Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 16, No.

1, 2022

Experimental and Numerical Study of Behavior of RC Shear Wall

Using Concealed Stiffeners

Sanjivan Mahadik 1)* and S. R. Bhagat 2)

1)
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, HSBBPVT’s College of Engineering,
Kashti, India. E-Mail: [email protected] * Corresponding Author.
2)
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere, India. E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
A reinforced concrete shear wall is a member provided in a structure for resisting horizontal forces arising from
wind or earthquakes that act on buildings. According to the aspect ratio (length to width ratio) shear walls are
classified into two types: long (slender, l/b > 2) shear wall and short (squat, l/b < 2) shear wall. After taking
every care in the design of buildings as per seismic-resistant criteria of design given in codal provisions, there
are still chances of destruction to buildings even though buildings were constructed with shear walls. To address
this problem of squat shear wall failure, in the present study, the use of concealed diagonal reinforced concrete
stiffeners and diagonal steel tube stiffeners were verified with the help of analysis as well as experiments to see
the improvement of shear walls performance. In this present work, the behavior of squat RC solid shear walls
with conventional reinforcement, solid shear walls strengthened with inbuilt RC stiffeners and solid shear walls
with steel tube stiffeners was studied. Experiments were performed on six shear wall specimens of 1:3 scaled
models and the obtained results were validated using finite element analysis. The load-carrying capacity of
shear walls with RC stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners as compared to conventionally reinforced shear walls
was found to be more by a percentage of 34.21% and 39.47%, respectively. Compared to conventionally
reinforced shear walls, the deformation capacity of shear walls with RC stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners was
observed to be more by 34.34% and 9.04%, respectively. Similarly, a percentage increase in strain in the order
of 162.96% for RC stiffeners and 209.88% for steel tube stiffeners over conventionally reinforced shear walls
was observed.

KEYWORDS: Shear wall, Nominal strength, Analysis, Stiffeners, Strain, Deformation.

INTRODUCTION ultimately affects the economy and society at a large.

Losses due to earthquakes cannot be avoided
Earthquake is one of the major naturally occurring completely, but may be reduced by some preventive
calamities worldwide. Shear walls are commonly used design actions. It is not practicable and economical to
to resist earthquake forces in buildings. Generally, they build a structure that can resist every possible
are made of reinforced concrete (RC), but in some cases, earthquake force, but it is possible to provide some
they may be constructed from timber, steel or concrete practical solutions that will improve the behavior of
for low or medium height. Although it is true that shear shear walls to minimize damage and loss. Concealed
walls effectively resist lateral forces, many shear-walled stiffeners may provide a better and more economical
buildings worldwide have collapsed or have been solution to improve the performance of shear walls
damaged during strong earthquakes in the recent past. rather than increasing their thickness or reinforcement
Failure causes loss of lives and properties, which congestion.
Some previous researchers have tried to improve the
Received on 20/9/2021. behavior of shear walls using composites in shear walls,
Accepted for Publication on 2/12/2021. whereas others tried adding steel profiles in their cross-

