electricity mix in the years onwards, rising from around 3% at
Gharo Solar 24°42'56.8"N present to 23% by 2030 [19]. Solar and wind Monthly average
Gharo, Sindh 50 2020
Power Plant 67°33'44.7"E
electricity production are shown in Fig. 7.
Harappa Solar 30°34'46.9"N
Sahiwal, Punjab 18 2017
Pvt. Ltd 72°53'43.0"E
AJ Power Pvt.
Jhelum, Punjab 12 2017
Ltd.

In Pakistan, if we analyze electrical energy production on

an annual basis as in Fig. 5. Pakistan’s installed PV capacity
will likely increase add around 1.3 GW at the end of 2019 and
expected it will reach at 12.8 GW by 2030 and 26.9 GW by
2047, according to the Indicative Generation Capacity
Expansion Plan – IGCEP 2047, which was recently published
by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority
(NEPRA) [18]. NERPA’s base-case scenario predicts that
Fig. 7. Comparison of electricity generation between Solar (PV) and Wind
Turbine at Karachi

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 IX. HYBRID DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN PAKISTAN place and better energy services in the future that will
Primarily, electricity is delivered to customers through a transform our living style. Though, still, Pakistan has to
complex process from the generation of electric energy to accomplish a lot more before reach there. Different countries
supply and consumption by the costumers. In Pakistan, is and organizations need to cooperate towards this joint move
carried out by different organizations. This process is shown that will lead to a bright future for the whole of mankind [9].
in Fig. 8. There are several organizations in Pakistan which X. APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE
are accountable for regulation of tariff plans, assessment of
generation and supply, maintaining the electric systems and to A. Advantages
ease the people as well as keeping the government update for The benefits offered through the designed project are listed
upcoming consumption estimates. To maintain the generation, as,
transmission, distribution and consumption setups, these Reducing the drawbacks that are caused by the stand-
organizations are also responsible [9]. free renewable and sustainable production system of
electrical energy [8].
Giving effective generation of electricity due to the
usage of two or more renewable energy resources [5].
As the microcontroller is not used in the design of the
system, thus, a complication in testing the system is
Fig. 8. The process from Electricity Generation to Consumption no more problem [5].
There is no waste generation due to the utilization of
At present, the electrical energy transfer in a centralized renewable energy sources [14].
system flows from generation units to customers in one way Clean and environment-friendly energy is produced
hierarchical as shown in Fig. 9. The unidirectional [8].
uncontrolled power flow generates challenges for system Installation of the system is not complex after the
operators, therefore, questioning the efficiency, accuracy, development of the hybrid system [5].
security and quality of supplied power. Conventional power
Installation requires a high cost but can be covered
stations are centralized and often requires a system to transmit
after a specific time [19].
electric energy over a long distance. In the past few years,
solar-wind hybrid energy generation system has become If there is a problem in the system, then there is no
favourable and has taken the consideration of energy need to install the new system. Change only the
providers [20]. Distributed generation systems also called damaged part of the system [8].
decentralized depend on distributed energy resources (DER) B. Disadvantages
shown in Fig. 9, are more flexible, and modular technologies The disadvantages of the proposed hybrid system are listed
that are located near to customers the service, having as follows,
capacities of 10 Megawatt (MW) or less. These systems
Installation cost is greater in terms of economics [5].
consist of multiple generation and storage devices, in this
instance, they are mentioned as hybrid power systems. As the system doesn’t contain any controller action,
Electricity is generated very close to customers where it is therefore, the circuit design is complex [8].
used, possibly even in the same building. The losses of energy C. Applications
due to transmission reduce because of the distributed There are lots of applications for solar-wind hybrid
generation system as well as reduce the size and number of electricity generation system. Some of them are given below,
power lines. Smart grids (SG) are used to manage and
The hybrid system can also be used for a household
coordinate these systems. The power sector in the world is
purpose [8].
under serious stress generally and particularly Pakistan.
Used for traffic signals [5].
Used for Street lightning [13].
Used for diverse controlling systems [8].
Used for triggering communication system [5].
Used in the system of pump irrigation [5].
The system can be upgraded by the need for electricity
generation [8].
D. Future scope
As non-renewable energy resources are the main cause of
the pollution of the environment. Thus, awareness regarding
the usage of renewable energy sources is gaining fame day by
Fig. 9. Centralized and Distributed Generation System day. As well as researches are also increasing regarding the
utilization of these sources. Installation cost is so high on the
In most developing countries like Pakistan, customers are perspective of finance. User can get the entire description of
facing long duration load shedding due to power outages its applications and development because this hybrid system
occur more frequently. On the other hand, electricity prices can be monitored by GUI on computer.
are increasing quickly due to shortages if available resources
[21]. Due to all these threaten, many researchers are presented E. Benefits of the study for Pakistan
resolutions in the form of advanced technologies like smart According to the research, the percentage of the rural
grid (SG) by modifying conventional grid. The development population in Pakistan is 63.09%. The people living in those
of these new technologies like SG will lead Pakistan to a better remote areas have no access to grid-generated electricity.

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