Chapter 2

Structure of The Atom

Q.1. (a)Figure the quantity of electrons which will together measure one
gram.
(b)Compute the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Ans:
(a)Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10−31kg

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∴ Quantity of electrons that measure 9.10939 × 10−3 1kg=1

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PY
O C D
∴ Quantity of electrons that will measure 1 g (1×10−3kg)
O IO
D U AA
= 19.10939 × 10−3 1kg × (1 × 10−3 kg)

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= 0.1098 × 10−3 + 31
ED PR

= 0.1098 × 1028 = 1.098 × 1027

(b)Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10−3 1kg
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Mass of one mole of electron
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= (6.022 × 1023) × (9.10939 × 10−3 1kg) = 5.48 × 10−7 kg

Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10−19 coulomb
Charge on one mole of electron
= (1.6022 × 10−19 C) (6.022 × 1023) = 9.65 × 104 C
Q.2. (I)Figure the aggregate number of electrons present in one mole of
methane.
(II)Discover (a) the aggregate number and (b) the aggregate mass of
neutrons in 7 mg of 14C.
(Assume that mass of a neutron=1.675 × 10−27 kg).
(III)Discover (a) the aggregate number and (b) the aggregate mass of
protons in 34 mg of NH3 at STP.
Will the appropriate response change if the temperature and weight are
changed?
Ans:
(I)Number of electrons present in 1 molecule of methane (CH4)
1(6) + 4(1) = 10

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Number of electrons present in 1 mole i.e., 6.023 × 1023 molecules of

C N
methane

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O C D
= 6.022 × 1023 × 10 = 6.022 × 1024
O IO
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(II)(a) Number of atoms of 14C in 1 mole = 6.023 × 1023

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Since 1 atom of 14C contains (14 – 6) i.e., 8 neutrons, the number of
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neutrons in 14 g of 14C is (6.023 × 1023) × 8. Or, 14 g of 14C contains

(6.023 × 1023 × 8) neutrons.
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Number of neutrons in 7 mg
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6.022 × 1023 × 8 × 7mg1400mg = 2.4092 × 1021

(b)The aggregate mass of one neutron= 1.67493 × 10–27kg
The aggregate mass of total neutrons in 7 g of 14C = (2.4092 × 1021)
(1.67493 × 10–27 kg)
= 4.0352 × 10−6 kg
(III)(a)1 mole of NH3
= 1 (14) + 3 (1) g of NH3
= 17 g of NH3
= 6.022 × 1023 molecules of NH3
Total number of protons present in 1 molecule of NH3 =1 (7) +3 (1) = 10
Number of protons in 6.023 × 1023 molecules of NH3
= (6.023 × 1023) (10) = 6.023 × 1024
⇒17g of NH3 contains (6.023 × 1024) protons. Number of protons in 34
mg of NH3 6.022 × 1024 × 34mg 17000mg = 1.2046 × 1022
(b)Mass of one proton = 1.67493 × 10–27 kg
Total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3
= (1.67493 × 10−27 kg) (1.2046 × 1022) = 2.0176 × 10−5 kg

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The quantity of protons, electrons, and neutrons in a particle is free of

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temperature what’s more, weight conditions. Subsequently, the acquired
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qualities will stay unaltered if the temperature and weight is changed.
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D U AA

Q.3.What number of neutrons and protons are there in the following

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nuclei?
ED PR

136C, 168O, 2412Mg, 5616Fe, 8838Sr

Ans:
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1. 136C:
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Atomic mass = 13
Atomic number = Number of protons = 6
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number) = 13 – 6 = 7
2. 168O:
Atomic mass = 16
Atomic number = 8
Number of protons = 8
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number) = 16 – 8 = 8
3. 2412Mg:
Atomic mass = 24
Atomic number = Number of protons = 12
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number) = 24 – 12 = 12
4. 5616Fe:
Atomic mass = 56
Atomic number = Number of protons = 26
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number) = 56 – 26 = 30

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5. 8838Sr:

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PY
O C D
Atomic mass = 88
O IO
D U AA
Atomic number = Number of protons = 38

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Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number) = 88 – 38 = 50
ED PR

Q.4. Compose the total image for the atom with the given nuclear
number (Z) and Atomic mass (A)
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(I)Z = 17, A = 35
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(II)Z = 92, A = 233

(III)Z = 4, A = 9
Ans:
(I)3517C
(II)23392U
(III)94Be
Q.5.Yellow light radiated from a sodium light has a wavelength (λ) of
580 nm. Ascertain the frequency (ν) and wave number (ν¯) of the yellow
light.
Ans: From the expression,
λ=cν
We get,
ν=cλ … (1)
Where, ν= frequency of yellow light
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s λ= = wavelength of yellow
light = 580 nm = 580 × 10−9 m/s
Substituting the values in expression (1):

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ν= 3 × 108580 × 10−9 = 5.17 × 1014 s−1

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PY
O C D
Thus, frequency of yellow light emitted from the sodium lamp = 5.17 ×
O IO
1014 s−1
D U AA

Wave number of yellow light ν¯=1λ = 1580 × 10−9 = 1.72 × 106 m−1

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Q.6.Find energy of each of the photons which
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(I) Correspond to light of frequency 3 × 1015 Hz.