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

section for improving their behavior in terms of strength, with JK panels and JK stiffeners were tested by Mousavi
stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, crack pattern and et al. (2014) and it was observed that these walls could
failure mode. sustain large ductility demand as well as present
The strength of a shear wall depends upon various sufficient stiffness. Ghassemieh et al. (2012), in their
factors, like quality and type of material, wall geometry, experiment with the use of shape memory alloy (SMA)
location,… etc. Investigation of these parameters made bars in a shear wall, showed that SMA bars were super-
by different researchers is reviewed here. An elastic and could maintain their effective stiffness for
experimental and theoretical study of reinforced repeated cycles, while steel bars lost their effectiveness
concrete shear walls was performed by Dan et al. (2011). remarkably due to early yielding and caused large
Shear walls were casted with the addition of concealed displacements in the response history.
steel profiles in their cross-section in the vertical Ductility has been studied by some researchers. It is
direction. Five specimens of 3000 mm x 3000 mm x 100 defined as the ratio of maximum deflection to deflection
mm size were casted using different concealed steel at the yield point. An experimental study on the behavior
cross-sections in boundary elements and one specimen of adaptive-slit shear wall was carried out by Sun et al.
using conventional reinforced concrete. Comparing (2013). In this study, a new adaptive-slit type of shear
these walls, it was observed that the load-carrying wall is presented to meet the requirements of
capacity of the shear wall increases when concealed performance-based seismic design and to improve the
steel sections are used. Similar observations are performance of conventional shear wall structures. Four
recorded by Stoian et al. (2011) in their experiment on walls out of which one is a conventional shear wall and
shear walls with concealed steel profiles. In the others with different aspect ratios were tested. These
numerical analysis of composite shear walls with walls are highly ductile and advantageous in controlling
encased sections, Dan et al. (2009) found that the load- the seismic damage process. They proved to be excellent
carrying capacity of the shear wall increases by adding in seismic performance, are simple in construction and
a concealed section in the shear wall section. Cao et al. can solve many issues of conventional shear walls.
(2011), in their experimental study, examined the Improvement in the behavior of a shear wall reinforced
behavior of shear walls by adding steel tubes filled with with glass fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) with proper
concrete to improve the performance of shear walls and confinement in boundary element and subjected to
these walls were compared with the traditional walls by cyclic loading was investigated by Mohamed et al.
applying constant vertical loading and low-frequency (2012). An increase in ductility of the shear wall was
cyclical load applied horizontally through pull-push observed. In another study by Mohamed et al. (2014) on
jacks. A significant increase in the strength of such walls a glass FRP-reinforced shear wall, it was observed that
was observed. An investigation regarding the it satisfies the drift requirements of various codes. The
enhancement in the behavior of shear walls using glass GFRP-reinforced shear wall shows higher drift capacity
fiber-reinforced polymer was made by Mohamed et al. than the ordinary RC shear wall. The cyclic behavior of
(2012); they found that there was no significant conventional shear walls and shear walls consisting of
degradation of strength during reversed cyclic loading. steel plates attached at one end using bolts was
Shear wall behaves in an elastic manner, causing investigated by Zhao and Astaneh (2004). A
negligible residual deformations. Similar experiments conventional shear wall is a simple composite steel-
were conducted by Dazio et al. (2008) on hybrid glass concrete wall. Provision of the gap between concrete
fibers, which were found to be beneficial. Performance wall and frame is made for the innovative wall. Based
of reinforced concrete shear walls with encased bracing on experimental observations, it was concluded that
was investigated by Cao et al. (2003) and they observed both of the walls were found behaving in a very ductile
an improvement due to the provision of encased bracing. manner. Ductility and energy dissipation capacity
Another important parameter is stiffness; it is the increase significantly by providing a gap between wall
resistance offered by a shear wall to deformation. Walls and frame. Damage observed in innovative walls is
constructed with low-strength super lightweight comparatively less than in conventional walls. Thus, the
expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete and reinforced system is more efficient in lateral-load resisting.

