Appendix C: Review of Graphs, Equations,

and Inequalities
C.1 The Cartesian Plane

The Cartesian Plane What you should learn

● Plot points in the Cartesian
Just as you can represent real numbers by points on a real number line, you can
plane.
represent ordered pairs of real numbers by points in a plane called the rectangular
● Use the Distance Formula to find
coordinate system, or the Cartesian plane, after the French mathematician René
the distance between two
Descartes (1596–1650).
points.
The Cartesian plane is formed by using two real number lines intersecting at right
● Use the Midpoint Formula to
angles, as shown in Figure C.1. The horizontal real number line is usually called the
find the midpoint of a line
x-axis, and the vertical real number line is usually called the y-axis. The point of
segment.
intersection of these two axes is the origin, and the two axes divide the plane into four
Find the equation of a circle.
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●
parts called quadrants.
● Translate points in the plane.
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y-axis y-axis
Why you should learn it
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3 The Distance Formula can be used to

Quadrant II Quadrant I Directed distance find lengths in real-life situations.
2
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(Vertical x For instance, in Exercise 89 on

1 number line)
Origin (x, y) page C9, you will use the Distance
x-axis Formula to find the length of a
up

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 y Directed distance football pass.
(Horizontal
x-axis
number line)
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−2
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
−3
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Figure C.1 The Cartesian Plane Figure C.2 Ordered Pair (x, y)
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Each point in the plane corresponds to an ordered pair 共x, y兲 of real numbers x and
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y, called coordinates of the point. The x-coordinate represents the directed distance
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from the y-axis to the point, and the y-coordinate represents the directed distance from
the x-axis to the point, as shown in Figure C.2.
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Directed distance 共x, y兲 Directed distance

from y-axis from x-axis
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The notation (x, y) denotes both a point in the plane and an open interval on the real
number line. The context will tell you which meaning is intended.

Example 1 Plotting Points in the Cartesian Plane

y
Plot the points 共⫺1, 2兲, 共3, 4兲, 共0, 0兲, 共3, 0兲,
and 共⫺2, ⫺3兲 in the Cartesian plane. 4
(3, 4)
3
Solution
(−1, 2)
To plot the point 共⫺1, 2兲, imagine a vertical line
1
through ⫺1 on the x-axis and a horizontal line (0, 0) (3, 0)
x
through 2 on the y-axis. The intersection of −4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
these two lines is the point 共⫺1, 2兲. This point −1
is one unit to the left of the y-axis and two units −2
up from the x-axis. The other four points can be
plotted in a similar way, as shown in Figure C.3. (−2, −3)
−4
Now try Exercise 13.
Figure C.3 C1
C2 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

The Distance Formula

Recall from the Pythagorean Theorem that, for a right triangle with hypotenuse of
length c and sides of lengths a and b, you have
a 2 ⫹ b2 ⫽ c 2 Pythagorean Theorem

as shown in Figure C.4. (The converse is also true. That is, if a 2 ⫹ b2 ⫽ c 2, then the
triangle is a right triangle.)

a2 + b2 = c2

c
a
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b
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Figure C.4
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Suppose you want to determine the distance d between two points 共x1, y1兲 and
共x2, y2兲 in the plane. With these two points, a right triangle can be formed, as shown in
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Figure C.5.
up

y1 (x1, y1)
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d
⏐y2 − y1⏐
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y2
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(x1, y2) (x2, y2)

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x
x1 x2
or

⏐x 2 − x1⏐
Figure C.5
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The length of the vertical side of the triangle is

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ⱍy2 ⫺ y1ⱍ Length of vertical side

and the length of the horizontal side is

ⱍx2 ⫺ x1ⱍ. Length of horizontal side

By the Pythagorean Theorem,

ⱍ ⱍ
d 2 ⫽ x2 ⫺ x1 2 ⫹ y2 ⫺ y1ⱍ ⱍ2
ⱍ ⱍ
d ⫽ 冪 x2 ⫺ x1 2 ⫹ y2 ⫺ y1 ⱍ ⱍ2
d ⫽ 冪共x2 ⫺ x1兲2 ⫹ 共 y2 ⫺ y1兲2.
This result is called the Distance Formula.

The Distance Formula

The distance d between the points 共x1, y1兲 and 共x2, y2兲 in the plane is
d ⫽ 冪共x2 ⫺ x1兲2 ⫹ 共 y2 ⫺ y1兲2.
 Appendix C.1 The Cartesian Plane C3

Example 3 Finding a Distance

Find the distance between the points
共⫺2, 1兲 and 共3, 4兲.

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

Let 共x1, y1兲 ⫽ 共⫺2, 1兲 and 共x2, y2兲 ⫽ 共3, 4兲. Then apply the Distance Use centimeter graph paper to plot the points
Formula as follows. A共⫺2, 1兲 and B共3, 4兲. Carefully sketch the line
segment from A to B. Then use a centimeter ruler to
d ⫽ 冪共x2 ⫺ x1兲2 ⫹ 共y2 ⫺ y1兲2 Distance Formula
measure the length of the segment.
⫽ 冪关3 ⫺ 共⫺2兲兴2 ⫹ 共4 ⫺ 1兲2 Substitute for x1, y1, x2, and y2.

⫽ 冪共5兲 2 ⫹ 共3兲2 Simplify.

⫽ 冪34 Simplify.
6

⬇ 5.83
5
Use a calculator. 4
3
2
So, the distance between the points is about 5.83 units. Cm
1
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You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to check that the distance
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is correct.
?
d 2 ⫽ 32 ⫹ 52 Pythagorean Theorem
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共冪34 兲 ⫽ 3 ⫹ 5
2 ? 2 2
Substitute for d. Figure C.6
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34 ⫽ 34 Distance checks. ✓
The line segment measures about 5.8 centimeters, as
shown in Figure C.6. So, the distance between the
up

points is about 5.8 units.

Now try Exercise 31.
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When the Distance Formula is used, it does not matter which point is 共x1, y1兲 and
which is 共x2, y2兲, because the result will be the same. For instance, in Example 3, let
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共x1, y1兲 ⫽ 共3, 4兲 and 共x2, y2兲 ⫽ 共⫺2, 1兲. Then

n

d ⫽ 冪共⫺2 ⫺ 3兲2 ⫹ 共1 ⫺ 4兲2 ⫽ 冪共⫺5兲2 ⫹ 共⫺3兲2 ⫽ 冪34 ⬇ 5.83.

or

Example 4 Verifying a Right Triangle

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y
Show that the points
共2, 1兲, 共4, 0兲, and 共5, 7兲 7 (5, 7)
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6
are the vertices of a right triangle.
5
Solution 4 d1 = 45
The three points are plotted in Figure C.7. Using the Distance Formula, you can find d3 = 50
3
the lengths of the three sides as follows.
2 d2 = 5
d1 ⫽ 冪共5 ⫺ 2兲2 ⫹ 共7 ⫺ 1兲2 ⫽ 冪9 ⫹ 36 ⫽ 冪45 (2, 1)
1
d2 ⫽ 冪共4 ⫺ 2兲2 ⫹ 共0 ⫺ 1兲2 ⫽ 冪4 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 冪5 (4, 0)
x
d3 ⫽ 冪共5 ⫺ 4兲2 ⫹ 共7 ⫺ 0兲2 ⫽ 冪1 ⫹ 49 ⫽ 冪50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure C.7
Because
共d1兲 2 ⫹ 共d2兲 2 ⫽ 45 ⫹ 5 ⫽ 50 ⫽ 共d3兲 2
you can conclude that the triangle must be a right triangle.
Now try Exercise 45.
C4 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

The Midpoint Formula

To find the midpoint of the line segment that joins two points in a coordinate plane,
find the average values of the respective coordinates of the two endpoints using the
Midpoint Formula.

The Midpoint Formula

The midpoint of the line segment joining the points 共x1, y1兲 and 共x 2, y 2兲 is given by
the Midpoint Formula
x1 ⫹ x 2 y1 ⫹ y2
Midpoint ⫽ 冢 2
,
2
.冣

Example 5 Finding a Line Segment’s Midpoint

Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points 共⫺5, ⫺3兲 and 共9, 3兲. y
N
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Solution 6

Let 共x1, y1兲 ⫽ 共⫺5, ⫺3兲 and 共x 2, y 2兲 ⫽ 共9, 3兲. (9, 3)

3
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x1 ⫹ x2 y1 ⫹ y2
冢 冣
(2, 0)
Midpoint ⫽ , Midpoint Formula x
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2 2 −6 −3 3 6 9

⫺5 ⫹ 9 ⫺3 ⫹ 3 −3
⫽ 冢 , 冣 Substitute for x1, y1, x2, and y2. (− 5, − 3) Midpoint
up

2 2 −6
⫽ 共2, 0兲 Simplify.
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Figure C.8
The midpoint of the line segment is 共2, 0兲, as shown in Figure C.8.
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Now try Exercise 57.

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Example 6 Estimating Annual Revenues

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Verizon Communications had annual revenues of $88.1 billion in 2006 and

$97.4 billion in 2008. Without knowing any additional information, what would you
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estimate the 2007 revenue to have been? (Source: Verizon Communications)

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Solution
One solution to the problem is to assume Verizon Communications
that revenue followed a linear pattern. With Annual Revenues
this assumption, you can estimate the 2007
98
revenue by finding the midpoint of the line (2008, 97.4)
97
(in billions of dollars)

segment connecting the points 共2006, 88.1兲 96

and 共2008, 97.4兲. 95
Revenues

94

冢2006 ⫹2 2008, 88.1 ⫹2 97.4冣

93 (2007, 92.8)
Midpoint ⫽ Midpoint
92
91
⬇ 共2007, 92.8兲 90
89
So, you would estimate the 2007 revenue to 88 (2006, 88.1)
have been about $92.8 billion, as shown in 2006 2007 2008
Figure C.9. (The actual 2007 revenue was Year
$93.5 billion.) Figure C.9
Now try Exercise 63.
 Appendix C.1 The Cartesian Plane C5

The Equation of a Circle

The Distance Formula provides a convenient way to define circles. A circle of radius r
with center at the point 共h, k兲 is shown in Figure C.10. The point 共x, y兲 is on this
circle if and only if its distance from the center 共h, k兲 is r. This means that a circle in
the plane consists of all points 共x, y兲 that are a given positive distance r from a fixed
point 共h, k兲. Using the Distance Formula, you can express this relationship by saying
that the point 共x, y兲 lies on the circle if and only if
冪共x ⫺ h兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ k兲2 ⫽ r.

By squaring each side of this equation, you obtain the standard form of the equation
of a circle.

Center: (h, k)
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Radius: r
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Point on
circle: (x, y)
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x
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Figure C.10
up

Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle

The standard form of the equation of a circle is
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共x ⫺ h兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ k兲 2 ⫽ r 2.
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The point 共h, k兲 is the center of the circle, and the positive number r is the radius
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of the circle. The standard form of the equation of a circle whose center is the
origin, 共h, k兲 ⫽ 共0, 0兲, is x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ r 2.
n
or

Example 7 Writing an Equation of a Circle

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The point 共3, 4兲 lies on a circle whose center is at 共⫺1, 2兲, as shown in Figure C.11. y

Write the standard form of the equation of this circle. 8

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Solution
The radius r of the circle is the distance between 共⫺1, 2兲 and 共3, 4兲. (3, 4)
4
r ⫽ 冪关3 ⫺ 共⫺1兲兴2 ⫹ 共4 ⫺ 2兲2 Substitute for x, y, h, and k.
(− 1, 2)
⫽ 冪42 ⫹ 22 Simplify.
x
⫽ 冪16 ⫹ 4 Simplify. −6 −2 4 6
−2
⫽ 冪20 Radius
−4
Using 共h, k兲 ⫽ 共⫺1, 2兲 and r ⫽ 冪20, the equation of the circle is
Figure C.11
共x ⫺ h兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ k兲 2 ⫽ r 2 Equation of circle

关x ⫺ 共⫺1兲兴2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 2兲2 ⫽ 共冪20 兲

2
Substitute for h, k, and r.

共x ⫹ 1兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 2兲 2 ⫽ 20. Standard form

Now try Exercise 67.

C6 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Application
Much of computer graphics consists of transformations of points in a coordinate plane.
One type of transformation, a translation, is illustrated in Example 8. Other types of
transformations include reflections, rotations, and stretches.

Example 8 Translating Points in the Plane

The triangle in Figure C.12 has vertices at the points
共⫺1, 2兲, 共1, ⫺4兲, and 共2, 3兲.
Shift the triangle three units to the right and two units upward and find the vertices of
the shifted triangle, as shown in Figure C.13.

y y

5 5
4 4
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(2, 3) 3
(− 1, 2)
2
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1
x x
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−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 −2 −1 1 2 3 5 6 7

−2 −2
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−3 −3
−4 (1, − 4) −4
up

Figure C.12 Figure C.13

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Solution
To shift the vertices three units to the right, add 3 to each of the x-coordinates. To shift
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the vertices two units upward, add 2 to each of the y-coordinates.

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Original Point Translated Point

共⫺1, 2兲 共⫺1 ⫹ 3, 2 ⫹ 2兲 ⫽ 共2, 4兲
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共1, ⫺4兲 共1 ⫹ 3, ⫺4 ⫹ 2兲 ⫽ 共4, ⫺2兲

or

共2, 3兲 共2 ⫹ 3, 3 ⫹ 2兲 ⫽ 共5, 5兲
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Plotting the translated points and sketching the line segments between them produces
the shifted triangle shown in Figure C.13.
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Now try Exercise 85.

Example 8 shows how to translate points in a coordinate plane. The following

transformed points are related to the original points as follows.
Original Point Transformed Point
共⫺x, y兲 is a reflection of the
共x, y兲 共⫺x, y兲 original point in the y-axis.
共x, ⫺y兲 is a reflection of the
共x, y兲 共x, ⫺y兲 original point in the x-axis.
共⫺x, ⫺y兲 is a reflection of the
共x, y兲 共⫺x, ⫺y兲 original point through the origin.

The figures provided with Example 8 were not really essential to the solution.
Nevertheless, it is strongly recommended that you develop the habit of including
sketches with your solutions because they serve as useful problem-solving tools.
 Appendix C.1 The Cartesian Plane C7

C.1 Exercises For instructions on how to use a graphing utility, see Appendix A.