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(II)Have wavelength of 0.50 arm strong.
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Ans:
(I)Energy (E) of a photon is given by the expression,
E= hν
Where, h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10−34 Js ν = frequency of light =
3 × 1015 Hz
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = (6.626 × 10−34) (3 × 1015)
E = 1.988 × 10−18 J
(II) Energy (E) of a photon having wavelength (λ) is given by the
expression,
E= hcν
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10−34 Js
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = (6.626 × 10−34) (3 × 108) 0.50 × 10−10
= 3.976 × 10−15 J
∴E = 3.98×10−15J

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Q.7.Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light

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PY
O C D
wave whose period is 2.0 × 10–10 s
O IO
Ans: Frequency (ν) of light = 1Period = 12.0 × 10−10 s
D U AA

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= 5.0 × 109 s−1
Wavelength(λ) of light=cν
ED PR

Where,
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c = velocity of light in vacuum =3 × 108 m/s
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Substituting the value in the given expression of λ:

λ = 3 × 1085.0 × 109 = 6.0 × 10−2 m
Wave number (ν¯) of light = 1λ = 16.0 × 10−2 = 1.66 × 101 m−1 =
16.66m
Q.8.What is the quantity of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000
pm that give 1 J of energy?
Ans: Energy (E) of a photon = hν
Energy (En) of ‘n’ photons = nhν
⇒ n = Enλhc
Where, λ= wavelength of light = 4000 pm = 4000 × 10−12 m
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10−34 Js
Substituting the values in the given expression of n:
n = 1 × (4000 × 10−12) (6.626 × 10−34) (3 × 108) = 2.012 × 1016
Hence, the number of photons with a wavelength of 4000 pm and energy
of 1 J are 2.012 × 1016

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Q.9. A photon of wavelength 4 × 10−7m strikes on metal surface, the

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work function of the metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate
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O IO
(I)the energy of the photon (eV),
D U AA

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(II)the kinetic energy of the emission, and
(III)the velocity of the photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 × 10J)
ED PR

Ans: Energy (E) of a photon = hν = hcλ

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Answer:
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Given:
Wavelength, λ = 4 × 10–7 m
Work Function of metal = 2.13 eV
Finding Energy of Photon:
By Planck’s relation we have,
Energy, E = h × v
But we know v = [c] / [λ]
Where
c = Speed of Light
v= Frequency
λ = Wavelength
So, E = hc /λ
= [[6.626 × 10-34] × [3 × 108]] / [4 × 10-7]
= [1.9878 × 10-25] / [4 × 10-7]
= 4.9695 × 10-19 J
Therefore, the energy of the photon 4.9695×10-19 J
Finding the Kinetic Energy of Emission:

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Kinetic Energy = hv - hvo

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PY
O C D
= [E – W] eV
O IO
D U AA
Where

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E = Energy of photon in eV
ED PR

W = work function of metal in eV

= {[4.9695 × 10-19]/ [1.6020 × 10–19]} – 2.13
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= 3.102 – 2.13
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= 0.972 eV
Therefore, the kinetic energy of emission is 0.972 eV.
Finding Velocity of photoelectron:
We know the formula for kinetic energy which is given as follows:
1/2 mv2 = kinetic Energy
Where
m = mass of electron
v = velocity of electron
v2 = [2 × 0.972 × 1.6020 × 10–19] / [9.1× 10-31]
= [3.1143 × 10–19] / [9.1× 10-31]
v2 = 3.422 × 1011
Therefore, v = √ [3.422× 1011]
v = 5.849× 105 m/s
Therefore, the velocity of photoelectron is 5.85× 105 m/s
Q.10.Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient
to ionize the sodium atom. Calculate the ionization energy of sodium in

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kJ mol−1.

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PY
Ans: Energy of sodium (E)= NAhcλ = (6.023 × 1023mol−1) (6.626 ×
O C D
10−34) Js (3×108) ms−1 242 × 10−9m = 4.947 × 105 Jmol−1 = 494.7 × 103
O IO
D U AA
Jmol−1 = 494kJ mol−1

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Q.11. A 25watt bulb discharges monochromatic yellow light of
wavelength of 0.57µm. Ascertain the rate of discharge of quanta every
ED PR

second.
Ans: Power of bulb, P = 25 Watt = 25Js−1
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Energy of one photon, E = hν = hcν
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Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = (6.626×10−34) (3×108) (0.57 × 10−6) = 34.87 × 10−20 J
E= 34.87 × 10−20J
Rate of emission of quanta per second= E = 2534.87 × 10−20 = 7.169 ×
1019 s−1
Q.12. Electrons are discharged with zero speed from a metal surface
when it is presented to radiation of wavelength 6800 Å. Figure limit
recurrence (ν0) and work (W0) of the metal.
Ans: Threshold wavelength of radiation (λ0) = 6800 Å = 6800 × 10−10m
Threshold frequency (ν0) of the metal
= cλ0 = 3 × 108ms−1 6.8 × 10−7m = 4.41 × 1014 s−1
Thus, the threshold frequency (ν0) of the metal = hν0 = (6.626 × 10−34Js)
(4.41 × 1014s−1) = 2.922 × 10−19 J
Q.13. What is the wavelength of light transmitted when the electron in a
hydrogen atom experiences move from an energy level with n = 4 to an
energy level with n = 2?
Ans: The ni = 4 to nf = 2 transition will give rise to a spectral line of the
Balmer series. The energy involved in the transition is given by the

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relation,

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PY
E = 2.18 × 10−18 [1n2i−1n2f]
O C D
O IO
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
D U AA

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E = 2.18 × 10−18 [142−122] = 2.18 × 10−18 [1−416] = 2.18 × 10−18 ×
(−316) E = − (4.0875 × 10−19J)
ED PR

The negative sign indicates the energy of emission.

Wavelength of light emitted (λ) = hcE
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(Since E = hc lambda)
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Substituting the values in the given expression of lambda:

λ = (6.626 × 10−34) (3 × 108) (4.0875 × 10−19) = 4.8631 × 10−7 mλ =
486.31 × 10−9m = 486nm
Q.14. What amount of energy is required to ionize a H molecule if the
electron involves n = 5 circle? Contrast your answer and the ionization
enthalpy of H molecule (energy required to evacuate the electron from n
=1 circle).
Ans: The expression of energy is given by,
En = −(2.18×10−18) Z2n2
Where,
Z= atomic number of the atom n
= principal quantum number
For ionization from nt = 5 to n2 =∞,
ΔE = E∞ − E5 = [(−(2.18 × 10−18J) (1)2 (∞)2) − (−(2.18 × 10−18J) (1)2
(5)2)] = 0.0872 × 10−18 JΔE = 8.72 × 10−20J
Hence, the energy required for ionization from n = 5 to n = ∞
Energy required for n1 = 1 to n = ∞, is 8.72×10−20m

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ΔE = E∞ − E5 = [(−(2.18 × 10−18J) (1)2 (∞)2) −(−(2.18 × 10−18J) (1)2 (1)2)]

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PY
=2.18 ×10−18 JΔE = 2.18 × 10−18J
O C D
O IO
Hence, less energy is required to ionize an electron in the 5th orbital of
D U AA

hydrogen atom as compared to that in the ground state.