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 16, No. 1, 2022

Another important parameter of energy dissipation various researchers, like Barda et al. (1977), Wood
has been studied by some of the researchers. Energy (1990)… etc. However, the reliability of these equations
dissipation is the physical process through which energy is under question. After comparison of nominal strength
becomes unavailable by an amount equal to the area of of squat shear walls with these equations, a large
closed-loop of hysteresis for cyclic loading. It is the variation was observed. To have a better understanding
process in which energy is transformed into another of the behavior of shear walls, finite element analysis
form and the capacity of the structure to sustain load software was used for the analysis. The ANSYS 18.2
goes on reducing. For cyclic loading, the energy software was used to analyze the shear walls of this
dissipation capacity of a member can be obtained by study and also for the validation of the results. Research
measuring the inner area of hysteresis curves. The consisting analysis of shear walls made by different
greater the inner area, the better the energy dissipation researchers using the FE software is discussed below.
capacity. Mohamed et al. (2012), in their study of shear Bélaidia et al. (2015) studied the performance of RC
walls reinforced with glass FRP bars subjected to lateral slender walls with two methods of reinforcement: the
cyclic loading, concluded that the shear wall constructed method of bands (MDB) and the classical method (MC).
with glass fiber reinforcement dissipates less energy With the help of numerical modeling, it was concluded
than the ordinary RC shear wall. that MC offers better resistance for reinforced concrete
The study of crack patterns and failure modes of walls, with a higher load-carrying capacity. The
structural elements is also important. From crack pattern accuracy of FE analysis results relies on factors, like
and failure pattern, one can understand the behavior of mesh size, element type, material properties, load
materials used for the construction of building elements type,… etc. Analysis of flanged shear walls was carried
and the cause of failure. Accordingly, some changes out by Greeshma et al. (2011) using the FE analysis
may be suggested in design or detailing, so that failure software. In the study, the flanged shear wall was
may be delayed or avoided. The effect of diagonal web modelled using discrete element and smeared element to
reinforcement on behavior structural walls was compare the results of the two different methods of
investigated by Sittipunt and Wood (1995) for walls modeling. It was found that analysis with the smeared
with and without opening. Diagonal reinforcement in model provides higher ultimate strength as well as
the web was found efficient in limiting shear distortion, ductility than the discrete element model. According to
increasing energy dissipation and reducing the the investigation of Khatami and Kheyroddin (2012),
likelihood of shear failure of the structural wall. Test the lateral response of shear walls was found to provide
results indicated that the deformation capacity of this better accuracy when the mesh size was equal to the
type of wall, which was susceptible to web crushing, thickness of shear wall web. Shivakumar et al. (2014),
was increased by adding the diagonal reinforcement. in their study on the flanged shear wall under horizontal
The presence of the diagonal reinforcement did not loading, used FEM software ANSYS with SOLID65
change the calculated strength of the walls appreciably. elements for concrete and LINK8 element for
A shear wall reinforced with glass FRP and subjected to reinforcement. They proposed to use discrete detailing
cyclic loading was tested by Mohamed et al. (2014). The of reinforcement for dynamic analysis. They observed
suitability of glass FRP reinforcement as a replacement that shear walls can be modeled with smeared as well as
for steel reinforcement was studied. The result showed discrete reinforcement detailing. The behavior of two
that a properly designed and detailed glass FRP shear types of shear wall; namely, planer wall and box-type
wall performs better than an ordinary shear wall. For shear wall, with varying percentages of the base
such walls, the failure was characterized by flexural opening, was studied by Masood et al. (2012). The study
cracks followed by shear cracks. was carried out using the FE analysis ANSYS software
Using various analysis software, it is possible to and it was observed that the stiffness of shear walls
carry out better analysis and to predict the performance decreases significantly when the base opening size is
of structural properties of the members. The shear wall above 60%. It was recommended that for high-rise
can be analyzed with several equations available in buildings, the provision of a base opening with 50%
different codes and with the equations proposed by length of the wall may be considered as feasible.