Vocabulary and Concept Check

In Exercises 1–4, fill in the blank(s).
1. An ordered pair of real numbers can be represented in a plane called the rectangular
coordinate system or the _______ plane.
2. The _______ is a result derived from the Pythagorean Theorem.
3. Finding the average values of the respective coordinates of the two endpoints of a
line segment in a coordinate plane is also known as using the _______ .
4. The standard form of the equation of a circle is _______ , where the point 共h, k兲 is
the _______ of the circle and the positive number r is the _______ of the circle.
In Exercises 5–10, match each term with its definition.
5. x-axis (a) point of intersection of vertical axis and horizontal axis
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6. y-axis (b) directed distance from the x-axis

7. origin (c) horizontal real number line
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8. quadrants (d) four regions of the coordinate plane

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9. x-coordinate (e) directed distance from the y-axis

10. y-coordinate (f) vertical real number line
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Procedures and Problem Solving

up

Approximating Coordinates of Points In Exercises 11 Determining Quadrants In Exercises 21–30, determine

and 12, approximate the coordinates of the points. the quadrant(s) in which 冇x, y冈 is located so that the
condition(s) is (are) satisfied.
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11. y 12. y
6 A
C
4 21. x > 0 and y < 0 22. x < 0 and y < 0
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D
4 2 23. x ⫽ ⫺4 and y > 0 24. x > 2 and y ⫽ 3
D
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2
x 25. y < ⫺5 26. x > 4
x −6 −4 −2 2
x < 0 and ⫺y > 0 ⫺x > 0 and y < 0
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−6 − 4 −2 2 4 −2
B 27. 28.
B −2
C A 29. xy > 0 30. xy < 0
or

−4 −4

Finding a Distance In Exercises 31–40, find the distance

Plotting Points in the Cartesian Plane In Exercises
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between the points algebraically and confirm graphically

13–16, plot the points in the Cartesian plane. by using centimeter graph paper and a centimeter ruler.
13. 共⫺4, 2兲, 共⫺3, ⫺6兲, 共0, 5兲, 共1, ⫺4兲
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31. 共6, ⫺3兲, 共6, 5兲 32. 共⫺3, 0兲, 共⫺3, ⫺7兲

14. 共4, ⫺2兲, 共0, 0兲, 共⫺4, 0兲, 共⫺5, ⫺5兲 33. 共⫺3, ⫺1兲, 共2, ⫺1兲 34. 共⫺11, 4兲, 共⫺1, 4兲
15. 共3, 8兲, 共0.5, ⫺1兲, 共5, ⫺6兲, 共⫺2, ⫺2.5兲 35. 共⫺2, 6兲, 共3, ⫺6兲 36. 共8, 5兲, 共0, 20兲
16. 共1, ⫺ 2 兲, 共⫺ 2, 2兲, 共3, ⫺3兲, 共2, 1兲
1 5 3
37. 共12, 43 兲, 共2, ⫺1兲 38. 共⫺ 23, 3兲, 共⫺1, 54 兲
Finding Coordinates of Points In Exercises 17–20, find
39. 共⫺4.2, 3.1兲, 共⫺12.5, 4.8兲 40. 共9.5, ⫺2.6兲, 共⫺3.9, 8.2兲
the coordinates of the point.
Verifying a Right Triangle In Exercises 41– 44, (a) find
17. The point is located five units to the left of the y-axis the length of each side of the right triangle and (b) show
and four units above the x-axis. that these lengths satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.
18. The point is located three units below the x-axis and two 41. y 42. y
units to the right of the y-axis. (4, 5)
5
19. The point is on the y-axis and six units below the x-axis. 4 8
(13, 5)
20. The point is on the x-axis and 11 units to the left of the 3
(1, 1) 4 (1, 0)
y-axis. 2
(4, 1)
1 x
x 4 8 (13, 0)
1 2 3 4 5
C8 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

43. y 44. y
Writing an Equation of a Circle In Exercises 65–78, write
(1, 5) the standard form of the equation of the specified circle.
6 4
(9, 4) 65. Center: 共0, 0兲; radius: 5
4
2 (9, 1)
2
(5, −2) 66. Center: 共0, 0兲; radius: 6
x x 67. Center: 共2, ⫺1兲; radius: 4
(− 1, 1) 6 8 6
(1, −2) 68. Center: 共⫺5, 3兲; radius: 2
−2
69. Center: 共⫺1, 2兲; solution point: 共0, 0兲
Verifying a Polygon In Exercises 45– 52, show that the 70. Center: 共3, ⫺2兲; solution point: 共⫺1, 1兲
points form the vertices of the polygon.
71. Endpoints of a diameter: 共0, 0兲, 共6, 8兲
45. Right triangle: 共4, 0兲, 共2, 1兲, 共⫺1, ⫺5兲 72. Endpoints of a diameter: 共⫺4, ⫺1兲, 共4, 1兲
46. Right triangle: 共⫺1, 3兲, 共3, 5兲, 共5, 1兲 73. Center: 共⫺2, 1兲; tangent to the x-axis
47. Isosceles triangle: 共1, ⫺3兲, 共3, 2兲, 共⫺2, 4兲 74. Center: 共3, ⫺2兲; tangent to the y-axis
48. Isosceles triangle: 共2, 3兲, 共4, 9兲, 共⫺2, 7兲 75. The circle inscribed in the square with vertices 共7, ⫺2兲,
49. Parallelogram: 共2, 5兲, 共0, 9兲, 共⫺2, 0兲, 共0, ⫺4兲 共⫺1, ⫺2兲, 共⫺1, ⫺10兲, and 共7, ⫺10兲
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50. Parallelogram: 共0, 1兲, 共3, 7兲, 共4, 4兲, 共1, ⫺2兲 76. The circle inscribed in the square with vertices
共⫺12, 10兲, 共8, 10兲, 共8, ⫺10兲, and 共⫺12, ⫺10兲
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51. Rectangle: 共⫺5, 6兲, 共0, 8兲, 共⫺3, 1兲, 共2, 3兲 (Hint: Show
that the diagonals are of equal length.) 77. y 78. y
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52. Rectangle: 共2, 4兲, 共3, 1兲, 共1, 2兲, 共4, 3兲 (Hint: Show that 4
the diagonals are of equal length.) 4
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x 2
Finding a Line Segment’s Midpoint In Exercises 53–62, 2 4
x
(a) plot the points, (b) find the distance between the −6 −4 −2
up

−2
points, and (c) find the midpoint of the line segment
−6
joining the points.
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53. 共0, 0兲, 共8, 6兲 54. 共1, 12兲, 共6, 0兲 Sketching a Circle In Exercises 79–84, find the center
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55. 共⫺4, 10兲, 共4, ⫺5兲 56. 共⫺7, ⫺4兲, 共2, 8兲 and radius, and sketch the circle.
共⫺1, 2兲, 共5, 4兲 共2, 10兲, 共10, 2兲
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57. 58. 79. x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽ 9 80. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 16

59. 共 12, 1兲, 共⫺ 52, 43 兲 60. 共⫺ 13, ⫺ 13 兲, 共⫺ 16, ⫺ 12 兲 81. 共x ⫺ 1兲 ⫹ 共 y ⫹ 3兲 ⫽ 4
2 2
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共6.2, 5.4兲, 共⫺3.7, 1.8兲 共⫺16.8, 12.3兲, 共5.6, 4.9兲 83. 共x ⫺ 2 兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 2 兲2 ⫽ 4

1 1 9
61. 62. 82. x 2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 1兲 2 ⫽ 49
or

Estimating Annual Revenues In Exercises 63 and 64, use

84. 共x ⫺ 23 兲 ⫹ 共 y ⫹ 14 兲 ⫽ 2536
2 2
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the Midpoint Formula to estimate the annual revenues (in

Translating Points in the Plane In Exercises 85–88, the
millions of dollars) for Texas Roadhouse and Papa John’s
polygon is shifted to a new position in the plane. Find
in 2006. The revenues for the two companies in 2003 and
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the coordinates of the vertices of the polygon in the new

2009 are shown in the tables. Assume that the revenues
position.
followed a linear pattern. (Sources: Texas Roadhouse,
85. y 86. y
Inc.; Papa John’s International)
(− 3, 6) 7 (− 1, 3)
3 units
5 units

63. Texas Roadhouse 4

5 6 units
(− 1, −1)
Annual revenue x
Year −4 −2 2
(in millions of dollars) 2 units
x
−7 (− 3, 0) 1 3 5
2003 287 (2, − 3)
(−2, − 4) (−5, 3) −3
2009 942
87. Original coordinates of vertices:
64. Papa John’s Intl.
共0, 2兲, 共⫺3, 5兲, 共⫺5, 2兲, 共⫺2, ⫺1兲
Shift: three units upward, one unit to the left
Annual revenue
Year 88. Original coordinates of vertices:
(in millions of dollars)
2003 917 共1, ⫺1兲, 共3, 2兲, 共1, ⫺2兲
2009 1106 Shift: two units downward, three units to the left
 Appendix C.1 The Cartesian Plane C9

89. (p. C1) In a football game, 96. Think About It When plotting points on the
a quarterback throws a pass from the 15-yard line, rectangular coordinate system, is it true that the scales
10 yards from the sideline, as shown in the figure. The on the x- and y-axes must be the same? Explain.
pass is caught on the 40-yard line, 45 yards from the 97. Exploration A line segment has 共x1, y1兲 as one
same sideline. How long is the pass? endpoint and 共xm, ym兲 as its midpoint. Find the other
endpoint 共x2, y2兲 of the line segment in terms of x1, y1,
50 xm, and ym. Use the result to find the coordinates of the
Distance (in yards)

(45, 40) endpoint of a line segment when the coordinates of the

40
other endpoint and midpoint are, respectively,
30
(a) 共1, ⫺2兲, 共4, ⫺1兲. (b) 共⫺5, 11兲, 共2, 4兲.
20
98. Exploration Use the Midpoint Formula three times
10 (10, 15)
to find the three points that divide the line segment
10 20 30 40 50 joining 共x1, y1兲 and 共x2, y2兲 into four parts. Use the
Distance (in yards) result to find the points that divide the line segment
joining the given points into four equal parts.
90. Physical Education A major league baseball diamond
(a) 共1, ⫺2兲, 共4, ⫺1兲 (b) 共⫺2, ⫺3兲, 共0, 0兲
is a square with 90-foot sides. In the figure, home plate
N

is at the origin and the first base line lies on the positive 99. Proof Prove that the diagonals of the parallelogram
ot

x-axis. The right fielder fields the ball at the point in the figure intersect at their midpoints.
共300, 25兲. How far does the right fielder have to throw y
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the ball to get a runner out at home plate? How far does
the right fielder have to throw the ball to get a runner out (b, c) (a + b, c)
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at third base? (Round your answers to one decimal

place.)
x
up

y (0, 0) (a, 0)
150
Distance (in feet)

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100. C A P S T O N E Use the plot of the point 共x0, y0兲 in

100 (0, 90) the figure. Match the transformation of the point with
at

the correct plot. Explain your reasoning. [The plots

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50 (300, 25) are labeled (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv).]

(0, 0) y
n

x
50 100 150 200 250 300
or

Distance (in feet) (x0 , y0 )

x
91. Aviation A jet plane flies from Naples, Italy in a
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straight line to Rome, Italy, which is 120 kilometers

north and 150 kilometers west of Naples. How far does
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the plane fly? y y

(i) (ii)
Conclusions
True or False? In Exercises 92–94, determine whether x x
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
92. The points 共⫺8, 4兲, 共2, 11兲, and 共⫺5, 1兲 represent the
vertices of an isosceles triangle. y y
(iii) (iv)
93. If four points represent the vertices of a polygon, and
the four sides are equal, then the polygon must be a
square.
x x
94. In order to divide a line segment into 16 equal parts, you
would have to use the Midpoint Formula 16 times.

95. Think About It What is the y-coordinate of any point

on the x-axis? What is the x-coordinate of any point on (a) 共x0, ⫺y0兲 (b) 共⫺2x0, y0兲
the y-axis? (c) 共 x0, 12 y0 兲 (d) 共⫺x0, ⫺y0兲
C10 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

C.2 Graphs of Equations

The Graph of an Equation What you should learn

● Sketch graphs of equations
News magazines often show graphs comparing the rate of inflation, the federal deficit, by point plotting.
or the unemployment rate to the time of year. Businesses use graphs to report monthly ● Graph equations using a
sales statistics. Such graphs provide geometric pictures of the way one quantity changes graphing utility.
with respect to another. Frequently, the relationship between two quantities is expressed ● Use graphs of equations to solve
as an equation. This appendix introduces the basic procedure for determining the real-life problems.
geometric picture associated with an equation.
For an equation in the variables x and y, a point 共a, b兲 is a solution point when Why you should learn it
substitution of a for x and b for y satisfies the equation. Most equations have infinitely The graph of an equation can help
many solution points. For example, the equation you see relationships between
real-life quantities. For example,
3x ⫹ y ⫽ 5
in Exercise 66 on page C18, a graph
has solution points can be used to estimate the life
expectancies of children born in the
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共0, 5兲, 共1, 2兲, 共2, ⫺1兲, 共3, ⫺4兲

years 1948 and 2020.
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and so on. The set of all solution points of an equation is the graph of the equation.
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Example 1 Determining Solution Points

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Determine whether (a) 共2, 13兲 and (b) 共⫺1, ⫺3兲 lie on the graph of
y ⫽ 10x ⫺ 7.
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Solution
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a. y ⫽ 10x ⫺ 7 Write original equation.

?
13 ⫽ 10共2兲 ⫺ 7
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Substitute 2 for x and 13 for y.

13 ⫽ 13 共2, 13兲 is a solution. ✓

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The point 共2, 13兲 does lie on the graph of y ⫽ 10x ⫺ 7 because it is a solution point
n

of the equation.
or

b. y ⫽ 10x ⫺ 7 Write original equation.

?
⫺3 ⫽ 10共⫺1兲 ⫺ 7 Substitute ⫺1 for x and ⫺3 for y.
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⫺3 ⫽ ⫺17 共⫺1, ⫺3兲 is not a solution.