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Q.15. When the excited electron of an H atom in n = 6 drops to the
ED PR

ground state, the following transitions are possible:

Hence, a total number of (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) 15 lines will be obtained in
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the emission spectrum.
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The number of spectral lines produced when an electron in the n th level

drops down to the ground state is given by
n(n−1)2
Given, n = 6
Number of spectral lines =6 (6−1)2 = 15
Q.16. (I) Energy associated with the fifth orbit of hydrogen atom is
calculated as:
E5 = −(2.18 × 10−18) (5)2 = − (2.18 × 10−18)25 = − 8.72 × 10−20 J
(II) Radius of Bohr’s n th orbit for hydrogen atom is given by, rn =
(0.0529 nm) n2
For, n = 5
r5 = (0.0529nm) (52) r5 = 1.3225nm
Q.17. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition
in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
Ans. For the Balmer series, ni = 2. Thus, the expression of
wavenumber(ν¯) is given by,
ν¯=[1(2)2−1n2f] (1.097×107m−1)

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Wave number(ν) is inversely proportional to wavelength of transition.
Hence, for the longest wavelength transition, (ν¯) has to be the smallest.

C N
PY
O C D
For (ν¯) to be minimum, nf should be minimum.
O IO
D U AA

For the Balmer series, a transition from ni = 2 to nf = 3 is allowed.

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Hence, taking nf = 3, we get:
ED PR

ν¯= (1.097 × 107) [1(2)2 − 132] ν¯ = (1.097 × 107) [14−19] = (1.097 ×

107) [9−436] = (1.097 × 107) [536] ν¯ = 1.5236 × 106m−1
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Q.18. What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the
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hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what
is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the
ground state?
The ground state electron energy is –2.18 × 10–11 ergs.
Ans. Energy (E) of the nth Bohr orbit of an atom is given by,
E5 = − (2.18×10−18) Z2 (n)2
Where, Z = atomic number of the atom
Ground state energy = − 2.18 × 10–11ergs = −2.18 × 10–11 × 10–7J = −
2.18 × 10–18J
Energy required to shift the electron from n = 1 to n = 5 is given as:
ΔE = E5 − E1 = [(−(2.18 × 10−18J) (1)2 (5)2) − (−2.18 × 10−18)] = (2.18 ×
10−18) [1−125] = (2.18 × 10−18) [2425] = 2.0928 ×10−18 J
Wavelength of emitted light= hcE
E = (6.626 × 10−34) (3 × 108) (2.0928 × 10−18) = 9.498 × 10−8m
Q.20. Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of
2.05×107ms−1
Ans. According to de Broglie’s equation,

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λ=hmv

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Where, λ = wavelength of moving particle
O C D
O IO
m = mass of particle
D U AA

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v = velocity of particle
h = Planck’s constant
ED PR

Substituting the values in the expression of λ:

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λ = (6.626 × 10−34) Js (9.10939 × 10−31kg) (2.05 × 107ms−1) = 3.548 ×
10−11 m
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Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 ×

107ms−1 is 3.548 × 10−11m
Q.23. What is the most reduced estimation of n that permits g orbitals to
exist?
Ans. For g-orbitals, l = 4.
With respect to any value “n” of principal quantum number, the
Azimuthal quantum number (l) can have a value from zero to (n – 1).
∴For l = 4, least value of n = 5.
Q.24. An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of
nl, l and ml for this electron.
Ans: For the 3d orbital:
Principal quantum number (n) = 3
Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 2
Magnetic quantum number (ml) = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
Q.25.An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons.
Deduce
(i)The number of protons and

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(ii)The electronic configuration of the element.

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PY
O C D
Ans:
O IO
D U AA
(i)For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the

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number of electrons.
∴Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29
ED PR

(ii)The electronic configuration of the atom is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2,
3d10.
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Q.26.Give the number of electrons in the species, H2+ and H2 and O2+
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Ans: Number of electrons present in hydrogen molecule (H2+) = 1 + 1 =

2
∴Number of electrons in = 2 – 1 = 1
H2: Number of electrons in H2 = 1 + 1 = 2
O2+: Number of electrons present in oxygen molecule (O2) = 8 + 8 = 16
∴Number of electrons in = 16 – 1 = 15
Q.27. (I)An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l
and ml?
(II)List the quantum numbers (ml and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
(III) Which of the following orbitals are possible? 1p, 2s, 2p and 3f
Ans.
(I)n = 3 (Given)
For a given value of n, l can have values from 0 to (n – 1).
∴For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2

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For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values.
For l = 0, m = 0 l = 1, m = – 1, 0, 1 l = 2, m = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2

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PY
O C D
For n = 3
O IO
D U AA
l = 0, 1, 2

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m0 = 0
ED PR

m1 = – 1, 0, 1
m2 = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
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(II)For 3d orbital, l = 2.
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For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values i.e., 5 values.

For l = 2 m2 = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
(III)Among the given orbitals only 2s and 2p are possible. 1p and 3f
cannot exist. For p-orbital, l = 1.
For a given value of n, l can have values from zero to (n – 1).
For l is equal to 1, the minimum value of n is 2.
Similarly,
For f-orbital, l = 4.
For l = 4, the minimum value of n is 5.
Hence, 1p and 3f do not exist.
Q.28.Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following
quantum numbers.
(a)n = 1, l = 0;
(b)n = 3; l =1
(c) n = 4; l = 2;
(d) n = 4; l =3.

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Ans:

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PY
O C D
(a)n = 1, l = 0 (Given) The orbital is 1s.
O IO
D U AA
(b)For n = 3 and l = 1 The orbital is 3p.