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

Musmar (2013) analyzed shear wall with opening using reinforcement and boundary element reinforcement of
SOLID65 element in the ANSYS software. It was shear walls. RC beams were provided at the top and
observed that in case of solid shear walls, the initial bottom of the wall with projection beyond shear wall
cracking occurs at a discrete location which is close to length for loading and holding purposes. The top beam
the base of the wall and in the region where the concrete served to apply load uniformly and to avoid local failure
tensile strength was exceeded. When the opening size is of the shear wall while loading. The bottom beam served
slightly greater than that of a small opening, the initial for holding of shear wall in position while loading. A
cracking starts at locations close to the base of the wall total of six models were casted consisting two of each
and also appears at the opposite corners of the opening. type. Models PL1 and PL2 were solid shear walls with
When openings are large enough, the initial cracking conventional reinforcement. Walls PLRC1 and PLRC2
occurs at the joint between the upper lintel of the were solid walls cast with diagonal RC stiffeners along
opening and the sidewalls. with conventional reinforcement. PLT1 and PLT2 were
Research work found in open literature is mainly solid walls with diagonal square tube (40mm x 40 mm x
focused on the improvement of strength and stiffness by 4 mm) stiffeners along with conventional reinforcement.
using composite materials or using different encased Each shear wall model was of 1000 mm x 1000 mm x
profiles of steel section or some special alloys in a body 100 mm size, with RC beam at top of size 240 mm x 240
of shear wall with and without opening. The evidence on mm x 1180 mm length for application of load and at
the use of different types of concealed stiffeners for bottom of size 300 mm x 280 mm x 1400 mm length to
shear wall was not observed. Concealed stiffeners may hold the specimen in position while applying lateral
prove to be a better and more economical solution loads. Figure 1 shows detailing of reinforcement and
compared to RC stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners. In dimensions of shear wall model with conventional
the present study, the use of concealed steel tube reinforcement, while Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show detailing of
stiffeners and RC stiffeners is investigated, considering reinforcement and dimensions for shear wall with RC
strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and strain pattern. stiffeners and shear wall with steel tube stiffeners,
respectively. Details of reinforcement in the shear wall
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY are provided in Table 1. Both types of concealed
stiffeners are compression members and the design is
Concrete of 25 MPa compressive strength and steel also simple. Shear wall with RC stiffeners is easy in
Fe 500 were used for casting specimens. Steel tubes of construction, as there is no need to add separate steel
40 x 40 x 4 mm cross-section and tor steel of 6 mm sections in concrete as in the case of shear wall with steel
diameter were used for concealed stiffeners. Tor steel of tube stiffeners.
6 mm diameter was also used for vertical and horizontal

Table 1. Shear wall model details

Wall/beam Horizontal Vertical

Sr. No. Notation Size (mm) Stiffeners
type reinforcement reinforcement
1000 x 1000 x 12 of 6 mm ø @160 16 of 6 mm ø
1 Solid wall PL ------
100 mm mm c/c @ 160 mm c/c
Solid with RC 1000 x 1000 x 12 of 6 mm ø @160 16 of 6 mm ø RC stiffener of 4
2 PLRC
stiffeners 100 mm mm c/c @ 160 mm c/c bars of 6 mm ø
Solid with 1000 x 1000 x 12 of 6 mm ø @160 16 of 6 mm ø MS tube 40 x 40
3 PLT
tube stiffeners 100 mm mm c/c @ 160 mm c/c x 4 mm
4 of 6 mm ø
Boundary
4 BE Stirrups 6 ø @100 -- --
element
mm c/c.

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Figure (1): Solid shear wall (PL)

Figure (2): Solid shear wall with RC stiffeners (PLRC)

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

Figure (3): Plain shear wall with steel tube stiffeners (PLT)

Loading and Data Acquisition along an axis of 7% of concrete compressive strength

The shear wall model was held in position in the (140 kN). Load and corresponding deformations were
loading frame and cyclic load, with an increment of recorded with a dual system (i.e., with a data acquisition
50kN applied to each cycle with two hydraulic jacks of system and load dial gauges mounted on the frame).
500kN capacity, each fixed on the loading frame. In Figure 4 shows the loading frame and data acquisition
addition, the specimen was loaded with vertical load system.

Figure (4): Loading frame and data acquisition system

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ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS shown in Fig. 5. These curves are obtained by joining
peak values of load at each cycle of loading. From these
Each wall model was tested for cyclic load till obtained P-Δ curves, it is observed that the initial
failure. Peak load and corresponding deformations of stiffness of a shear wall with steel tube stiffeners is more
each shear wall specimen recorded are as shown in than that of a shear wall with RC stiffeners. This may be
Table 2. It was observed that there is a significant due to the larger strut action of steel tube stiffeners than
increase in load-carrying capacity by using concealed that of reinforced bars in RC stiffeners. Concealed steel
stiffeners. Using RC stiffeners, the load-carrying tube stiffeners will be helpful to control drift with
capacity was found to be increased by 34.21%, whereas additional strength, whereas concealed RC stiffeners
using steel tube stiffeners resulted in the load-carrying will impart more strength with added ductility, taking
capacity to be increased by 39.47%. Deformation advantage of their flexural strength. Steel tube stiffeners
capacity was found to be increased by 34.34% using RC are suitable where strength and stiffness are important
stiffeners and by 9.04 % using steel tube stiffeners. (for larger height) to control drift, whereas RC stiffeners
Experimental load-deformation envelope curves are suitable to impart strength with ductility (for smaller
(P-Δ curves) obtained for all shear wall specimens are height) to reduce brittle failure.