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The point 共⫺1, ⫺3兲 does not lie on the graph of y ⫽ 10x ⫺ 7 because it is not a
solution point of the equation.
Now try Exercise 7.

The basic technique used for sketching the graph of an equation is the point-plotting
method.

Sketching the Graph of an Equation by Point Plotting

1. If possible, rewrite the equation so that one of the variables is isolated on
one side of the equation.
2. Make a table of values showing several solution points.
3. Plot these points on a rectangular coordinate system.
4. Connect the points with a smooth curve or line.
 Appendix C.2 Graphs of Equations C11

Example 2 Sketching a Graph by Point Plotting

Use point plotting and graph paper to sketch the graph of 3x ⫹ y ⫽ 6.

Solution
In this case you can isolate the variable y.
y ⫽ 6 ⫺ 3x Solve equation for y.

Using negative and positive values of x, and x ⫽ 0, you can obtain the following table
of values (solution points).

x ⫺1 0 1 2 3
y ⫽ 6 ⫺ 3x 9 6 3 0 ⫺3
Solution point 共⫺1, 9兲 共0, 6兲 共1, 3兲 共2, 0兲 共3, ⫺3兲 Figure C.14
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Next, plot the solution points and connect them, as shown in Figure C.14. It appears that
the graph is a straight line. You will study lines extensively in Section 1.1.
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Now try Exercise 11.

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The points at which a graph touches or crosses an axis are called the intercepts of
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the graph. For instance, in Example 2 the point

共0, 6兲 y-intercept
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is the y-intercept of the graph because the graph crosses the y-axis at that point. The
lic

point
共2, 0兲 x-intercept (a)
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is the x-intercept of the graph because the graph crosses the x-axis at that point.
io
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Example 3 Sketching a Graph by Point Plotting

or

Use point plotting and graph paper to sketch the graph of

y ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 2.
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Solution
Because the equation is already solved for y, make a table of values by choosing several
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convenient values of x and calculating the corresponding values of y.

x ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 (b)
y⫽ x2 ⫺2 2 ⫺1 ⫺2 ⫺1 2 7 Figure C.15

Solution point 共⫺2, 2兲 共⫺1, ⫺1兲 共0, ⫺2兲 共1, ⫺1兲 共2, 2兲 共3, 7兲

Next, plot the solution points, as shown in Figure C.15(a). Finally, connect the points
with a smooth curve, as shown in Figure C.15(b). This graph is called a parabola. You
will study parabolas in Section 2.1.
Now try Exercise 13.

In this text, you will study two basic ways to create graphs: by hand and using a
graphing utility. For instance, the graphs in Figures C.14 and C.15 were sketched by hand,
and the graph in Figure C.18 (on the next page) was created using a graphing utility.
C12 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Using a Graphing Utility

One of the disadvantages of the point-plotting method is that to get a good idea about Technology Tip
the shape of a graph, you need to plot many points. With only a few points, you could
misrepresent the graph of an equation. For instance, consider the equation Many graphing utilities
are capable of creating
1 a table of values such
y⫽ x共x 4 ⫺ 10x 2 ⫹ 39兲.
30 as the following, which shows
some points of the graph in
When you plot the points 共⫺3, ⫺3兲, 共⫺1, ⫺1兲, 共0, 0兲, 共1, 1兲, and 共3, 3兲, as shown in
Figure C.16(b). For instructions
Figure C.16(a), you might think that the graph of the equation is a line. This is not
on how to use the table feature,
correct. By plotting several more points and connecting the points with a smooth curve,
see Appendix A; for specific
you can see that the actual graph is not a line, as shown in Figure C.16(b).
keystrokes, go to this textbook’s
Companion Website.
N
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(a) (b) Technology Tip

up

Figure C.16
By choosing different
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From this, you can see that the point-plotting method leaves you with a dilemma. viewing windows for a
This method can be very inaccurate when only a few points are plotted, and it is very graph, it is possible to
at

time-consuming to plot a dozen (or more) points. Technology can help solve this obtain very different impressions
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dilemma. Plotting several (even several hundred) points on a rectangular coordinate of the graph’s shape. For
system is something that a computer or calculator can do easily. For instance, you can instance, Figure C.19 shows a
n

enter the equation y ⫽ 30x共x4 ⫺ 10x2 ⫹ 39兲 in a graphing utility (see Figure C.17) to
1
different viewing window for
or

obtain the graph shown in Figure C.18. the graph of the equation in
Figure C.18. Note how Figure
1
x(x 4 − 10x 2 + 39)
C.19 does not show all of the
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y = 30
important features of the
10
graph as does Figure C.18. For
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instructions on how to set up a

viewing window, see Appendix
−5 5
A; for specific keystrokes, go to
this textbook’s Companion
Website.
−10

Figure C.17 Figure C.18

1
y = 30 x(x 4 − 10x 2 + 39)
2
Using a Graphing Utility to Graph an Equation
To graph an equation involving x and y on a graphing utility, do the following.
−2 2
1. Rewrite the equation so that y is isolated on the left side.
2. Enter the equation in the graphing utility.
−2
3. Determine a viewing window that shows all important features of the graph.
Figure C.19
4. Graph the equation.
 Appendix C.2 Graphs of Equations C13

Example 4 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph an Equation

To graph
x3
y⫽⫺ ⫹ 2x
2
enter the equation in a graphing utility. Then use a standard viewing window (see
Figure C.20) to obtain the graph shown in Figure C.21.

x3
y=− + 2x
2 10

−10 10

−10
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Figure C.20 Figure C.21

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Now try Exercise 43.

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Example 5 Using a Graphing Utility to Graph a Circle Technology Tip

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Use a graphing utility to graph x ⫹

2 y2 ⫽ 9. The standard viewing
Solution window on many
up

graphing utilities does

The graph of x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 9 is a circle whose center is the origin and whose radius is 3.
not give a true geometric
To graph the equation, begin by solving the equation for y.
lic

perspective because the screen is

x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽ 9 Write original equation. rectangular, which distorts the
at

image. That is, perpendicular

y 2 ⫽ 9 ⫺ x2 Subtract x 2 from each side.
lines will not appear to be
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y ⫽ ± 冪9 ⫺ x 2 Take the square root of each side. perpendicular and circles will
n

not appear to be circular. To

Remember that when you take the square root of a variable expression, you must
overcome this, you can use a
account for both the positive and negative solutions. The graph of y ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x 2 is the
or

square setting, as demonstrated

upper semicircle. The graph of y ⫽ ⫺ 冪9 ⫺ x 2 is the lower semicircle. Enter both
in Example 5.
equations in your graphing utility and generate the resulting graphs. In Figure C.22,
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note that for a standard viewing window, the two graphs do not appear to form a circle.
You can overcome this problem by using a square setting, in which the horizontal and
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vertical tick marks have equal spacing, as shown in Figure C.23. On many graphing
utilities, a square setting can be obtained by using a y to x ratio of 2 to 3. For instance,
in Figure C.23, the y to x ratio is
Technology Tip
Ymax ⫺ Ymin ⫽ 4 ⫺ 共⫺4兲 ⫽ 8 ⫽ 2.
X max ⫺ X min 6 ⫺ 共⫺6兲 12 3 Notice that when
you graph a circle by
10 4 graphing two separate
equations for y, your graphing
utility may not connect the two
−10 10 −6 6 semicircles. This is because
some graphing utilities are
limited in their resolution. So,
− 10 −4 in this text, a blue curve is
Figure C.22 Figure C.23
placed behind the graphing
utility’s display to indicate
where the graph should appear.
Now try Exercise 57.
C14 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Applications
Throughout this course, you will learn that there are many ways to approach a problem.
Two of the three common approaches are illustrated in Example 6.
An Algebraic Approach: Use the rules of algebra.
A Graphical Approach: Draw and use a graph.
A Numerical Approach: Construct and use a table.
You should develop the habit of using at least two approaches to solve every problem
in order to build your intuition and to check that your answer is reasonable.
The following two applications show how to develop mathematical models to
represent real-world situations. You will see that both a graphing utility and algebra can
be used to understand and solve the problems posed.

Example 6 Running a Marathon

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A runner runs at a constant rate of 4.9 miles per hour. The verbal model and algebraic
equation relating distance run and elapsed time are as follows.
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Verbal
Model: Distance ⫽ Rate ⭈ Time
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Equation: d ⫽ 4.9t
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a. Determine how far the runner can run in 3.1 hours.

b. Determine how long it will take the runner to run a 26.2-mile marathon.
up

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

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a. To begin, find how far the runner can run in 3.1 hours by a. Use a graphing utility to graph d ⫽ 4.9t. 共Represent d by y
and t by x.兲 Choose a viewing window that shows the graph
at

substituting 3.1 for t in the equation.

at x ⫽ 3.1.
d ⫽ 4.9t Write original equation.
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⫽ 4.9共3.1兲 Substitute 3.1 for t. 19

n

⬇ 15.2 Use a calculator. Use the value feature to

or

estimate that when x = 3.1,

So, the runner can run about 15.2 miles in 3.1 hours. Use the distance is y ≈ 15.2
estimation to check your answer. Because 4.9 is about 5 miles.
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and 3.1 is about 3, the distance is about 2 4

11
5共3兲 ⫽ 15.
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Figure C.24
So, 15.2 is reasonable.
b. You can find how long it will take to run a 26.2-mile b. Adjust the viewing window so that it shows the graph at
marathon as follows. (For help with solving linear equations, y ⫽ 26.2.
see Appendix E at this textbook’s Companion Website.) 28
d ⫽ 4.9t Write original equation.
Use the zoom and trace
26.2 ⫽ 4.9t Substitute 26.2 for d. features to estimate that
when y ≈ 26.2, the time
26.2 is x ≈ 5.3 hours.
⫽t Divide each side by 4.9.
4.9 5 6
24
5.3 ⬇ t Use a calculator.
Figure C.25
So, it will take the runner about 5.3 hours to run 26.2 miles.
Note that the viewing window on your graphing utility may
Now try Exercise 63. differ slightly from those shown in Figures C.24 and C.25.
 Appendix C.2 Graphs of Equations C15

Example 7 Monthly Wage

You receive a monthly salary of $2000 plus a commission of 10% of sales. The verbal
model and algebraic equation relating the wages, the salary, and the commission are as
follows.
Verbal
Model: Wages ⫽ Salary ⫹ Commission on sales

Equation: y ⫽ 2000 ⫹ 0.1x

a. Sales are $1480 in August. What are your wages for that month?
b. You receive $2225 for September. What are your sales for that month?

Numerical Solution Graphical Solution

a. Enter y ⫽ 2000 ⫹ 0.1x in a graphing utility. Then use a. Use a graphing utility to graph y ⫽ 2000 ⫹ 0.1x. Choose a
the table feature of the graphing utility to create a table. viewing window that shows the graph at x ⫽ 1480.
Start the table at x ⫽ 1400 with a table step of 10.
3000
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Use the value feature

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to estimate that when

When x = 1480, the x = 1480, the wages
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wages are y = $2148. are y = $2148.

0 2000
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1000

b. Adjust the table to start at x ⫽ 2000 with a table step of b. Use the graphing utility to find the value along the x-axis
up

100. (sales) that corresponds to a y-value of 2225 (wages). Adjust

the viewing window so that it shows the graph at y ⫽ 2225.
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From the table, you

can see that wages of 3050
at

$2225 result from Use the zoom and trace

sales between $2200
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features to estimate that

and $2300. when y = 2225, the sales
n

are x = $2250.
1000 3350
or

You can improve the estimate by starting the table at 1500

x ⫽ 2200 with a table step of 10.
Sa

From the table, you

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can see that wages of

$2225 result from
sales of $2250.

Now try Exercise 65.

Remember to use a different approach to check that your answer is reasonable. For
instance, to check the numerical solution to Example 7, use a graphical approach as
shown above or use an algebraic approach as follows.
a. Substitute 1480 for x in the original equation and solve for y.
y ⫽ 2000 ⫹ 0.1共1480兲 ⫽ $2148
b. Substitute 2225 for y in the original equation and solve for x.

2225 ⫽ 2000 ⫹ 0.1x x ⫽ $2250

C16 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

C.2 Exercises For instructions on how to use a graphing utility, see Appendix A.

Vocabulary and Concept Check

In Exercises 1 and 2, fill in the blank.
1. For an equation in x and y, if substitution of a for x and b for y satisfies the
equation, then the point 共a, b兲 is a _______ .
2. The set of all solution points of an equation is the _______ of the equation.

3. Name three common approaches you can use to solve problems mathematically.
4. List the steps for sketching the graph of an equation by point plotting.