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(c)For n = 4 and l = 2 The orbital is 4d.
(d)For n = 4 and l = 3 The orbital is 4f.
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Q.29. Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum

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numbers are not possible.
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a) n = 0, l = 0, ml= 0, ms =+12
b) n = 1, l = 0, ml= 0, ms =-12
c) n = 1, l = 1, ml= 0, ms =+12
d) n = 2, l = 0, ml= 1, ms =-12
e) n = 3, l = 3, ml= -3, ms =+12
f) n = 3, l = 0, ml= 1, ms =+12
Ans.(a)The given set of quantum numbers is not possible because the
value of the principal quantum number (n) cannot be zero.
(b)The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
(c)The given set of quantum numbers is not possible. For a given value
of n, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1). For n = 1, l = 0 and not 1.
(d)The given set of quantum numbers is possible. (e) The given set of
quantum numbers is not possible. For n = 3, l = 0 to (3 – 1) l = 0 to 2 i.e.,
0, 1, 2
(f)The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
Q.30. How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum
numbers?

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a) n = 4, ms =-12

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PY
O C D
b) n = 3, l = 0
O IO
D U AA
Ans.(a)Total number of electrons in an atom for a value of n = 2n2

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∴For n = 4,
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Total number of electrons = 2 (4)2 = 32

The given element has a fully filled orbital as
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1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10.
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Hence, all the electrons are paired.

∴Number of electrons (having n = 4 and ms =-12) = 16
(b)n = 3, l = 0 indicates that the electrons are present in the 3s orbital.
Therefore, the number of electrons having n = 3 and l = 0 is 2.
Q.31. Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen
atom is an integral multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with
the electron revolving around the orbit.

Ans.
Since a hydrogen atom has only one electron, according to Bohr’s
postulate, the angular momentum of that electron is given by:
mvr = nh2π ... (1)
Where, n = 1, 2, 3, …
According to de Broglie’s equation:
Λ = hmv or mv = hλ … (2)
hrλ= nh2π or 2πr = nλ ... (3)

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Since ‘2πr’ represents the circumference of the Bohr orbit (r), it is

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proved by equation (3) that the circumference of the Bohr orbit of the
O C D
hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie’s wavelength
O IO
D U AA
associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.

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Q.32.What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same
wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
ED PR

Ans. For He+ ion, the wave number associated with the Balmer
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transition, n = 4 to n = 2 is given by:
ν¯= 1λ = RZ2 (1n21−1n22)
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Where, n1 = 2 n2 = 4
Z = atomic number of helium
ν¯= 1λ = R (2)2 (14−116) = 4R (4−116) ν¯ = 1λ = 3R4 ⇒ λ = 43R
According to the question, the desired transition for hydrogen will have
the same wavelength as that of He+.
R (1)2 [1n21−1n22] = 3R4
⇒[1n21−1n22] = 34 … (1)
By hit and trail method, the equality given by equation (1) is true only
when n1 = 1and n2 = 2.
The transition for n2 = 2 to n = 1 in hydrogen spectrum would have the
same wavelength as Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum.
Q.33.Calculate the energy required for the process
He + (g) → He2 + (g) + e−
The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10−18 J
atom−1
Ans. Energy associated with hydrogen-like species is given by,

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En = −2.18 × 10−18 (Z2n2) J

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PY
For ground state of hydrogen atom,
O C D
O IO
ΔE = E∞ − E1 = 0 − [− (2.18 × 10−18 (1)2 (1)2] JΔE = 2.18 × 10−18 J
D U AA

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For the given process,
He + (g) → He2 + (g) + e−
ED PR

An electron is removed from n = 1 to n = ∞.

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ΔE = E∞ − E1= 0− [− (2.18 × 10−18 (2)2 (1)2] JΔE = 8.72 × 10−18J.
∴ The energy required for the process 8.72 × 10−18J.
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Q.34. If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number
of carbon atoms which can be placed side by side in a straight line
across length of scale of length 20 cm long.
Ans. 1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10–2 m
Length of the scale = 20 cm
= 20 × 10−2 m
Diameter of a carbon atom = 0.15 nm
= 0.15 × 10−9 m
One carbon atom occupies 0.15 × 10−9 m.
∴ Number of carbon atoms that can be placed in a straight line 20 × 10−2
m0. 15 × 10−9 m = 133.33 × 107 = 1.33 × 109
Q.35. 2×108m atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the
radius of carbon atom if the length of this arrangement is 2.4 cm.
Ans. Length of the given arrangement = 2.4 cm
Number of carbon atoms present = 2 × 108

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Diameter of carbon atom

C N
PY
2.4 × 10−2 m2 × 108m = 1.2 × 10−10 m
O C D
O IO
∴Radius of carbon atom=Diameter2 = 1.2 × 10−10 m2 = 6.0 × 10−11m
D U AA

O
Q.36.The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6Å. Calculate (a) radius of zinc
atom in pm and (b) number of atoms present in a length of 1.6 cm if the
ED PR

zinc atoms are arranged side by side lengthwise.

Ans. (a)Radius of carbon atom= Diameter2 = 2.62 = 1.3 × 10−10 m = 130
T
× 10−12 m =130pm
©

(b) Length of the arrangement = 1.6 cm

=1.6 × 10−2 m
Diameter of zinc atom =1.6 × 10−10 m
∴ Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement
=1.6 × 10−2 m2. 6 × 10−10m = 0.6153 × 108m = 6.153 × 107
Q.37. The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6Å. Calculate (a) radius of zinc
atom in pm and (b) number of atoms present in a length of 1.6 cm if the
zinc atoms are arranged side by side lengthwise.
Ans.
(a)Radius of carbon atom= Diameter2 = 2.62 = 1.3 × 10−10 m = 130 ×
10−12 m =130pm
(b) Length of the arrangement = 1.6 cm
=1.6 × 10−2 m
Diameter of zinc atom =1.6 × 10−10 m
Therefore, Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement
=1.6 × 10−2 m2. 6 ×10−10 m = 0.6153 × 108m = 6.153 × 107

N AT IS
Q.38. A certain particle carries 2.5×10−16C of static electric charge.