Table 2. Peak loads and deformations

Average
Peak load Peak deformation Average Percentage increase in
Sr. No. Wall type peak load
(kN) (mm) deformation (mm) load-carrying capacity
(kN)
1 PL1 180 8.2
190 8.3 ----
2 PL 2 200 8.4
3 PLRC 1 250 10.8 11.15
255 34.21%
4 PLRC 2 260 11.5 (34.34% rise)
5 PLT 1 270 8.6 9.05
265 39.47%
6 PLT 2 260 9.5 (9.036%)

Figure (5): Load-deformation envelop curves for solid walls (PL, PLRC and PLT)

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

Measurement of Strain a different location on the surface of the wall were

Strain measurement was recorded with a DEMEC calculated from these readings and finally, the
gauge, as shown in Fig. 6, along the lines with joining percentage of increase in strain due to stiffeners was
grid points marked on the surfaces of walls. A grid of reported in Table 3. A percentage increase in strain due
100 mm x 100 mm was marked on the wall surface. to RC stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners in the solid
Initial readings of each wall were taken before loading squat shear wall was observed at 162.96% and 209.88%,
and finally before starting the failure of walls. Strains at respectively.

Figure (6): Measurement of strain

Table 3. Percentage increase in strain

Increase in Percentage increase

Type of Max. strain Max. strain
Sr. No. strain by in strain by
wall (experimental) (FEA)
experiment experiment
1 PL 0.0162 0.0161 --

2 PLRC 0.0426 0.0429 0.0264 162.96

3 PLT 0.0502 0.0501 0.0340 209.88

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 16, No. 1, 2022

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 𝜀 = strain at 𝑓.

𝜀 = strain at ultimate compressive strength 𝑓 .
For all experimental models, FE analysis was carried
out using the ANSYS 18.2 software for the validation of Table 4. Linear isotropic properties
results. The concrete was modeled using the SOLID65
Sr. No Property Value
element and the BEAM188 element was used to model
steel reinforcement. 1 Modulus of elasticity 18098 N/mm2
2 Poisson’s ratio 0.2
Elements Used
SOLID65 element was used for concrete. It is an Table 5. Multi-linear isotropic properties
eight-node three-directional isoparametric element with
three degrees of freedom at each node and translation in Reference point Strain Stress (N/mm2)
three orthogonal directions. BEAM188 was used for 1 0 0
modeling steel reinforcement. BEAM188 element is
based on Timoshenko beam theory. It is a two-node 2 0.000221 3.986694
linear or quadratic beam element in 3-D. BEAM188 has 3 0.000442 7.894641
six or seven degrees of freedom at each node, with the
number of degrees of freedom as per the value of keyopt 4 0.001 16.9406
(1). 5 0.002 28.42736

6 0.0025 31.70638
Loading and Boundary Condition
After the formation of the model, loading was 7 0.0035 34.48329
applied to the FE model to study its behavior under
applied load. In this study, the bottom of the shear wall The properties of BEAM188 element used for steel
was kept fixed and the top and sides were kept free. A reinforcement are shown in Table 6 and Table 7.
constant load of 140 kN was applied from the top of each
wall and a horizontal load along the plane of the wall Table 6. Linear isotropic
was applied through the top beam to wall till failure.
Sr. No. Property Value
Material Model
Material properties for the SOLID65 element for 1 Yield strength 597.86 N/mm2
concrete are used as per Table 4 and Table 5. The
uniaxial compressive stress-strain curve used for 2 Poissons ratio 0.3
concrete for this analysis was produced from Equations
1, 2 and 3 of Desai and Krishnan (1964) to compute a
multi-linear isotropic stress-strain curve. Table 7. Multi-linear isotropic properties

𝐸 𝜀 Sr. No. Property Value (N/mm2)

𝑓 1
𝜀
1
𝜀
1 Modulus of elasticity 210000
2𝑓
𝜀 2 2 Tangent modulus 847
𝐸

𝑓
𝐸 , 3 Models and FEM Plots of Different Walls
𝜀
FE models and plots of different wall models like
solid wall, solid wall with RC stiffeners and solid wall
where,
with steel tube stiffeners, consisting of meshing, load-
𝑓 = stress at any strain MPa.