Procedures and Problem Solving

Determining Solution Points In Exercises 5– 10, 14. 6x ⫺ 2y ⫽ ⫺2x2
determine whether each point lies on the graph of the
x ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 0 1
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equation.
y
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Equation Points
5. y ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 4 (a) 共0, 2兲 (b) 共12, 4兲 Solution point
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6. y ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 2 (a) 共2, 0兲 (b) 共⫺2, 8兲

7. y⫽4⫺ x⫺2 ⱍ ⱍ (a) 共1, 5兲 (b) 共1.2, 3.2兲
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Matching an Equation with Its Graph In Exercises

8. 2x ⫺ y ⫺ 3 ⫽ 0 (a) 共1, 2兲 (b) 共1, ⫺1兲 15–18, match the equation with its graph. [The graphs
9. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 20 (a) 共3, ⫺2兲 (b) 共⫺4, 2兲 are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]
up

(a) 共2, ⫺ 3 兲
1 16
10. y ⫽ 3 x 3 ⫺ 2x 2 (b) 共⫺3, 9兲 (a) 3 (b) 7
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−6 6
Sketching a Graph by Point Plotting In Exercises 11–14,
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complete the table. Use the resulting solution points to

−2 10
sketch the graph of the equation. Use a graphing utility
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−5 −1
to verify the graph.
(c) 4 (d) 5
n

11. 3x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 2
or

2
x ⫺2 0 3 1 2 −6 6
−6 6
y
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−4 −3
Solution point
15. y ⫽ 2冪x 16. y ⫽ 4 ⫺ x2
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12. 8x ⫹ 4y ⫽ 24 17. y ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x 2 ⱍⱍ
18. y ⫽ x ⫺ 3

x ⫺3 ⫺1 0 2 3 Sketching the Graph of an Equation In Exercises 19–32,

y sketch the graph of the equation.
19. y ⫽ ⫺4x ⫹ 1 20. y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3
Solution point
21. y ⫽ 2 ⫺ x2 22. y ⫽ x2 ⫺ 1
13. 2x ⫹ y ⫽ x2 23. y ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 3x 24. y ⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫺ 4x
25. y ⫽ x3 ⫹ 2 26. y ⫽ x3 ⫺ 3
x ⫺1 0 1 2 3
27. y ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 3 28. y ⫽ 冪1 ⫺ x
y 29. y⫽ x⫺2ⱍ ⱍ 30. y⫽4⫺ x ⱍⱍ
Solution point 31. x ⫽ y2 ⫺ 1 32. x ⫽ y2 ⫹ 4
 Appendix C.2 Graphs of Equations C17

Using a Graphing Utility to Graph an Equation In Using a Graphing Utility to Graph a Circle In Exercises
Exercises 33–46, use a graphing utility to graph the 57–60, solve for y and use a graphing utility to graph each
equation. Use a standard viewing window. Approximate of the resulting equations in the same viewing window.
any x- or y-intercepts of the graph. (Adjust the viewing window so that the circle appears
circular.)
33. y ⫽ x ⫺ 7 34. y ⫽ x ⫹ 1
1
35. y ⫽ 3 ⫺ 2 x 36. y ⫽ 23 x ⫺ 1 57. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 16 58. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 36
2x 6 59. 共x ⫺ 1兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 2兲 2 ⫽ 9
37. y ⫽ 38. y ⫽
x⫺1 x 60. 共x ⫺ 3兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 1兲 2 ⫽ 25
39. y ⫽ x冪x ⫹ 3
Determining Solution Points In Exercises 61 and 62,
40. y ⫽ 共6 ⫺ x兲冪x determine which point lies on the graph of the circle.
41. y⫽冪 3 x ⫺ 8
(There may be more than one correct answer.)
42. y ⫽冪3 x ⫹ 1
61. 共x ⫺ 1兲2 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 2兲2 ⫽ 25
43. x2 ⫺ y ⫽ 4x ⫺ 3 (a) 共1, 3兲 (b) 共⫺2, 6兲
44. 2y ⫺ x2 ⫹ 8 ⫽ 2x (c) 共5, ⫺1兲 (d) 共0, 2 ⫹ 2冪6 兲
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45. y ⫺ 4x ⫽ x2共x ⫺ 4兲 62. 共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫹ 共 y ⫺ 3兲 ⫽ 25

2 2

x3 ⫹ y ⫽ 1
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46. (a) 共⫺2, 3兲 (b) 共0, 0兲

Describing the Viewing Window of a Graphing Utility In (c) 共1, ⫺1兲 (d) 共⫺1, 3 ⫺ 2冪6 兲
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Exercises 47 and 48, describe the viewing window of the

63. MODELING DATA
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graph shown.
A manufacturing plant purchases a new molding
47. y ⫽ ⫺10x ⫹ 50 48. y ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 2 ⫺ 1 machine for $225,000. The depreciated value (decreased
up

value) y after t years is y ⫽ 225,000 ⫺ 20,000t, for

0 ⱕ t ⱕ 8.
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(a) Use the constraints of the model and a graphing

utility to graph the equation using an appropriate
at

viewing window.
Verifying a Rule of Algebra In Exercises 49–52, explain
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(b) Use the value feature or the zoom and trace

how to use a graphing utility to verify that y1 ⴝ y2 . features of the graphing utility to determine the
n

Identify the rule of algebra that is illustrated. value of y when t ⫽ 5.8. Verify your answer
49. y1 ⫽ 4共x 2 ⫺ 8兲
1
50. y1 ⫽ 2 x ⫹ 共x ⫹ 1兲
1 algebraically.
or

y2 ⫽ 14x 2 ⫺ 2 y2 ⫽ 32 x ⫹ 1 (c) Use the value feature or the zoom and trace
features of the graphing utility to determine the
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1 1
51. y1 ⫽ 关10共x 2 ⫺ 1兲兴 52. y1 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 3兲 ⭈ value of y when t ⫽ 2.35. Verify your answer
5 x⫺3 algebraically.
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y2 ⫽ 2共x 2 ⫺ 1兲 y2 ⫽ 1

Using a Graphing Utility to Graph an Equation In 64. MODELING DATA

Exercises 53–56, use a graphing utility to graph the You buy a personal watercraft for $8100. The
equation. Use the trace feature of the graphing utility to depreciated value y after t years is y ⫽ 8100 ⫺ 929t,
approximate the unknown coordinate of each solution for 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 6.
point accurate to two decimal places. (Hint: You may (a) Use the constraints of the model and a graphing
need to use the zoom feature of the graphing utility to utility to graph the equation using an appropriate
obtain the required accuracy.) viewing window.
53. y ⫽ 冪5 ⫺ x 54. y ⫽ x 3共x ⫺ 3兲 (b) Use the zoom and trace features of the graphing
(a) 共3, y兲 (a) 共2.25, y兲 utility to determine the value of t when
(b) 共x, 3兲 (b) 共x, 20兲 y ⫽ 5545.25. Verify your answer algebraically.
55. y ⫽ x 5 ⫺ 5x ⱍ
56. y ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 5 ⱍ (c) Use the value feature or the zoom and trace features
of the graphing utility to determine the value of y
(a) 共⫺0.5, y兲 (a) 共2, y兲 when t ⫽ 5.5. Verify your answer algebraically.
(b) 共x, ⫺4兲 (b) 共x, 1.5兲
C18 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

65. MODELING DATA A model that represents the data is given by

The table shows the median (middle) sales prices y (in 59.617 ⫹ 1.18t
y⫽ , 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 70
thousands of dollars) of new one-family homes in the 1 ⫹ 0.012t
southern United States from 2000 through 2008.
(Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Department of where t is the time in years, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to
Housing and Urban Development) 1930.
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the data from the table
above and the model in the same viewing window.
Year Median sales price, y
How well does the model fit the data? Explain.
2000 148.0 (b) Find the y-intercept of the graph of the model. What
2001 155.4 does it represent in the context of the problem?
2002 163.4
(c) Use the zoom and trace features of the graphing
2003 168.1 utility to determine the year when the life expectancy
2004 181.1 was 73.2. Verify your answer algebraically.
2005 197.3 (d) Determine the life expectancy in 1948 both
2006 208.2 graphically and algebraically.
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2007 217.7
(e) Use the model to estimate the life expectancy of a
2008 203.7
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child born in 2020.

A model that represents the data is given by
Conclusions
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y ⫽ ⫺0.4221t 3 ⫹ 4.690t 2 ⫺ 3.47t ⫹ 150.9, 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 8,

where t represents the year, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding True or False? In Exercises 67 and 68, determine whether
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to 2000. the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.

(a) Use the model and the table feature of a graphing
67. A parabola can have only one x-intercept.
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utility to find the median sales prices from 2000

through 2008. How well does the model fit the 68. The graph of a linear equation can have either no
x-intercepts or only one x-intercept.
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data? Explain.
(b) Use the graphing utility to graph the data from the 69. Writing Your employer offers you a choice of wage
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table and the model in the same viewing window. scales: a monthly salary of $3000 plus commission of
How well does the model fit the data? Explain. 7% of sales or a salary of $3400 plus a 5% commission.
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(c) Use the model to estimate the median sales prices Write a short paragraph discussing how you would
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in 2012 and 2014. Do the values seem reasonable? choose your option. At what sales level would the
Explain. options yield the same salary?
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(d) Use the zoom and trace features of the graphing 70. Finance You open a savings account and deposit
utility to determine during which year(s) the $200. Every week you withdraw $50. The account
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median sales price was approximately $150,000. balance y after t weeks is y ⫽ ⫺50t ⫹ 200, for
0 ⱕ t ⱕ 4.
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(a) Use point plotting and graph paper to sketch the

66. (p. C10) The table shows graph of y ⫽ ⫺50t ⫹ 200.
the life expectancy y of a child (at birth) in the United
States for each of the selected years from 1930 through (b) Use a graphing utility to graph y ⫽ ⫺50t ⫹ 200.
2000. (Source: U.S. National Center for Health (c) Explain how to find an appropriate viewing
Statistics) window for the graph of the equation.
(d) Find the y-intercept of the graph of the model. What
Year Life expectancy, y does it represent in the context of the problem?

1930 59.7
1940 62.9
1950 68.2
1960 69.7
1970 70.8
1980 73.7
1990 75.4
2000 77.0
 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C19

C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically

Equations and Solutions of Equations What you should learn

● Solve linear equations.
An equation in x is a statement that two algebraic expressions are equal. For example,
● Find x- and y-intercepts of
3x  5  7, x2  x  6  0, and 冪2x  4 graphs of equations.
● Find solutions of equations
are equations. To solve an equation in x means to find all values of x for which the
graphically.
equation is true. Such values are solutions. For instance, x  4 is a solution of the
● Find the points of intersection of
equation 3x  5  7, because 3共4兲  5  7 is a true statement.
two graphs.
The solutions of an equation depend on the kinds of numbers being considered. For
● Solve polynomial equations.
instance, in the set of rational numbers, x 2  10 has no solution because there is no
● Solve equations involving
rational number whose square is 10. In the set of real numbers, however, the equation
radicals, fractions, or absolute
has two solutions: x  冪10 and x   冪10.
values.
An equation can be classified as an identity, a conditional, or a contradiction, as
shown in the following table. Why you should learn it
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Equation Definition Example Knowing how to solve equations

algebraically and graphically can
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An equation that is true for x 1 help you solve real-life problems.

 is a true statement for
Identity every real number in the 3x2 3x For instance, in Exercise 195 on
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domain of the variable any nonzero real value of x. page C34, you will find the point of
intesection of the graphs of two
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An equation that is true for just

x2  9  0 is a true statement population models both algebraically
some (but not all) of the real
Conditional for x  3 and x  3, but not and graphically.
numbers in the domain of the
for any other real values.
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variable
An equation that is false for 2x  1  2x  3 is a false
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Contradiction every real number in the statement for any real value
domain of the variable of x.
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A linear equation in one variable x is an equation that can be written in the

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standard form ax  b  0, where a and b are real numbers, with a  0.

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To solve an equation involving fractional expressions, find the least common

denominator (LCD) of all terms in the equation and multiply every term by this LCD.
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This procedure clears the equation of fractions.

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Example 1 Solving an Equation Involving Fractions

x 3x
  2.
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Solve
3 4
Solution
x 3x
 2 Write original equation.
3 4
x 3x
共12兲  共12兲  共12兲2 Multiply each term by the LCD of 12.
3 4
Study Tip
4x  9x  24 Divide out and multiply.
For a review of solving
13x  24 Combine like terms.
one- and two-step
24 linear equations, see
x Divide each side by 13. Appendix E at this textbook’s
13
Companion Website.
Now try Exercise 23.
C20 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

After solving an equation, you should check each solution in the original equation.
For instance, you can check the solution to Example 1 as follows.
x 3x
 2 Write original equation.
3 4
3共13 兲 ?
24 24
13
 2 24
Substitute 13 for x.
3 4
8 18 ?
 2 Simplify.
13 13
22 Solution checks. ✓
When multiplying or dividing an equation by a variable expression, it is possible
to introduce an extraneous solution—one that does not satisfy the original equation.
The next example demonstrates the importance of checking your solution when you
have multiplied or divided by a variable expression.
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Example 2 An Equation with an Extraneous Solution

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1 3 6x
Solve   2 .
x2 x2 x 4
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Solution
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The LCD is x 2  4  共x  2兲共x  2兲. Multiplying each term by the LCD and
simplifying produces the following.
Study Tip
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1 3 6x
共x  2兲共x  2兲  共x  2兲共x  2兲  2 共x  2兲共x  2兲 Recall that the least
x2 x2 x 4
common denominator
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x  2  3共x  2兲  6x, x  ±2 (LCD) of several

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x  2  3x  6  6x rational expressions consists

of the product of all prime
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4x  8 factors in the denominators,

x  2 with each factor given the
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Extraneous solution
highest power of its occurrence
In the original equation, x  2 yields a denominator of zero. So, x  2 is an
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in any denominator.
extraneous solution, and the original equation has no solution.
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Now try Exercise 39.

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Intercepts and Solutions

In Appendix C.2, you learned that the intercepts of a graph are the points at which the
graph intersects the x- or y-axis.

Definitions of Intercepts
1. The point 共a, 0兲 is called an x-intercept of the graph of an equation when
it is a solution point of the equation. To find the x-intercept(s), set y equal
to 0 and solve the equation for x.
2. The point 共0, b兲 is called a y-intercept of the graph of an equation when it
is a solution point of the equation. To find the y-intercept(s), set x equal to
0 and solve the equation for y.
 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C21

Sometimes it is convenient to denote the x-intercept as simply the x-coordinate of

the point 共a, 0兲 rather than the point itself. Unless it is necessary to make a distinction,
“intercept” will be used to mean either the point or the coordinate.
It is possible for a graph to have no intercepts, one intercept, or several intercepts.
For instance, consider the four graphs shown in Figure C.26.

y y

x x

Three x-Intercepts No x-Intercepts

One y-Intercept One y-Intercept
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y y
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x x
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No Intercepts One x-Intercept

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Two y-Intercepts
Figure C.26
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Example 3 Finding x- and y-Intercepts

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Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of 2x  3y  5.

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Solution
To find the x-intercept, let y  0 and solve for x. 2x + 3y = 5
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3
This produces
2x  5 x  52 (0, 53(
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which implies that the graph has one x-intercept (52 , 0(

−1
at 共52, 0兲. To find the y-intercept, let x  0 and
5

solve for y. This produces −1

5
3y  5 y 3 Figure C.27
which implies that the graph has one y-intercept
at 共0, 53 兲. See Figure C.27.
Now try Exercise 41.