C N
PY
Calculate the number of electrons present in it.
O C D
Ans.O IO
D U AA

Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10−19C

O
⇒1.6022 × 10−19C charge is carried by 1 electron.
ED PR

Therefore, Number of electrons carrying a charge of 2.5 × 10−16C

11.6022 × 10−19 C (2.5×10−16C) = 1.560 × 103C = 1560C
T
Q.39. In Milikan’s experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has
©

been obtained by shining X-rays. If the static electric charge on the oil
drop is−1.282×10−18C, calculate the number of electrons present on it.
Ans.
Charge on the oil drop =1.282 ×10−18C
Charge on one electron =1.6022 × 10−19C
Therefore, Number of electrons present on the oil drop
1.282 × 10−18 C1.6022 × 10−19C = 0.8001 × 101 =8.0
Q.40. In Rutherford’s experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms,
like gold, platinum etc. have been used to be bombarded by the α-
particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like Aluminum etc. is used, what
difference would be observed from the above results?
Ans.
A thin foil of lighter atoms will not give the same results as given with
the foil of heavier atoms.
Lighter atoms would be able to carry very little positive charge. Hence,
they will not cause enough deflection of α-particles (positively charged).

N AT IS
Q.41. Symbols 7935Brand79Br can be written, whereas symbols
3579Brand35Br are not acceptable. Answer briefly.

C N
PY
O C D
Ans.
O IO
D U AA
The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic

O
mass (A) and atomic number (Z) is AZX.
Hence, 7935Br is acceptable but 3579Br is not acceptable.
ED PR

79Br can be written but 35Br cannot be written because the atomic
T
number of an element is constant, but the atomic mass of an element
depends upon the relative abundance of its isotopes. Hence, it is
©

necessary to mention the atomic mass of an element.

Q.42. An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons
as compared to protons. Assign the atomic symbol.
Ans.
Let the number of protons in the element be x.
Therefore, Number of neutrons in the element = x + 31.7% of x
= x + 0.317 x
= 1.317 x
According to the question,
Mass number of the element = 81
Therefore, (Number of protons + number of neutrons) = 81
⇒x + 1.317x = 812.317x = 81x = 812.317 = 34.95 x ≃ 35
Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., x is 35.
Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons
present in its nucleus, the atomic number of the given element is 35.
Therefore, the atomic symbol of the element is 8135Br
Q.43. An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative

N AT IS
charge. If the ion contains 11.1% more neutrons than the electrons, find

C N
the symbol of the ion.

PY
O C D
Ans.
O IO
D U AA

Let the number of electrons in the ion carrying a negative charge be x.

O
Then,
ED PR

Number of neutrons present = x + 11.1% of x

= x + 0.111 x
T
= 1.111 x
©

Number of electrons in the neutral atom = (x – 1)

(When an ion carries a negative charge, it carries an extra electron)
Therefore, Number of protons in the neutral atom = x – 1
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 37
Therefore, (x – 1) + 1.111x = 37
2.111x = 38 x
= 18
Therefore, the symbol of the ion is 3717Cl−
Q.44.An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge
and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons. Assign the symbol to this ion.
Ans.
Let the number of electrons present in ion A3 + be x.
Therefore, Number of neutrons in it = x + 30.4% of x = 1.304 x
Since the ion is tripositive,
⇒ Number of electrons in neutral atom = x + 3

N AT IS
Therefore, Number of protons in neutral atom = x + 3

C N
PY
O C D
Given, Mass number of the ion = 56
O IO
D U AA
Therefore, (x + 3) (1.304x) = 56

O
2.304x =53
ED PR

x = 532.304
x =23
T
Therefore, Number of protons = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26
©

Therefore, The symbol of the ion 5626Fe+

Q.45. Arrange the following type of radiations in increasing order of
frequency: (a) radiation from microwave oven (b) amber light from
traffic signal (c) radiation from FM radio (d) cosmic rays from outer
space and (e) X-rays.
Ans.
The increasing order of frequency is as follows:
Radiation from FM radio < amber light < radiation from microwave
oven < X- rays < cosmic rays
The increasing order of wavelength is as follows:
Cosmic rays < X-rays < radiation from microwave ovens < amber light
< radiation of FM radio
Q.46. Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337.1 nm.
If the number of photons emitted is 5.6 × 1024, calculate the power of
this laser.
Ans.
Wavelength, λ = 337.1 nm

N AT IS
Number of photons = 5.6 × 1024
Energy, E = nhv = nhc/λ

C N
PY
O C D
Where, N = number of photons emitted
O IO
D U AA

h = Planck’s constant

O
c = velocity of radiation
ED PR

λ = wavelength of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of Energy (E):
T
E = (5.6 × 1024) (6.626 × 10−34Js) (3 × 108ms−1) (337.1 × 10−9m) =
©

0.3302 × 107 J= 3.33 × 106J

Hence, the power of the laser is 3.33 × 106J
Q.47. Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly
at 616 nm, calculate
(a) the frequency of emission,
(b) distance traveled by this radiation in 30 s
(c) energy of quantum and
(d) number of quanta present if it produces 2 J of energy.
Ans.
Wavelength of radiation emitted = 616 nm = 616 × 10−9m (Given)
(a)Frequency of emission (ν)
ν = cλ
Where, c = velocity of radiation
λ = wavelength of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (ν):
ν=3 × 108m/s 616 × 10−9 m =4.87 × 108 × 109 × 10−3 s−1 v = 4.87 × 1014
s−1

N AT IS
Frequency of emission (ν)= 4.87×1014s−1

C N
PY
O C D
(b) Velocity of radiation, c =3 × 108m s−1
O IO
D U AA
Distance travelled by this radiation in 30 s

O
= (3 × 108 ms−1) (30s) = 9 × 109m
(c) Energy of quantum (E) = hν
ED PR

= (6.626 × 10−34Js) (4.87 × 1014 s−1)

T
Energy of quantum (E) =32.27 × 10−20 J
©

Therefore, 32.27×10−20J of energy is present in 1 quantum.