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

deformation plot, strain plot, loading and boundary concrete structure, stress plot for steel structure and
condition plots are discussed in the following strain plot for the load of 190 kN in the horizontal
paragraphs. direction at the top beam and 140 kN constant vertical
load. The maximum deformation observed was 7.131
Model for Plain Shear Wall mm and the maximum shear stress of 1.77 N/mm2 was
Table 8 presents the meshed models of concrete observed with these loads in the concrete structure.
structure and reinforcement within the plain shear wall, Stress in steel for corresponding load was 13.35 N/mm2.
deformation plot of concrete structure, stress plot for Maximum strain at 190 kN load was observed as 0.061.

Table 8. Meshing and FE outputs of plain wall at 190 kN load

FE output
Sr. No. Particulars

1 Meshing of

concrete

2 Meshing of steel

reinforcement

3 Deformation of

concrete

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4 Stress in concrete

5 Stress in steel

6 Strain in concrete

Plain Wall with RC Stiffeners (PLRC) Maximum deformation was 10.68 mm and the
Table 9 presents the meshed models of concrete and corresponding maximum shear stress was 2.11 N/mm2
reinforcement structures, deformation plot for concrete with these loads in the concrete structure. Stress in steel
structure, plot of stress for concrete and steel structure for corresponding loading was 300.02 N/mm2.
and strain plot of concrete structure for this model, with Maximum strain at 255 kN load was observed as 0.0429
a lateral load of 255 kN and a vertical load of 140 kN. in the concrete structure.

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Table 9. Meshing and FE outputs of plain wall with RC stiffeners at 255 kN load

Sr. No. Particulars FE output

1 Meshing of
concrete

2 Meshing of steel
reinforcement

3 Deformation of
concrete

4 Stress in concrete

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5 Stress in steel
reinforcement

6 Strain in concrete

Plain Wall with Steel Tube Stiffeners (PLT) with a vertical load of 140 kN. The observed maximum
Table 10 presents the meshed models of the concrete deformation for the concrete structure was 8.48 mm.
structure and steel reinforcement of this model, Observed maximum shear stress was 2.11 N/mm2 in
deformation plot for the concrete structure, stress plots concrete and stress in steel for corresponding loading
for concrete structure and steel reinforcement and strain was observed as 11.42 N/mm2. Maximum strain at
plot for concrete structures, with a lateral load of 265 kN 265kN load was observed as 0.0501.

Table 10. Meshing and FE outputs of plane wall with steel tube stiffeners at 265 kN load

Sr. No. Particulars FE output

1 Meshing of
concrete

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

2 Meshing of steel
reinforcement

3 Deformation of
concrete

4 Stress in concrete

5 Stress in steel
reinforcement

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 16, No. 1, 2022

6 Strain in concrete

Load Displacement for Solid Shear Wall (PL) kN (average 190 kN), respectively and the
A comparison between experimental and ANSYS corresponding deformations are 8.2 mm and 8.4 mm
load-displacement curves for solid wall is as shown in (average 8.3 mm), respectively. Maximum deformation
Fig. 7. Experimental values of peak load and peak for the average load 190 kN was observed as 7.1 mm
deformation for solid walls observed are 180 kN and 200 from the analytical method using ANSYS.

Load-displacement curves for PL

250 Peak values

PL1 (8.2, 180) PL 1

200 PL2 (8.4, 200) PL2

PL ANS
PL ANS (7.1, 190)
150
Load (kN)

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement (mm)

Figure (7): Load-displacement comparison for PL

Load-Displacement for Solid Shear Wall with RC Experimental peak load values are 250 kN and 260 kN
Stiffeners (PLRC) (average 255 kN), respectively and the corresponding
Fig. 8 shows a comparison between load- deformations are 10.8 mm and 11.5 mm (average 11.15
displacement behavior of solid shear walls with RC mm), respectively. Maximum deformation for the
stiffeners through experiment and ANSYS. average load 255 kN was 10.68 mm with ANSYS.