The concepts of x-intercepts and solutions of equations are closely related. In fact,
the following statements are equivalent.
1. The point 共a, 0兲 is an x-intercept of the graph of y  f 共x兲.
2. The number a is a solution of the equation f 共x兲  0.
C22 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

The close connection among x-intercepts and solutions is crucial to your study of
algebra. You can take advantage of this connection in two ways. Use your algebraic
“equation-solving skills” to find the x-intercepts of a graph and your “graphing skills”
to approximate the solutions of an equation.

Finding Solutions Graphically

Polynomial equations of degree 1 or 2 can be solved in relatively straightforward ways.
Solving polynomial equations of higher degrees can, however, be quite difficult,
especially when you rely only on algebraic techniques. For such equations, a graphing
utility can be very helpful.

Graphical Approximations of Solutions of an Equation

1. Write the equation in general form, f 共x兲  0, with the nonzero terms on
one side of the equation and zero on the other side.
2. Use a graphing utility to graph the function y  f 共x兲. Be sure the viewing
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window shows all the relevant features of the graph.

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3. Use the zero or root feature or the zoom and trace features of the graphing
utility to approximate the x-intercepts of the graph of f.
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Chapter 2 shows techniques for determining the number of solutions of a

polynomial equation. For now, you should know that a polynomial equation of degree
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n cannot have more than n different solutions.

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Example 4 Finding Solutions of an Equation Graphically

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Use a graphing utility to approximate the solutions of

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2x3  3x  2  0.
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Solution
Graph the function y  2x3  3x  2. You can see from the graph that there is one
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x-intercept. It lies between 2 and 1 and is approximately 1.5. By using the zero
or root feature of a graphing utility, you can improve the approximation. Choose a left
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bound of x  2 (see Figure C.28) and a right bound of x  1 (see Figure C.29). To
two-decimal-place accuracy, the solution is x ⬇ 1.48, as shown in Figure C.30.
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Check this approximation on your calculator. You will find that the value of y is
y  2共1.48兲3  3共1.48兲  2 ⬇ 0.04.
4 4 4

y = 2x 3 − 3x + 2

−6 6 −6 6 −6 6

−4 −4 −4

Figure C.28 Figure C.29 Figure C.30

Now try Exercise 69.

 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C23

You can also use a graphing utility’s zoom and trace features to approximate the
solution of an equation. Here are some suggestions for using the zoom-in feature of a
graphing utility.
1. With each successive zoom-in, adjust the x-scale (if necessary) so that the resulting
viewing window shows at least one scale mark on each side of the solution.
2. The accuracy of the approximation will always be such that the error is less than
the distance between two scale marks. For instance, to approximate the zero to the
nearest hundredth, set the x-scale to 0.01. To approximate the zero to the nearest
thousandth, set the x-scale to 0.001.
3. The graphing utility’s trace feature can sometimes be used to add one more decimal
place of accuracy without changing the viewing window.
Unless stated otherwise, all real solutions in this text will be approximated with an error
of at most 0.01.

Example 5 Approximating Solutions of an Equation Graphically

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Use a graphing utility to approximate the solutions of

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x 2  3  5x.
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Solution
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In general form, this equation is

x 2  5x  3  0. Equation in general form
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So, you can begin by graphing

y  x 2  5x  3
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Function to be graphed

as shown in Figure C.31. This graph has two x-intercepts, and by using the zoom and
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trace features you can approximate the corresponding solutions to be

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x ⬇ 0.70 and x ⬇ 4.30

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as shown in Figures C.32 and C.33.

or

6
y = x 2 − 5x + 3
0.01
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−7 11 0.68 0.71
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−6 −0.01

Figure C.31 Figure C.32

0.01
Technology Tip
Use the zero or root
4.29 4.32
feature of a graphing
utility to approximate
− 0.01
the solutions of the equation in
Example 5 to see that it yields
Figure C.33 a similar result.
Now try Exercise 79.
C24 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Points of Intersection of Two Graphs

y
An ordered pair that is a solution of two different
equations is called a point of intersection of the 8
graphs of the two equations. For instance, in
6 (4, 6)
Figure C.34 you can see that the graphs of the
following equations have two points of intersection. 4 y=x+2

yx2 Equation 1 2
(− 1, 1)
y  x 2  2x  2 Equation 2 x
−4 2 4 6 8
The point 共1, 1兲 is a solution of both −2
equations, and the point 共4, 6兲 is a solution −4 y = x 2 − 2x − 2
of both equations. To check this algebraically,
substitute Figure C.34
x  1 and x4
into each equation.
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Check that 共1, 1兲 is a solution.

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Equation 1: y  1  2  1 Solution checks. ✓

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Equation 2: y  共1兲 2  2共1兲  2  1 Solution checks. ✓

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Check that 共4, 6兲 is a solution.

Equation 1: y  4  2  6 Solution checks. ✓
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Equation 2: y  共4兲2  2共4兲  2  6 Solution checks. ✓

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To find the points of intersection of the graphs of two equations, solve each
equation for y (or x) and set the two results equal to each other. The resulting equation
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will be an equation in one variable, which can be solved using standard procedures, as
shown in Example 6.
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Example 6 Finding Points of Intersection

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Find any points of intersection of the graphs of

2x  3y  2 and 4x  y  6.
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Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

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To begin, solve each equation for y to obtain To begin, solve each equation for y to obtain
2 2 2 2
y x and y  4x  6. y1  x  and y2  4x  6.
3 3 3 3
Next, set the two expressions for y equal to each other and solve Then use a graphing utility to graph both equations in the
the resulting equation for x, as follows. same viewing window, as shown in Figure C.35. Use the
intersect feature to approximate the point of intersection.
2 2
x   4x  6 Equate expressions for y.
3 3 5

The point of
2x  2  12x  18 Multiply each side by 3. y1 = 23 x + 2
intersection 3
10x  20 Subtract 12x and 2 from each side. is (2, 2).
−6 6
x2 Divide each side by 10. y2 = 4x − 6
When x  2, the y-value of each of the original equations is 2. −3

So, the point of intersection is 共2, 2兲. Figure C.35

Now try Exercise 87.
 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C25

Another way to approximate the points of intersection of two graphs is to graph

both equations with a graphing utility and use the zoom and trace features to find the
point or points at which the two graphs intersect. Technology Tip
The table shows some
Example 7 Approximating Points of Intersection Graphically points on the graphs of
the equations in
Use a graphing utility to approximate any points of intersection of the graphs of the Example 6. You can find any
following equations. points of intersection of the
y  x 2  3x  4 Equation 1 (quadratic function) graphs by finding all values of x
for which y1 and y2 are equal.
y  x 3  3x 2  2x  1 Equation 2 (cubic function)

Solution
Begin by using the graphing utility to graph both functions, as shown in Figure C.36.
From this display, you can see that the two graphs have only one point of intersection.
Then, using the zoom and trace features, approximate the point of intersection to be
共2.17, 7.25兲 Point of intersection
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as shown in Figure C.37.

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y1 = x 2 − 3x − 4 y1 = x 2 − 3x − 4
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8 7.68
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y2 = x 3 + 3x 2 − 2x − 1
−7 8
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− 2.64 −1.70
−7 6.74
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y2 = x3 + 3x 2 − 2x − 1
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Figure C.36 Figure C.37

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To test the reasonableness of this approximation, you can evaluate both functions at
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x  2.17.
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Quadratic Function
y  共2.17兲 2  3共2.17兲  4
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⬇ 7.22
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Cubic Function
y  共2.17兲3  3共2.17兲2  2共2.17兲  1
⬇ 7.25
Because both functions yield approximately the same y-value, you can conclude that
the approximate coordinates of the point of intersection are
x ⬇ 2.17 and y ⬇ 7.25.

Now try Exercise 97.

Technology Tip
Use the intersect feature of a graphing utility to approximate the point
of intersection in Example 7 to see that it yields a similar result.
C26 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Solving Polynomial Equations Algebraically

Polynomial equations can be classified by their degree. The degree of a polynomial
equation is the highest degree of its terms.
Degree Name Example
First Linear equation 6x  2  4
Second Quadratic equation 2x2  5x  3  0
Third Cubic equation x3  x  0
Fourth Quartic equation x 4  3x2  2  0
Fifth Quintic equation x5  12x2  7x  4  0
You should be familiar with the following four methods for solving quadratic
equations algebraically.

Solving a Quadratic Equation

Factoring: If ab  0, then a  0 or b  0. Zero-Factor Property
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Example: x2 x60
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共x  3兲共x  2兲  0
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x30 x3
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x20 x  2
Extracting Square Roots: If u2  c, then u  ± 冪c.
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Example: 共x  3兲2  16
x  3  ±4
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x  3 ± 4
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x  1 or x  7
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Completing the Square: If x 2  bx  c, then

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冢2冣 冢2冣
2 2
b b
x 2  bx  c
or

冢x  2 冣
2
b b2
c .
4
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Example: x 2  6x  5
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x 2  6x  32  5  32
共x  3兲2  14
x  3  ± 冪14
x  3 ± 冪14
b ± 冪b2  4ac
Quadratic Formula: If ax 2  bx  c  0, then x  .
2a
Example: 2x 2  3x  1  0
3 ± 冪32  4共2兲共1兲
x
2共2兲
3 ± 冪17
x
4

The methods used to solve quadratic equations can sometimes be extended to

polynomial equations of higher degree, as shown in the next two examples.
 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C27

Example 8 Solving a Polynomial Equation by Factoring

Solve 2x3  6x2  6x  18  0. Study Tip
Solution Many cubic polynomial
This equation has a common factor of 2. You can simplify the equation by first dividing equations can be solved
each side of the equation by 2. using factoring by
grouping, as illustrated in
2x3  6x2  6x  18  0 Write original equation. Example 8.
x3  3x2  3x  9  0 Divide each side by 2.

x2共x  3兲  3共x  3兲  0 Group terms.

y = 2x 3 − 6x 2 − 6x + 18
共x  3兲共 x2  3兲  0 Factor by grouping. 20

x30 x3 Set 1st factor equal to 0. (− 3, 0) ( 3, 0)

x2  3  0 x  ± 冪3 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.

The equation has three solutions: x  3, x  冪3, and x   冪3. Check these −5 5
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(3, 0)
solutions in the original equation. Figure C.38 verifies the solutions graphically.
−4
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Now try Exercise 155. Figure C.38

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Occasionally, mathematical models involve equations that are of quadratic type.

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In general, an equation is of quadratic type when it can be written in the form

au2  bu  c  0
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where a  0 and u is an algebraic expression.

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Example 9 Solving an Equation of Quadratic Type

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Solve x 4  3x 2  2  0.
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Solution
This equation is of quadratic type with u  x2.
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共x2兲2  3共x2兲  2  0
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To solve this equation, you can use the Quadratic Formula.

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x 4  3x 2  2  0 Write original equation.

u2 3u
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共x 2兲 2  3共x 2兲  2  0 Write in quadratic form.

 共3兲 ± 冪共3兲  4共1兲共2兲

2
x2  Quadratic Formula
2共1兲
(− 1, 0) 3
y = x 4 − 3x 2 + 2
3±1
x2  Simplify. (1, 0)
2
x2  2 x  ± 冪2 Solutions
−3 3
x2  1 x  ±1 Solutions
(− 2, 0) ( 2, 0)
The equation has four solutions: x  1, x  1, x  冪2, and x   冪2. Check these −1

solutions in the original equation. Figure C.39 verifies the solutions graphically. Figure C.39
Now try Exercise 157.
C28 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Equations Involving Radicals

An equation involving a radical expression can often be cleared of radicals by raising each
side of the equation to an appropriate power. When using this procedure, remember to
check for extraneous solutions.

Example 10 Solving Equations Involving Radicals

a. 冪2x  7  x  2 Original equation

冪2x  7  x  2 Isolate radical.

2x  7  x  4x  4
2
Square each side.
y= 2x + 7 − x − 2
x2  2x  3  0 Write in general form. 4

共x  3兲(x  1兲  0 Factor.
(1, 0)
x30 x  3 Set 1st factor equal to 0. −6 6
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x10 x1 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.

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By checking these values, you can determine that the only solution is x  1. −4

Figure C.40 verifies the solution graphically. Figure C.40

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b. 冪2x  6  冪x  4  1 Original equation

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冪2x  6  1  冪x  4 Isolate 冪2x  6.

2x  6  1  2冪x  4  共x  4兲 Square each side.

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x  1  2冪x  4 Isolate 2冪x  4.

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x2  2x  1  4共x  4兲 Square each side.

y= 2x + 6 − x+4−1
x 2  2x  15  0
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Write in general form. 2

共x  5兲共x  3兲  0
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Factor.
−4 8
x50 x5 Set 1st factor equal to 0.
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(5, 0)
x30 x  3 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.
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By checking these values, you can determine that the only solution is x  5. −3
Figure C.41 verifies the solution graphically.
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Figure C.41
Now try Exercise 169.
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Example 11 Solving an Equation Involving a Rational Exponent

Solve 共x  1兲2兾3  4.

Solution
共x  1兲2兾3  4 Write original equation.
y= 3
(x + 1)2 − 4
冪
3共x  1兲  42
Rewrite in radical form. 9

共x  1兲2  64 Cube each side.

(− 9, 0)
x  1  ±8 Take square root of each side. −14
(7, 0)
13

x  7, x  9 Subtract 1 from each side.

The solutions are x  7 and x  9. Check these in the original equation. Figure C.42 −9

verifies the solutions graphically. Figure C.42

Now try Exercise 175.
 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C29

Equations Involving Fractions or Absolute Values

As demonstrated in Example 1, you can solve an equation involving fractions
algebraically by multiplying each side of the equation by the least common denominator
of all terms in the equation to clear the equation of fractions.

Example 12 Solving an Equation Involving Fractions

2 3
Solve   1.
x x2

Solution
For this equation, the least common denominator of the three terms is
x共x  2兲
so you can begin by multiplying each term of the equation by this expression.
2 3
N

 1 Write original equation.

x x2
ot

2 3
x共x  2兲  x共x  2兲  x共x  2兲共1兲 Multiply each term by the LCD.
x x2
fo

2共x  2兲  3x  x共x  2兲, x  0, 2 Simplify.

rD

2x  4  x2  5x Simplify.

x 2  3x  4  0
up

Write in general form.