Number of quanta in 2 J of energy
2J32.27 × 10−20J = 6.19 × 1018 = 6.2 × 1018
Q.48. In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant
stars are generally weak. If the photon detector receives a total of 3.15 ×
10−18J from the radiations of 600 nm, calculate the number of photons
received by the detector.
Ans.
From the expression of energy of one photon (E),
E = hcλ
Where,
λ = wavelength of radiation
h = Planck’s constant
c = velocity of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = (6.626 × 10−34Js) (3 × 108ms−1) (600 × 10−9) = 3.313 × 10−19J
Energy of one photon = 3.313 × 10−19 J

N AT IS
Number of photons received with 3.15×10−18Jenergy

C N
PY
O C D
= 3.15 × 10−18 J 3.313 × 10−19 J = 9.5 ≈ 10
O IO
D U AA
Q.49. Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured

O
by using pulsed radiation source of duration nearly in the nano second
range. If the radiation source has the duration of 2 ns and the number of
ED PR

photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5×1015J, calculate the

energy of the source.
T
Ans.
©

Frequency of radiation (ν),

ν=12.0 × 10−9 sν = 5.0 × 108 s−1
Energy (E) of source = Nhν
Where,
N = number of photons emitted
h = Planck’s constant
ν = frequency of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):
E = (2.5 × 1015) (6.626 × 10−34Js) (5.0 × 108s−1)
E = 8.282 × 10−10J
Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282 × 10−10J.
Q. 50
The longest wavelength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589
and 589.6 nm. Calculate the frequency of each transition and energy
difference between two excited states.
Answer:

N AT IS
Given:

C N
PY
Wavelength, λ1 = 589 nm
O C D
O IO
Wavelength, λ2 = 589.6 nm
D U AA

O
To find frequency:
Speed of Light = [Frequency] × [Wavelength]
ED PR

We know speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

T
Frequency, v1 = [3 × 108] / [589 × 10-9]
©

v1 = 5.093 × 1014 Hz
Frequency, v2 = [3 × 108] / [589.6 × 10-9]
V2 = 5.088×1014 Hz
Change in Energy, ∆E = E2 - E1 = h [v2 - v1]
= [6.626 × 10-34] {[5.093 - 5.088] × 1014}
= [6.626 × 10-34] {[5 × 10-3] × 1014}
= 3.313 × 10-22J
Therefore, the energy difference between two excited states is 3.31× 10-
22J.
Q.51. The work function for cesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the
threshold wavelength and (b) the
threshold frequency of the radiation. If the cesium element is irradiated
with a wavelength 500 nm, calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity
of the ejected photoelectron.
Answer:
Given:

N AT IS
Work Function for Caesium, W = 1.9 eV

C N
To find threshold frequency:

PY
O C D
W = hvo
O IO
D U AA

Where

O
h = Planck’s constant
ED PR

vo = threshold frequency
vo = h / w
T
vo = [1.9 × 1.602 × 10-19] / [6.626 × 10-34]
©

= [3.0438 × 10-19] / [6.626 × 10-34]

= 4.5937× 1014 Hz
Therefore, the frequency is 4.59 × 1014 Hz
To find wavelength:
Speed of Light = [Frequency] × [Wavelength]
We know speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
Wavelength, λ = [3 × 108] / [4.5937× 1014]
= 6.5306× 10-7 m
Therefore, the wavelength is 6.53× 10-7 m
Finding Kinetic Energy:
K.E of ejected electron = h [v-vo] = hc [1/λ – 1/λo]
= [6.626 × 3× 10-26] [1/500× 10-9 – 1/654× 10]
= [6.626 × 3× 10-26] × {109 × [154/327000]}
= [6.626 × 3× 10-26] × [468747.1289]
= 9.3177 × 10-20J
Finding Velocity of photoelectron:

N AT IS
We know the formula for kinetic energy which is given as follows:

C N
PY
O C D
1/2 mv2 = kinetic Energy
O IO
D U AA
Where

O
m = mass of electron
ED PR

v = velocity of electron
v2 = [2 × 9.3177× 10-20] / [9.1× 10-31]
T
= [1.8654 × 10–19] / [9.1× 10-31]
©

v2 = 2.0478 × 1011
Therefore, v = √ [2.0478 × 1011]
v = 4.525× 105 m/s
Therefore, the velocity of photoelectron is 4.525× 105 m/s
Q.52. Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated
with different wavelengths. Calculate (a) threshold wavelength and, (b)
Planck’s constant
Ans.
(a) Assuming the threshold wavelength to be λ0nm (= λ0 × 10−9m), the
kinetic energy of the radiation is given as:
h(ν−ν0) = 1/2mν2
Three different equalities can be formed by the given value as:
h (1λ−1λ0) = 1/2mν2
hc (1500 × 109 − 1λ0 × 10−9m)
= 1/2m (2.55 × 10 + 5 × 10−2 ms−1) hc10−9m (1500−1λ0)
= 1/2m (2.55 × 10 + 3ms−1)2 … (1)
Similarly,

N AT IS
hc10−9m (1450−1λ0) = 12m (3.45 × 10 + 3ms−1)2 … (2)

C N
PY
O C D
hc10−9m (1400−1λ0) = 12m (5.35 × 10 + 3ms−1)2 … (3)
O IO
D U AA
Dividing equation (3) by equation (1):

O
[λ0 − 400400λ0] [λ0−500500λ0] = (5.35×10 + 3ms−1)2 (2.55 × 10 +
3ms−1)2 5λ0 − 20004λ0 – 2000 = (5.35)2 (2.55)2 = 28.62256.50255λ0 −
ED PR