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Experimental and Numerical Study… Sanjivan Mahadik and S.R. Bhagat

Figure (8): Load-displacement comparison for PLRC

Load-Displacement for Solid Shear Wall with Experimental values of peak load are 270 kN and 260
Steel Tube Stiffeners (PLT) kN (average 265 kN), respectively and the
Figure 9 shows a comparison between load- corresponding deformations are 8.6 mm and 9.5 mm
displacement behavior of solid shear walls with steel (average 9.05 kN), respectively. Maximum deformation
tube stiffeners through experiment and ANSYS. for the average load 265 kN was 8.48 mm with ANSYS.

Figure (9): Load-displacement comparison for PLT

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION undertaken to determine the behavior of shear walls with
concealed stiffeners. Based on the experimental results
Considering the importance of a shear wall as a and FE analysis of conventional RC shear walls, weaker
safety-related structural element and the failure history sections were identified and strengthening was proposed
of shear-walled buildings, the present study was accordingly by adding concealed RC stiffeners and steel

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Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 16, No. 1, 2022

tube stiffeners. Testing of conventional shear walls and strength, stiffness, energy dissipation capacity and strain
shear walls with concealed stiffeners was carried out behavior for all shear walls were studied. Findings are
with lateral cyclic loading till failure. Parameters like reported and summarized in Table11 for comparison.

Table 11. Comparison of behaviour of three types of walls (PL, PLRC, PLT)

Average
Average % increase in % increase in
Sr. Type of maximum Strain at % increase in
load-carrying load-carrying deformation
No. wall deformation failure strain over PL
capacity kN capacity over PL
mm
1 PL 190 -- 8.30 -- 0.0162 --

2 PLRC 255 34.21 11.15 34.34 0.0426 162.96

3 PLT 265 39.47 9.05 9.04 0.0502 209.88

 The experimental value of the average peak load for  Steel tube stiffeners are suitable where strength and
solid walls is 190 kN and the corresponding stiffness is important (for larger height), whereas RC
deformation is 8.3 mm. Maximum deformation for stiffeners are suitable to impart strength with
the average load 190 kN was recorded as 7.1 mm ductility (for smaller height).
with ANSYS for the same wall. It can be concluded that the strength, stiffness and
 The experimental value of the average pea7k load for deformation capability of solid walls with RC stiffeners
solid walls with RC stiffeners is 255kN and the and solid walls with concealed steel tube stiffeners are
corresponding deformation is 11.15 mm. Maximum higher than those of the solid wall with conventional
deformation for the average load 255 kN is 10.68 reinforcement. Deformation of a shear wall cast with
mm with ANSYS for the same wall. concealed stiffeners is more than that of a shear wall cast
 The experimental value of the average peak load for with conventional reinforcement. The shear wall
solid walls with steel tube stiffeners is 265 kN and becomes more effective with the use of concealed
the corresponding deformation is 9.05 mm. diagonal stiffeners. Predicted results from FE analysis
Maximum deformation for the average load 265 kN software ANSYS are in agreement with the obtained
was 8.48 mm with ANSYS for the same wall. experimental results.
Deformation capacity was found to increase by
34.34% using RC stiffeners and by 9.04% using steel Notations Used in This Article:
tube stiffeners. 𝐸 = modulus of elasticity of concrete.
 A percentage increase in strain due to RC stiffeners 𝑓 = stress at any strain, MPa.
and steel tube stiffeners in the solid squat shear wall 𝜀 = strain at 𝑓.
is observed at 162.96% and 209.88%, respectively. 𝜀 = strain at ultimate compressive strength 𝑓 .
 FE analysis results have good agreement with the 𝑓 = compressive strength of concrete.
obtained experimental results.

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Khelouia, F., Nekmouchea, A., and Hannachia N. E.
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