共x  4兲共x  1兲  0 Factor.
lic

x40 x4 Set 1st factor equal to 0.

at

x10 x  1 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.

io

Check these solutions in the original equation as follows.

n

Check x ⴝ 4 Check x ⴝ ⴚ1
or

2 3 2 3
 1  1
x x2 x x2
Sa

2 ? 3 2 ? 3
 1  1
4 42 1 1  2
le

?
1 ? 3 2  1  1
 1
2 2 2  2 ✓
1 1
 ✓
2 2
So, the solutions are x  4 and x  1.
Now try Exercise 179.
C30 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Example 13 Solving an Equation Involving an Absolute Value

ⱍ ⱍ
Solve x 2  3x  4x  6.

Solution
To solve an equation involving an absolute value algebraically, you must consider the
fact that the expression inside the absolute value symbols can be positive or negative.
This results in two separate equations, each of which must be solved.
First Equation
x 2  3x  4x  6 Use positive expression.

x2  x  6  0 Write in general form.

共x  3兲共x  2兲  0 Factor.

x30 x  3 Set 1st factor equal to 0.

x20 x2 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.

N

Second Equation
 共x 2  3x兲  4x  6
ot

Use negative expression.

x2  7x  6  0 Write in general form.

fo

共x  1兲共x  6兲  0 Factor.
rD

x10 x1 Set 1st factor equal to 0.

x60 x6 Set 2nd factor equal to 0.

up

Check
lic

?
ⱍ共3兲2  3共3兲ⱍ  4共3兲  6 Substitute 3 for x.

18  18 ✓
at

3 checks.
?
ⱍ ⱍ
22  3共2兲  4共2兲  6
io

Substitute 2 for x.

2  2
n

2 does not check.

?
ⱍ ⱍ
12  3共1兲  4共1兲  6 Substitute 1 for x.
or

22 1 checks. ✓
?
ⱍ ⱍ
Sa

62  3共6兲  4共6兲  6 Substitute 6 for x.

18  18 6 does not check.

le

The solutions are

x  3 and x  1.
Figure C.43 shows the solutions graphically.

y =⏐x 2 − 3x⏐+ 4x − 6
3

−8 7
(−3, 0) (1, 0)

−7

Figure C.43

Now try Exercise 185.

 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C31

C.3 Exercises For instructions on how to use a graphing utility, see Appendix A.

Vocabulary and Concept Check

In Exercises 1–4, fill in the blank.
1. An _______ is a statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.
2. To find all values for which an equation is true is to _______ the equation.
3. When solving an equation, it is possible to introduce an _______ solution, which
is a value that does not satisfy the original equation.
4. An ordered pair that is a solution of two different equations represents a _______
of the graphs of the two equations.

Procedures and Problem Solving

Checking Solutions In Exercises 5–10, determine Solving an Equation In Exercises 17– 40, solve the
whether each value of x is a solution of the equation. equation (if possible). Use a graphing utility to verify
N

your solution.
Equation Values
ot

5 4 17. 3x  5  2x  7
5.  3 1
(a) x   2 (b) x  4
2x x 18. 5x  3  6  2x
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(c) x  0
1
(d) x  4 19. 4y  2  5y  7  6y
rD

x 6x 19 20. 5y  1  8y  5  6y
6.   (a) x  2 (b) x  1
2 7 14 21. 3共 y  5兲  3  5y
up

1
(c) x  2 (d) x  7 22. 5共z  4兲  4z  5  6z
1 x x
7. 3  4 (a) x  1 (b) x  2 23.  3
lic

x2 5 2
(c) x  0 (d) x  5 5x 1 1
at

24.  x
共x  5兲共x  3兲 4 2 2
8.  24 (a) x  3 (b) x  2
io

2 3 1
25. 共z  5兲  共z  24兲  0
(c) x  7 (d) x  9
n

2 4
冪x  4 3x 1
 共x  2兲  10
or

9. 34 (a) x  3 (b) x  0 26.

6 2 4
(c) x  21 (d) x  32 2共z  4兲
 5  10z
Sa

27.
冪
3
x8 2 5
10.  (a) x  16 (b) x  0
3 3 5 10
 2共y  1兲 
le

28.
(c) x  9 (d) x  16 3 3
100  4u 5u  6
29.  6
Classifying an Equation In Exercises 11–16, determine 3 4
whether the equation is an identity or a conditional 17  y 32  y
equation. 30.   100
y y
11. 2共x  1兲  2x  2 5x  4 2
31. 
12. 7共x  3兲  4x  3共7  x兲 5x  4 3
13. x 2  8x  5  共x  4兲2  11 10x  3 1
32. 
14. x 2  2共3x  2兲  x 2  6x  4 5x  6 2
1 4x 1 1 10
15. 3   33.  
x1 x1 x  3 x  3 x2  9
5 3 1 3 4
16.   24 34.  
x x x  2 x  3 x2  x  6
C32 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

7 8x 66. 1200  300  2共x  500兲

35.   4
2x  1 2x  1 3x 1 2x 1
67.  共x  2兲  10 68.  共x  5兲  6
x 4 2 4 3 2
36.  20
x4 x4 69. x3  x  4  0
1 2 2 70. x3  9x2  26x  27  0
37.  0 38. 3  2 
x x5 z2 2x 24 x3 x5
71.  10  72. 
3 4 1 6 2 3共x  5兲 3 x 25 12
39.   40.  
x2  3x x x3 x x3 x共x  3兲 3 4 6 8
73.  5 74.  3
x2 x2 x x5
Finding x- and y-Intercepts In Exercises 41–52, find 75. 共x  2兲2  x2  6x  1
the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of the equation
algebraically. 76. 共x  1兲2  2共x  2兲  共x  1兲共x  2兲
3 77. 2x3  x 2  18x  9  0
41. y  x  5 42. y   4x  3
78. 4x3  12x2  8x  24  0
43. y  x 2  x  2 44. y  4  x 2
79. x4  2x 2  1 80. 5  3x1兾3  2x 2兾3
45. y  x冪x  2 46. y   12x冪x  3
N

2 5 3
4 3x  1 81. 3 82.  1 
x2 x2
ot

47. y  48. y  x
x 4x
83. ⱍx  3ⱍ  4 84. ⱍx  1ⱍ  6
ⱍ ⱍ
49. y  x  2  4
1
ⱍ
50. y  3  2 x  1 ⱍ
fo

85. 冪x  2  3 86. 冪x  4  8
51. xy  2y  x  1  0 52. xy  x  4y  0
rD

Finding Points of Intersection In Exercises 87–92,

Comparing x-Intercepts and Solutions of an Equation determine any point(s) of intersection of the equations
In Exercises 53–56, use a graphing utility to graph the
up

algebraically. Then use a graphing utility to verify your

equation and approximate any x-intercepts. Set y ⴝ 0 results.
and solve the resulting equation. Compare the results
lic

with the x-intercepts of the graph. 87. y  2  x 88. x  y  4

53. y  2共x  1兲  4 54. y  4共x  3兲  2 y  2x  1 x  2y  5
at

55. y  20  共3x  10兲 56. y  10  2共x  2兲 y=2−x y = 2x − 1 x + 2y = 5 x − y = −4

io

4 7
n

Checking Solutions In Exercises 57–62, the solution(s)

−6 6
of the equation are given. Verify the solution(s) both
or

algebraically and graphically. −6 6

−4 −1
Equation Solution(s)
Sa

57. y  5共4  x兲 x4 89. x  y  4 90. 3x  y  2

58. y  3共x  5兲  9 x2 x2  y  2 x3  y  0
le

59. y  x3  6x2  5x x  0, 5, 1 x2 − y = − 2 x − y = −4 x3 + y = 0 10
3x + y = 2
7
60. y  x3  9x 2  18x x  0, 3, 6
x2 x1
61. y   1 x1 −7
3 5 7
−6 6
10
62. y  x  3  x  2, 5 −1 −4
x
91. y  x2  x  1 92. y  x2  3x  1
Finding Solutions of an Equation Graphically In y  x2  2x  4 y  x2  2x  4
Exercises 63–86, write the equation in the form y ⴝ 0 (if y = x 2 + 2x + 4 7 4
y = −x 2 + 3x + 1
necessary) and use a graphing utility to approximate the
solutions of the equation. Use a calculator to verify your −8 16
answer.
63. 2.7x  0.4x  1.2 64. 3.5x  8  0.5x −6 6

65. 25共x  3兲  12共x  2兲  10 −1 y = x2 − x + 1 −12 y = −x 2 − 2x − 4

 Appendix C.3 Solving Equations Algebraically and Graphically C33

Approximating Points of Intersection Graphically In 137. 3x2  16x  17  0 138. 9x 2  6x  37  0

Exercises 93–98, use a graphing utility to approximate
any points of intersection (accurate to three decimal Choose the Best Method In Exercises 139–148, solve the
places) of the graphs of the equations. Verify your equation using any convenient method. Use a graphing
results algebraically. Test your approximations for utility to verify your solutions graphically.
reasonableness.
139. x 2  2x  1  0 140. 11x 2  33x  0
1
93. y  9  2x 94. y  3x 2 141. 共x  3兲2  81 142. 共x  1兲2  1
5
yx3 y 2x  11 x2  2x  13
143. x2  14x  49  0 144. 4  0
95. y  4  x 2 96. y  x 3  3 x2  x  11 x 2  3x  34  0
145. 4  0 146.
y  2x  1 y  5  2x 147. 共x  1兲2  x2 148. a 2x 2  b 2  0, a  0
97. y  2x 2 98. y  x
y  x 4  2x 2 y  2x  x 2 Solving Equations Algebraically In Exercises 149–166,
find all solutions of the equation algebraically. Use a
Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring In Exercises graphing utility to verify the solutions graphically.
99–108, solve the quadratic equation by factoring. Check 149. 4x4  16x2  0 150. 8x4  18x2  0
N

your solutions in the original equation.

151. 5x3  30x 2  45x  0
6x 2  3x  0 9x 2  1  0
ot

99. 100. 152. 9x 4  24x3  16x 2  0

101. x 2  2x  8  0 102. x 2  10x  9  0 153. 4x 4  18x 2  0 154. 20x3  125x  0
fo

103. 3  5x  2x 2  0 104. 2x 2  19x  33 155. x3  3x 2  x  3  0

x 2  4x  12 x2  8x  12
rD

105. 106. 156. x 4  2x 3  8x  16  0

107. 共x  a兲2  b 2  0 108. x2  2ax  a2  0 157. x 4  4x2  3  0 158. x 4  5x2  36  0
up

Solving an Equation by Extracting Square Roots In 159. 4x 4  65x 2  16  0 160. 36t 4  29t 2  7  0
Exercises 109–118, solve the equation by extracting 1 8 1 1
161. 2   15  0 162. 6   2  0
lic

square roots. List both the exact solutions and the t t x x

decimal solutions rounded to two decimal places.
冢 冣 冢 冣
s 2 s
at

163. 6 5 60
109. x 2  49 110. x 2  144 s1 s1
io

111. 共x  12兲2  16 112. 共x  5兲2  25 164. 8 冢 t 2

t1 冣 2 冢
t
t1 冣
30
n

113. 共3x  1)2  6  0 114. 共2x  3兲2  25  0

115. 共2x  1兲2  12 116. 共4x  7兲2  44 165. 2x  9冪x  5  0 166. 6x  7冪x  3  0
or

117. 共x  7兲2  共x  3兲2 118. 共x  5兲2  共x  4兲2

Solving Equations Algebraically In Exercises 167–186,
Sa

find all solutions of the equation algebraically. Check

Completing the Square In Exercises 119–128, solve the
your solutions both algebraically and graphically.
quadratic equation by completing the square. Verify
le

your answer graphically. 167. 冪x  10  4  0 168. 冪2x  5  3  0

119. x2  4x  32  0 120. x2  2x  3  0 169. 冪x  1  3x  1 170. 冪x  5  2x  3
121. x 2  6x  2  0 122. x 2  8x  14  0 171. 冪2x  1  8  0
3
172. 冪 3 4x  3  2  0

123. 9x 2  18x  3  0 124. 4x2  4x  99  0 173. 冪x  冪x  5  1 174. 冪x  冪x  20  10

125. 6  2x  x2  0 126. x2  x  1  0 175. 共x  5兲  16
2兾3 176. 共x2  x  22兲4兾3  16
127. 2x2  5x  8  0 128. 9x 2  12x  14  0 177. 3x共x  1兲1兾2  2共x  1兲3兾2  0
178. 4x2共x  1兲1兾3  6x共x  1兲4兾3  0
Using the Quadratic Formula In Exercises 129–138, use 1 1 x 1
the Quadratic Formula to solve the equation. Use a 179.  3 180. 2  3
x x1 x 4 x2
graphing utility to verify your solutions graphically.
3 1 3
129. 2  2x  x 2  0 130. x 2  10x  22  0 181. x   182. 4x  1 
x 2 x
131. x 2  8x  4  0 132. 4x 2  4x  4  0
ⱍ ⱍ
183. 2x  1  5 ⱍ
184. 3x  2  7ⱍ
133. x2  3x  8 134. x2  16  5x
ⱍⱍ
185. x  x 2  x  3 ⱍ ⱍ
186. x  10  x 2  10x
135. 28x  49x 2  4 136. 9x2  24x  16  0
C34 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Comparing x-Intercepts and Solutions of an Equation 197. Biology The metabolic rate of an ectothermic
In Exercises 187–194, (a) use a graphing utility to graph organism increases with increasing temperature within
the equation, (b) use the graph to approximate any a certain range. Experimental data for oxygen
x-intercepts of the graph, (c) set y ⴝ 0 and solve the consumption C (in microliters per gram per hour) of a
resulting equation, and (d) compare the result of part (c) beetle at certain temperatures yielded the model
with the x-intercepts of the graph.
C  0.45x 2  1.65x  50.75, 10  x  25
187. y   x3  3x
2x2 188. y   x4 9
10x2
where x is the air temperature in degrees Celsius.
189. y  冪11x  30  x 190. y  2x  冪15  4x
(a) Use a graphing utility to graph the consumption
1 4 9 model over the specified domain.
191. y   1 192. y  x  5
x x1 x1
(b) Use the graph to approximate the air temperature
ⱍ
193. y  x  1  2 ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
194. y  x  2  3 resulting in oxygen consumption of 150 microliters
per gram per hour.
195. (p. C19) The populations
(in thousands) of Maryland M and Arizona A from 1990 (c) The temperature is increased from 10C to
through 2008 can be modeled by 20C. The oxygen consumption is increased by
approximately what factor?
M  51.1t  4785, 0  t  18
N