20004λ0 – 2000 = 4.4017717.6070λ0 − 5λ0 = 8803.537 − 2000λ0 =

6805.53712.607λ0 = 539.8nmλ0 = 540nm
T
So, threshold wavelength (λ0) = 540 nm
©

Note: part (b) of the question is not done due to the incorrect values of
velocity given in the question.
5λ0−20004λ0 – 2000 = (5.35)2 (2.55)2 = 28.62256.50255λ0 − 20004λ0 –
2000 = 4.4017717.6070λ0 − 5λ0 = 8803.537 − 2000λ0 = 6805. 53712.60
7λ0 = 539.8nmλ0 = 540
Q.53. The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the
photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by applying the voltage
of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7 nm is used. Calculate the work
function for silver metal.
Ans.
From the principle of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident
photon (E) is equal to the sum of the work function (W0) of radiation
and its kinetic energy (K.E) i.e.,
E = W0 + K.E
⇒ W0 = E – K.E
Energy of incident photon (E)= hcλ
Where,

N AT IS
c = velocity of radiation

C N
PY
h = Planck’s constant
O C D
O IO
λ = wavelength of radiation
D U AA

O
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E = (6.626 × 10−34Js) (3 × 108ms−1) (256.7 × 10−9m) = 7.744 × 10−19J
ED PR

= 7.744 × 10−19 (1.602 × 10−19) eVE = 4.83eV

T
The potential applied to silver metal changes to kinetic energy (K.E) of
the photoelectron.
©

Hence,
K.E = 0.35 V
K.E = 0.35 eV
Therefore, Work function, W0 = E – K.E
= 4.83 eV – 0.35 eV
= 4.48 eV
5λ0 − 20004λ0 – 2000 = (5.35)2 (2.55)2
= 28.62256. 50255λ0 − 20004λ0 −2000
= 4.4017717.6070λ0 − 5λ0 =8803.537 −2000λ0
= 6805.53712.607λ0
= 539.8nmλ0 ≃ 540nm
Q.54. If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of
its inner bound electrons is ejected out with a velocity of 1.5 × 107ms−1,
calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
Ans.
Energy of incident photon (E) is given by,

N AT IS
E = hcλ

C N
PY
E = (6.626 × 10−34) (3 × 108) (150 × 10−12)
O C D
O IO
= 1.3252 × 10−15
D U AA

J≃ 13.252 × 10−16 J

O
Energy of the electron ejected (K.E)
ED PR

1/2meν2 =1/2(9.10939 × 10−31kg) (1.5 × 107 ms−1)2 = 10.2480 × 10−17 J

= 1.025 × 10−16 J
T
Hence, the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus can be
©

obtained as:
= E – K.E
=13.252 × 10−16 J−1. 025 × 10−16 J = 12.227 × 10−16 J
=12.227 × 10−16 1.602 × 10 − 19eV = 7.6 × 103eV
5λ0 − 20004λ0 – 2000 = (5.35)2 (2.55)2 = 28.62256.50255λ0 − 20004λ0
−2000 = 4.4017717.6070λ0− 5λ0 = 8803.537 − 2000λ0 = 6805. 53712.
607λ0 = 539.8nmλ0≃ 540nm
Q.55. Emission transitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and
start from orbit n and can be represented as v = 3.29 × 1015 (Hz) [1/32 –
1/n 2] Calculate the value of n if the transition is observed at 1285 nm.
Find the region of the spectrum.
Ans. Wavelength of transition = 1285 nm
= 1285 × 10−9 m (Given)
ν=3.29× 10 15(132−1n2)
Since ν = cλ = 3 × 108 ms−11285×10−9m
Now, ν = 2.33 × 1014s−1
Substituting the value of ν in the given expression,
3.29 × 1015 (19−1n2) = 2.33 × 101419− 1n2 = 2.33 ×1 0143.29 × 101519

N AT IS
−0.7082 × 10−1 = 1n2

C N
PY
O C D
⇒1n2 =1.1 × 10−1−0.7082 × 10−1 1n2 = 4.029 × 10−2 n=14.029 × 10−2
O IO
D U AA
n = 4.98

O
n=5
ED PR

Hence, for the transition to be observed at 1285 nm, n = 5. The spectrum

lies in the infra-red region.
T
Q.56. Calculate the wavelength for the emission transition if it starts
from the orbit having radius 1.3225 nm and ends at 211.6 pm. Name the
©

series to which this transition belongs and the region of the spectrum.
Ans.
The radius of the n th orbit of hydrogen-like particles is given by,
r = 0.529n2 ZÅ
r = 5.29n2 Zpm
For radius (r1) = 1.3225 nm
=1.32225 × 10−9 m = 1322.25 × 10−12 m = 1322.25pm n21 = r1Z52. 9n21
= 1322.25Z52.9
Similarly,
n22=211.6Z52.9n21n22= 1322.5211. 6n21n22= 6. 25n1n2 = 2.5n1n2 =
2510 =52
⇒ n1 = 5 and n2 = 2 Thus, the transition is from the 5th orbit to the 2nd
orbit. It belongs to the Balmer series. wave number (ν)for the transition
is given by,
1.097 ×1 07(122−152) m−1 =1.097×107m−1(21100) =2.303×106m−1
Wavelength (λ) associated with the emission transition is given by,

N AT IS
λ=1ν=12.303 × 106m – 1 =0 .434 × 10−6mλ= 434nm

C N
Q.57. Dual behavior of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the

PY
O C D
discovery of electron microscope often used for the highly magnified
O IO
images of biological molecules and other type of material. If the velocity
D U AA

of the electron in this microscope is 1.6 × 106 ms−1, calculate de Broglie

O
wavelength associated with this electron.
ED PR

Ans.
From de Broglie’s equation,
T
λ=hmν = (6.626 × 10−34) 9.103939 × 10−3 1kg (1.6 × 106 ms−1) = 4.55 ×
©

10−10 mλ = 455pm
de Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron is 455 pm.
Q.58. Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is
also used for the determination of the structure of molecules. If the
wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteristic velocity
associated with the neutron.
Ans.
From de Broglie’s equation,
λ= hmν =hmλ
Where,
v = velocity of particle (neutron)
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of particle (neutron)
λ = wavelength
Substituting the values in the expression of velocity (v),
E = (6.626 × 10−34) (1.67493 × 10−27) (800 × 10−12m) = 4.94 × 102 J =
494 ms−1

N AT IS
Velocity associated with the neutron = 494 ms–1

C N
PY
O C D
Q.59. If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19 × 106 ms–
1
O IO
, calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with it.
D U AA