198. Thermodynamics The temperature T (in degrees

Fahrenheit) of saturated steam increases as pressure
ot

A  162.0t  3522, 0  t  18
increases. This relationship is approximated by
where t represents the year, with t  0 corresponding
fo

to 1990. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) T  75.82  2.11x  43.51冪x, 5  x  40

rD

(a) Use a graphing utility to graph each model in the where x is the absolute pressure in pounds per square
same viewing window over the appropriate inch.
domain. Approximate the point of intersection. (a) Use a graphing utility to graph the model over the
up

Round your result to one decimal place. Explain specified domain.

the meaning of the coordinates of the point. (b) The temperature of steam at sea level 共x  14.696兲
lic

(b) Find the point of intersection algebraically. Round is 212F. Evaluate the model at this pressure and
your result to one decimal place. What does the verify the result graphically.
at

point of intersection represent? (c) Use the model to approximate the pressure for a
io

(c) Explain the meaning of the slopes of both models steam temperature of 240F.
and what they tell you about the population growth
n

rates. Conclusions
or

(d) Use the models to estimate the population of each

state in 2014. Do the values seem reasonable? True or False? In Exercises 199 and 200, determine
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
Sa

Explain.
196. Education The average salaries S (in thousands of 199. Two linear equations can have either one point of
dollars) of secondary classroom teachers in the United intersection or no points of intersection.
le

States from 2000 through 2007 can be approximated 200. An equation can never have more than one extraneous
by the model solution.
S  0.010t 2  1.01t  42.9, 0  t  7
201. Think About It Find c such that x  3 is a solution
where t represents the year, with t  0 corresponding to the linear equation 2x  5c  10  3c  3x.
to 2000. (Source: National Education Association) 202. Think About It Find c such that x  2 is a solution
(a) Determine algebraically when the average salary to the linear equation 5x  2c  12  4x  2c.
of a secondary classroom teacher was $47,000. 203. Exploration Given that a and b are nonzero real
(b) Verify your answer to part (a) by creating a table numbers, determine the solutions of the equations.
of values for the model. (a) ax 2  bx  0
(c) Use a graphing utility to graph the model. (b) ax 2  ax  0
(d) Use the model to predict when the average salary
will reach $58,000.
(e) Do you believe the model could be used to predict
the average salaries for years beyond 2007?
Explain your reasoning.
 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C35

C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically

Properties of Inequalities What you should learn
● Use properties of inequalities to
The inequality symbols
solve linear inequalities.
<, ≤, >, and ≥ Inequality symbols ● Solve inequalities involving
absolute values.
are used to compare two numbers and to denote subsets of real numbers. For instance, the
● Solve polynomial inequalities.
simple inequality x ≥ 3 denotes all real numbers x that are greater than or equal to 3.
● Solve rational inequalities.
In this appendix, you will study inequalities that contain more involved statements
● Use inequalities to model and
such as
solve real-life problems.
5x ⫺ 7 > 3x ⫹ 9
Why you should learn it
and An inequality can be used to
⫺3 ≤ 6x ⫺ 1 < 3. determine when a real-life quantity
exceeds a given level. For instance,
As with an equation, you solve an inequality in the variable x by finding all values of
N

Exercises 99–102 on page C47 show

x for which the inequality is true. These values are solutions of the inequality and are how to use linear inequalities to
ot

said to satisfy the inequality. For instance, the number 9 is a solution of the first determine when the number of Bed
inequality listed above because Bath & Beyond stores exceeds the
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5共9兲 ⫺ 7 > 3共9兲 ⫹ 9 number of Williams-Sonoma stores.

rD

45 ⫺ 7 > 27 ⫹ 9
38 > 36.
up

On the other hand, the number 7 is not a solution because

5共7兲 ⫺ 7 >Ⲑ 3共7兲 ⫹ 9
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35 ⫺ 7 >Ⲑ 21 ⫹ 9
at

28 >Ⲑ 30.
io

The set of all real numbers that are solutions of an inequality is the solution set of the
n

inequality.
The set of all points on the real number line that represent the solution set is the
or

graph of the inequality. Graphs of many types of inequalities consist of intervals on

the real number line.
Sa

The procedures for solving linear inequalities in one variable are much like those for
solving linear equations. To isolate the variable, you can make use of the properties of
le

inequalities. These properties are similar to the properties of equality, but there are
two important exceptions. When each side of an inequality is multiplied or divided by
a negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must be reversed in order to
maintain a true statement. Here is an example.
⫺2 < 5 Original inequality

共⫺3兲共⫺2兲 > 共⫺3兲共5兲 Multiply each side by ⫺3 and reverse the inequality.

6 > ⫺15 Simplify.

Two inequalities that have the same solution set are equivalent inequalities.
For instance, the inequalities
x⫹2 < 5 and x < 3
are equivalent. To obtain the second inequality from the first, you can subtract 2 from
each side of the inequality. The properties listed at the top of the next page describe
operations that can be used to create equivalent inequalities.
C36 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Properties of Inequalities
Let a, b, c, and d be real numbers.
1. Transitive Property
a < b and b < c a < c
2. Addition of Inequalities
a < b and c < d a⫹c < b⫹d
3. Addition of a Constant
a < b a⫹c < b⫹c
4. Multiplying by a Constant
For c > 0, a < b ac < bc
For c < 0, a < b ac > bc
N
ot

Each of the properties above is true when the symbol < is replaced by ≤ and > is
replaced by ≥. For instance, another form of Property 3 is as follows.
fo

a ≤ b a⫹c ≤ b⫹c
rD

The simplest type of inequality to solve is a linear inequality in one variable, such
as 2x ⫹ 3 > 4. (For help with solving one-step linear inequalities, see Appendix E at
up

this textbook’s Companion Website.)

Explore the Concept
lic

Example 1 Solving a Linear Inequality

Use a graphing utility
Solve 5x ⫺ 7 > 3x ⫹ 9.
at

to graph f 共x兲 ⫽ 5x ⫺ 7
Solution and g共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫹ 9 in
io

the same viewing window.

5x ⫺ 7 > 3x ⫹ 9 (Use ⫺1 ≤ x ≤ 15 and
n

Original inequality

2x ⫺ 7 > 9 Subtract 3x from each side.

⫺5 ≤ y ≤ 50.) For which
or

values of x does the graph

2x > 16 Add 7 to each side. of f lie above the graph of g?
Sa

x > 8 Divide each side by 2.

Explain how the answer to this
question can be used to solve
So, the solution set is all real numbers the inequality in Example 1.
le

that are greater than 8. The interval

notation for this solution set is x
6 7 8 9 10
共8, ⬁兲.
Figure C.44 Solution Interval: 冇8, ⴥ冈
The graph of this solution set is shown
in Figure C.44. Note that a parenthesis
at 8 on the number line indicates that 8
is not part of the solution set.
Now try Exercise 19.

Note that the four inequalities forming the solution steps of Example 1 are all
equivalent in the sense that each has the same solution set.
Checking the solution set of an inequality is not as simple as checking the
solution(s) of an equation because there are simply too many x-values to substitute
into the original inequality. However, you can get an indication of the validity of the
solution set by substituting a few convenient values of x. For instance, in Example 1,
try substituting x ⫽ 6 and x ⫽ 10 into the original inequality.
 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C37

Example 2 Solving an Inequality

3
Solve 1 ⫺ 2x ≥ x ⫺ 4.

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

3
1⫺ 3
≥ x⫺4 Use a graphing utility to graph y1 ⫽ 1 ⫺ 2x and y2 ⫽ x ⫺ 4
2x Write original inequality.
in the same viewing window, as shown in Figure C.46.
2 ⫺ 3x ≥ 2x ⫺ 8 Multiply each side by the LCD.

2 ⫺ 5x ≥ ⫺8 Subtract 2x from each side. y2 = x − 4

2
⫺5x ≥ ⫺10 Subtract 2 from each side.
Divide each side by ⫺5 −5 7
x ≤ 2 The graphs
and reverse the inequality.
intersect at y1 = 1 − 32 x
The solution set is all real numbers that are less than or equal (2, − 2).
to 2. The interval notation for this solution set is 共⫺ ⬁, 2兴.
−6
The graph of this solution set is shown in Figure C.45. Note
that a bracket at 2 on the number line indicates that 2 is part Figure C.46
N

of the solution set.

The graph of y1 lies above the graph of y2 to the left of their
ot

x point of intersection, 共2, ⫺2兲, which implies that y1 ⱖ y2 for

0 1 2 3 4 all x ⱕ 2.
fo

Figure C.45 Solution Interval: 冇ⴚⴥ, 2]

rD

Now try Exercise 23.

up

Sometimes it is possible to write two inequalities as a double inequality, as

demonstrated in Example 3.
lic
at

Example 3 Solving a Double Inequality

Solve ⫺3 ≤ 6x ⫺ 1 and 6x ⫺ 1 < 3.
io
n

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

⫺3 ⱕ 6x ⫺ 1 < 3 Use a graphing utility to graph y1 ⫽ 6x ⫺ 1, y2 ⫽ ⫺3,
or

Write as a double inequality.

and y3 ⫽ 3 in the same viewing window, as shown in
⫺3 ⫹ 1 ⱕ 6x ⫺ 1 ⫹ 1 < 3 ⫹ 1 Add 1 to each part.
Figure C.48.
Sa

⫺2 ⱕ 6x < 4 Simplify.
y3 = 3
5
y1 = 6x − 1
⫺2 6x 4
ⱕ
le

< Divide each part by 6. The graphs

6 6 6 intersect at

⫺
1
ⱕ x<
2
Simplify.
−8 7
(− 13 , −3)
3 3
and ( 23 , 3).
The solution set is all real numbers that are greater than or equal to −5 y2 = − 3
⫺ 13 and less than 23. The interval notation for this solution set is
关⫺ 13, 23 兲. The graph of this solution set is shown in Figure C.47. Figure C.48

− 13 2 The graph of y1 lies above the graph of y2 to the right

of 共⫺ 3, ⫺3兲 and the graph of y1 lies below the graph
3 1
x
of y3 to the left of 共3, 3兲. This implies that
2
−1 0 1
Solution Interval: ⴚ 3, 3兲 y2 ⱕ y1 < y3 when ⫺ 3 ⱕ x < 23.
1
Figure C.47 [ 1 2

Now try Exercise 25.

C38 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Inequalities Involving Absolute Values

Solving an Absolute Value Inequality

Let x be a variable or an algebraic expression and let a be a real number such that
a ≥ 0.

ⱍⱍ
1. The solutions of x < a are all values of x that lie between ⫺a and a.

ⱍxⱍ < a if and only if ⫺a < x < a. Double inequality

ⱍⱍ
2. The solutions of x > a are all values of x that are less than ⫺a or greater
than a.

ⱍxⱍ > a if and only if x < ⫺a or x > a. Compound inequality

These rules are also valid when < is replaced by ≤ and > is replaced by ≥.
N

Example 4 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities

ot

Solve each inequality.

ⱍ ⱍ
a. x ⫺ 5 < 2 ⱍ
b. x ⫺ 5 > 2 ⱍ
fo

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

rD

ⱍ ⱍ
a. x ⫺ 5 < 2 Write original inequality. Use a graphing utility to graph

⫺2 < x ⫺ 5 < 2 ⱍ
y1 ⫽ x ⫺ 5 ⱍ and y2 ⫽ 2
up

Write double inequality.

3 < x < 7 Add 5 to each part. in the same viewing window, as shown in Figure C.51.
lic

The solution set is all real numbers that are greater than 3 and less y2 = 2 y1 = ⏐x − 5⏐
than 7. The interval notation for this solution set is 共3, 7兲. The 5
at

graph of this solution set is shown in Figure C.49. The graphs

intersect
io

2 units 2 units at (3, 2)

−2
n

10 and (7, 2).

x
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
or

Figure C.49 −3

ⱍ ⱍ
Figure C.51
b. The absolute value inequality x ⫺ 5 > 2 is equivalent to the
Sa

following compound inequality: x ⫺ 5 < ⫺2 or x ⫺ 5 > 2.

Solve first inequality: x ⫺ 5 < ⫺2 a. In Figure C.51, you can see that the graph of y1 lies
le

Write first inequality.

below the graph of y2 when
x < 3 Add 5 to each side.
3 < x < 7.
Solve second inequality: x ⫺ 5 > 2 Write second inequality.
This implies that the solution set is all real numbers
x > 7 Add 5 to each side. greater than 3 and less than 7.
The solution set is all real numbers that are less than 3 or greater b. In Figure C.51, you can see that the graph of y1 lies
than 7. The interval notation for this solution set is above the graph of y2 when
共⫺ ⬁, 3兲 傼 共7, ⬁兲. The symbol 傼 is called a union symbol and is x < 3
used to denote the combining of two sets. The graph of this
solution set is shown in Figure C.50. or when
2 units 2 units x > 7.
x This implies that the solution set is all real numbers
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 that are less than 3 or greater than 7.
Figure C.50

Now try Exercise 41.

 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C39

Polynomial Inequalities
To solve a polynomial inequality such as x 2 ⫺ 2x ⫺ 3 < 0, use the fact that a Technology Tip
polynomial can change signs only at its zeros (the x-values that make the polynomial
equal to zero). Between two consecutive zeros, a polynomial must be entirely positive Some graphing utilities
or entirely negative. This means that when the real zeros of a polynomial are put in will produce graphs
order, they divide the real number line into intervals in which the polynomial has no of inequalities. For
sign changes. These zeros are the key numbers of the inequality, and the resulting open instance, you can graph
intervals are the test intervals for the inequality. For instance, the polynomial above 2x 2 ⫹ 5x > 12 by setting the
factors as graphing utility to dot mode and
entering y ⫽ 2 x 2 ⫹ 5x > 12.
x 2 ⫺ 2x ⫺ 3 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 1兲共x ⫺ 3兲 Using ⫺10 ⱕ x ⱕ 10 and
and has two zeros, x ⫽ ⫺1 and x ⫽ 3, which divide the real number line into three test ⫺4 ⱕ y ⱕ 4, your graph should
intervals: 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺1兲, 共⫺1, 3兲, and 共3, ⬁兲. To solve the inequality x 2 ⫺ 2x ⫺ 3 < 0, look like the graph shown below.
you need to test only one value in each test interval. The solution appears to be
共⫺ ⬁, ⫺4兲 傼 共32, ⬁兲. See
Example 6 for an algebraic
Finding Test Intervals for a Polynomial
solution, and for an alternative
N

To determine the intervals on which the values of a polynomial are entirely graphical solution.
ot

negative or entirely positive, use the following steps. 4

1. Find all real zeros of the polynomial, and arrange the zeros in increasing
fo

order. These zeros are the key numbers of the polynomial.