O
Ans.
According to de Broglie’s equation,
ED PR

λ = hmν
T
Where, λ = wavelength associated with the electron
h = Planck’s constant
©

m = mass of electron
v = velocity of electron Substituting the values in the expression of λ:
λ = hmν = (6.626 × 10−34) 9.103939 × 10−3 1kg (2.19 × 106 ms−1) = 3.32
×10−10 mλ = 332pm
Q.60. The velocity associated with a proton moving in a potential
difference of 1000 V is 4.37 × 105 ms–1. If the hockey ball of mass 0.1
kg is moving with this velocity, calculate the wavelength associated with
this velocity.
Ans.
According to de Broglie’s expression,
λ = hmν = (6.626 × 10−34) 0.1kg (4.37 × 105ms−1) = 1.516 × 10−38 m
Q.61. If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of +
0.002 nm, calculate the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron.
Suppose the momentum of the electron is h/4πm × 0.05 nm, is there any
problem in defining this value.
Ans.
From Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

N AT IS
Where,
∆x = uncertainty in position of the electron

C N
PY
O C D
∆p = uncertainty in momentum of the electron
O IO
D U AA

Substituting the values in the expression of ∆p:

O
= 2.637 × 10–23 Jsm–1
ED PR

∆p = 2.637 × 10–23 kgms–1 (1 J = 1 kgms2s –1)

Uncertainty in the momentum of the electron = 2.637 × 10–23 kgms–1. =
T
1.055 × 10–24 kgms–1
©

Since the magnitude of the actual momentum is smaller than the

uncertainty, the value cannot be defined.
Q.62: The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange
them in order of increasing energies. If any of these combination(s)
has/have the same energy lists:
n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2, ms = –1/2
n = 3, l = 2, ml= 1, ms = +1/2
n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2, ms = –1/2
n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1, ms= +1/2
n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
Ans.
For n = 4 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 4d.
For n = 3 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 3d.
For n = 4 and l = 1, the orbital occupied is 4p.
Hence, the six electrons i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are present in the 4d, 3d,
4p, 3d, 3p, and 4p orbitals respectively.

N AT IS
Therefore, the increasing order of energies is 5 (3p) < 2 (3d) = 4 (3d) < 3

C N
PY
(4p) = 6 (4p) < 1 (4d).
O C D
O IO
Q.63. The bromine atom possesses 35 electrons. It contains 6 electrons
D U AA

in 2p orbital, 6 electrons in 3p orbital and 5 electrons in 4p orbital.

O
Which of these electron experiences the lowest effective nuclear charge?
ED PR

Ans.
Nuclear charge experienced by an electron (present in a multi-electron
T
atom) is dependent upon the distance between the nucleus and the
orbital, in which the electron is present. As the distance increases, the
©

effective nuclear charge also decreases. Among p-orbitals, 4p orbitals

are farthest from the nucleus of bromine atom with (+35) charge. Hence,
the electrons in the 4p orbital will experience the lowest effective
nuclear charge. These electrons are shielded by electrons present in the
2p and 3p orbitals along with the s-orbitals. Therefore, they will
experience the lowest nuclear charge.
Q.64. Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will
experience the larger effective nuclear charge?
(i) 2s and 3s
(ii) 4d and 4f
(iii) 3d and 3p
Ans.
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an
electron in the orbital of a multi-electron atom. The closer the orbital,
the greater is the nuclear charge experienced by the electron (s) in it.
(i)The electron(s) present in the 2s orbital will experience greater
nuclear charge (being closer to the nucleus) than the electron(s) in the 3s
orbital.
(ii)4d will experience greater nuclear charge than 4f since 4d is closer to

N AT IS
the nucleus.

C N
PY
O C D
(iii)3p will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the
O IO
nucleus than 3f.
D U AA

Q.65.The unpaired electrons in Al and Si are present in 3p orbital.

O
Which electrons will experience more effective nuclear charge from the
nucleus?
ED PR

Ans.
T
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an
©

electron in a multi electron atom. The higher the atomic number, the
higher is the nuclear charge. Silicon has 14 protons while aluminum has
13 protons. Hence, silicon has a larger nuclear charge of (+14) than
aluminum, which has a nuclear charge of (+13). Thus, the electrons in
the 3p orbital of silicon will experience a more effective nuclear charge
than aluminum.
Q.66. Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in:
(a)P
(b)Si
(c)Cr
(d)Fe
(e)Kr
Ans.
(a)Phosphorus (P):

Atomic number = 15
The electronic configuration of P is:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3

N AT IS
The orbital picture of P can be represented as: 115

C N
PY
O C D
From the orbital picture, phosphorus has three unpaired electrons.
O IO
D U AA
(b) Silicon (Si):

O
Atomic number = 14
ED PR

The electronic configuration of Si is:

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2
T
The orbital picture of Si can be represented as: 114
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From the orbital picture, silicon has two unpaired electrons.

(c) Chromium (Cr):
Atomic number = 24
The electronic configuration of Cr is:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
The orbital picture of chromium is:113
From the orbital picture, chromium has six unpaired electrons.
(d) Iron (Fe):
Atomic number = 26
The electronic configuration is:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6
The orbital picture of chromium is: 112
From the orbital picture, iron has four unpaired electrons.
(e) Krypton (Kr):
Atomic number = 36
The electronic configuration is:

N AT IS
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6

C N
PY
O C D
The orbital picture of krypton is: 111
O IO
D U AA
Since all orbitals are fully occupied, there are no unpaired electrons in

O
krypton.
Q.67. (a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?
ED PR

(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms

T
value of –1/2 for n = 4?
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Ans.
(a)n = 4 (Given)
For a given value of ‘n’, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1).
Therefore, = 0, 1, 2, 3
Thus, four sub-shells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f.
(b) Number of orbitals in the n th shell = n2
For n = 4
Number of orbitals = 16
If each orbital is taken fully, then it will have 1 electron with ms value
of.
Therefore, Number of electrons with ms value of (−12) is 16.

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
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