−10 10
rD

2. Use the key numbers to determine the test intervals.

3. Choose one representative x-value in each test interval and evaluate the
−4
up

polynomial at that value. If the value of the polynomial is negative, then

the polynomial will have negative values for every x-value in the interval.
lic

If the value of the polynomial is positive, then the polynomial will have
positive values for every x-value in the interval.
at
io

Example 5 Investigating Polynomial Behavior

n

To determine the intervals on which x2 ⫺ 3 is entirely negative and those on which

or

it is entirely positive, factor the quadratic as

x2 ⫺ 3 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 冪3兲共x ⫺ 冪3兲.
Sa

The key numbers occur at x ⫽ ⫺ 冪3 and x ⫽ 冪3. So, the test intervals for the quadratic are
共⫺ ⬁, ⫺ 冪3兲, 共⫺ 冪3, 冪3兲, 共冪3, ⬁兲.
le

and
In each test interval, choose a representative x-value and evaluate the polynomial, as
shown in the table.

Interval x-Value Value of Polynomial Sign of Polynomial

共⫺ ⬁, ⫺ 冪3 兲 x ⫽ ⫺3 共⫺3兲2 ⫺ 3 ⫽ 6 Positive
2
共⫺ 冪3, 冪3 兲 x⫽0 共0兲 2 ⫺ 3 ⫽ ⫺3 Negative
共冪3, ⬁兲 x⫽5 共5兲 2 ⫺ 3 ⫽ 22 Positive −4 5

The polynomial has negative values for every x in the interval 共⫺ 冪3, 冪3兲 and y = x2 − 3
positive values for every x in the intervals 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺ 冪3兲 and 共冪3, ⬁兲. This result is −4
shown graphically in Figure C.52. Figure C.52
Now try Exercise 53.
C40 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

To determine the test intervals for a polynomial inequality, the inequality must first
be written in general form with the polynomial on one side and zero on the other.

Example 6 Solving a Polynomial Inequality

Solve 2x 2 ⫹ 5x > 12.

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

First write the polynomial inequality 2x2 ⫹ 5x > 12 as
2x 2 ⫹ 5x ⫺ 12 > 0 Write inequality in general form.
2x2 ⫹ 5x ⫺ 12 > 0. Then use a graphing utility to graph
共x ⫹ 4兲共2x ⫺ 3兲 > 0 Factor. y ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 5x ⫺ 12. In Figure C.53, you can see that
3 the graph is above the x-axis when x is less than ⫺4
Key Numbers: x ⫽ ⫺4, x ⫽ 2
or when x is greater than 32. So, you can graphically
Test Intervals: 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺4兲, 共⫺4, 2 兲, 共2, ⬁兲 approximate the solution set to be 共⫺⬁, ⫺4兲 傼 共32, ⬁兲.
3 3

Test: Is 共x ⫹ 4兲共2x ⫺ 3兲 > 0?

4
After testing these intervals, you can see that the polynomial (− 4, 0)
−7 5
N

2x 2 ⫹ 5x ⫺ 12 is positive on the open intervals 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺4兲 and ( 32 , 0(

共 23, ⬁兲. Therefore, the solution set of the inequality is
ot

共⫺ ⬁, ⫺4兲 傼 共 23, ⬁兲. y = 2x 2 + 5x − 12

fo

−16
rD

Now try Exercise 65. Figure C.53

up

Example 7 Solving a Polynomial Inequality

2x 3 ⫺ 3x 2 ⫺ 32x ⫹ 48 > 0 Original inequality
lic

x 2共2x ⫺ 3兲 ⫺ 16共2x ⫺ 3兲 > 0 Factor by grouping.

at

共x 2 ⫺ 16兲共2x ⫺ 3兲 > 0 Distributive Property

io

共x ⫺ 4兲共x ⫹ 4兲共2x ⫺ 3兲 > 0 Factor difference of two squares.

n

The key numbers are x ⫽ ⫺4, x ⫽ 3

2, and x ⫽ 4; and the test intervals are 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺4兲,
共⫺4, 兲, 共
3 3
4兲, and 共4, ⬁兲.
or

2 2,

Interval x-Value Polynomial Value Conclusion

Sa

共⫺ ⬁, ⫺4兲 x ⫽ ⫺5 2共⫺5兲 ⫺ 3共⫺5兲 ⫺ 32共⫺5兲 ⫹ 48 ⫽ ⫺117

3 2 Negative
共⫺4, 兲 3
2 x⫽0 2共0兲3 ⫺ 3共0兲2 ⫺ 32共0兲 ⫹ 48 ⫽ 48 Positive
le

共32, 4兲 x⫽2 2共2兲3 ⫺ 3共2兲2 ⫺ 32共2兲 ⫹ 48 ⫽ ⫺12 Negative

共4, ⬁兲 x⫽5 2共5兲 ⫺ 3共5兲 ⫺ 32共5兲 ⫹ 48 ⫽ 63
3 2 Positive
From this you can conclude that the polynomial is positive on the open intervals 共⫺4, 32 兲
and 共4, ⬁兲. So, the solution set is
共⫺4, 32 兲 傼 共4, ⬁兲.
Now try Exercise 69.

When solving a polynomial inequality, be sure you have accounted for the
particular type of inequality symbol given in the inequality. For instance, in Example 7,
note that the original inequality contained a “greater than” symbol and the solution
consisted of two open intervals. If the original inequality had been
2x3 ⫺ 3x2 ⫺ 32x ⫹ 48 ⱖ 0
the solution would have consisted of the closed interval 关⫺4, 32 兴 and the interval 关4, ⬁兲.
 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C41

Example 8 Unusual Solution Sets

a. The solution set of y = x 2 + 2x + 4 7
x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 4 > 0
consists of the entire set of real numbers,
共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲. In other words, the value of
the quadratic x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 4 is positive −6 6
for every real value of x, as indicated in
−1
Figure C.54. (Note that this quadratic
inequality has no key numbers. In such Figure C.54
a case, there is only one test interval—
the entire real number line.)
b. The solution set of y = x 2 + 2x + 1 5
x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1 ⱕ 0
consists of the single real number 再⫺1冎,
N

because the quadratic

−5
ot

4
x2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1 (− 1, 0)
−1
has one key number, x ⫽ ⫺1, and it is the
fo

only value that satisfies the inequality, Figure C.55

as indicated in Figure C.55.
rD

c. The solution set of y = x 2 + 3x + 5 7

x2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 5 < 0
up

is empty. In other words, the quadratic

lic

x2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 5
−7 5
at

is not less than zero for any value of x,

−1
as indicated in Figure C.56.
io

Figure C.56
n

d. The solution set of y = x 2 − 4x + 4

5
or

x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 4 > 0
consists of all real numbers except the
Sa

number 2. In interval notation, this solution

set can be written as 共⫺ ⬁, 2兲 傼 共2, ⬁兲. −3 6
(2, 0)
le

The graph of y ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 4 lies above

−1
the x-axis except at x ⫽ 2, where it touches
it, as indicated in Figure C.57. Figure C.57

Now try Exercise 73.

Technology Tip
One of the advantages of technology is that you can solve complicated
polynomial inequalities that might be difficult, or even impossible, to
factor. For instance, you could use a graphing utility to approximate
the solution of the inequality
x3 ⫺ 0.2x 2 ⫺ 3.16x ⫹ 1.4 < 0.
C42 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Rational Inequalities
The concepts of key numbers and test intervals can be extended to inequalities involving
rational expressions. To do this, use the fact that the value of a rational expression
can change sign only at its zeros (the x-values for which its numerator is zero) and its
undefined values (the x-values for which its denominator is zero). These two types of
numbers make up the key numbers of a rational inequality. When solving a rational
inequality, begin by writing the inequality in general form with the rational expression
on one side and zero on the other.

Example 9 Solving a Rational Inequality

2x ⫺ 7
Solve ⱕ 3.
x⫺5

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

2x ⫺ 7 Use a graphing utility to graph
⫺3 ⱕ 0
N

Write in general form.

x⫺5 2x ⫺ 7
y1 ⫽ and y2 ⫽ 3
ot

2x ⫺ 7 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 15 x⫺5
ⱕ0 Write as single fraction.
x⫺5 in the same viewing window, as shown in
fo

Figure C.58.
⫺x ⫹ 8
ⱕ0
rD

Simplify.
x⫺5
2x − 7
y1 =
Now, in standard form you can see that the key numbers are x ⫽ 5 and 6 x−5 y2 = 3
up

x ⫽ 8, and you can proceed as follows.

Key Numbers: x ⫽ 5, x ⫽ 8
lic

−3 12
Test Intervals: 共⫺ ⬁, 5兲, 共5, 8兲, 共8, ⬁兲
at

⫺x ⫹ 8
Test: Is ⱕ 0? −4
io

x⫺5 The graphs intersect

at (8, 3).
n

Interval x-Value Polynomial Value Conclusion

Figure C.58
⫺0 ⫹ 8 8
or

共⫺ ⬁, 5兲 x⫽0 ⫽⫺ Negative
0⫺5 5 The graph of y1 lies below the graph of y2 in
⫺6 ⫹ 8 the intervals 共⫺ ⬁, 5兲 and 关8, ⬁兲. So, you can
Sa

共5, 8兲 x⫽6 ⫽2 Positive graphically estimate the solution set to be all real
6⫺5
numbers less than 5 or greater than or equal to 8.
le

⫺9 ⫹ 8 1
共8, ⬁兲 x⫽9 ⫽⫺ Negative
9⫺5 4
By testing these intervals, you can determine that the rational expression
⫺x ⫹ 8
x⫺5
is negative in the open intervals 共⫺ ⬁, 5兲 and 共8, ⬁兲. Moreover, because
⫺x ⫹ 8
⫽0
x⫺5
when x ⫽ 8, you can conclude that the solution set of the inequality is
共⫺ ⬁, 5兲 傼 关8, ⬁兲.
Now try Exercise 83.

Note in Example 9 that x ⫽ 5 is not included in the solution set because the
inequality is undefined when x ⫽ 5.
 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C43

Applications
In Section 1.2 you studied the implied domain of a function, the set of all x-values for
which the function is defined. A common type of implied domain is used to avoid even
roots of negative numbers, as shown in Example 10.

Example 10 Finding the Domain of an Expression

Find the domain of 冪64 ⫺ 4x 2 .

Solution
Because 冪64 ⫺ 4x 2 is defined only when 64 ⫺ 4x 2 is nonnegative, the domain is
y= 64 − 4x 2
given by 64 ⫺ 4x 2 ⱖ 0. 10

64 ⫺ 4x 2 ⱖ 0 Write in general form.

16 ⫺ x 2 ⱖ 0 Divide each side by 4.

共4 ⫺ x兲共4 ⫹ x兲 ⱖ 0 Factor. −9
(− 4, 0) (4, 0)
9
N

−2
The inequality has two key numbers: x ⫽ ⫺4 and x ⫽ 4. A test shows that 64 ⫺ 4x 2 ⱖ 0
ot

in the closed interval 关⫺4, 4兴. The graph of y ⫽ 冪64 ⫺ 4x 2, shown in Figure C.59, Figure C.59
confirms that the domain is 关⫺4, 4兴.
fo

Now try Exercise 91.

rD

Example 11 Height of a Projectile

up

A projectile is fired straight upward from ground level with an initial velocity of 384
feet per second. During what time period will the height of the projectile exceed
lic

2000 feet?
at

Solution
The position of an object moving vertically can be modeled by the position equation
io

s ⫽ ⫺16t 2 ⫹ v0 t ⫹ s0
n

where s is the height in feet and t is the y1 = −16t 2 + 384t

or

y2 = 2000
time in seconds. In this case, s0 ⫽ 0 3000

and v0 ⫽ 384. So, you need to solve

Sa

the inequality ⫺16t 2 ⫹ 384t > 2000.

Using a graphing utility, graph
y1 ⫽ ⫺16t 2 ⫹ 384t and y2 ⫽ 2000,
le

as shown in Figure C.60. From the 0 24

0
graph, you can determine that
⫺16t 2 ⫹ 384t > 2000 for t between Figure C.60
approximately 7.6 and 16.4. You can
verify this result algebraically.
⫺16t 2 ⫹ 384t > 2000 Write original inequality.

t 2 ⫺ 24t < ⫺125 Divide by ⫺16 and reverse inequality.

t 2 ⫺ 24t ⫹ 125 < 0 Write in general form.

By the Quadratic Formula the key numbers are t ⫽ 12 ⫺ 冪19 and t ⫽ 12 ⫹ 冪19, or
approximately 7.64 and 16.36. A test will verify that the height of the projectile will
exceed 2000 feet when 7.64 < t < 16.36; that is, during the time interval 共7.64, 16.36兲
seconds.
Now try Exercise 95.
C44 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

C.4 Exercises For instructions on how to use a graphing utility, see Appendix A.

Vocabulary and Concept Check

In Exercises 1–4, fill in the blank(s).
1. It is sometimes possible to write two inequalities as one inequality, called a
_______ inequality.
ⱍⱍ
2. The solutions of x ⱕ a are those values of x such that _______ .
ⱍⱍ
3. The solutions of x ⱖ a are those values of x such that _______ or _______ .
4. The key numbers of a rational inequality are its _______ and its _______ .

5. Are the inequalities x ⫺ 4 < 5 and x > 9 equivalent?

6. Which property of inequalities is shown below?
a < b and b < c a < c
N

Procedures and Problem Solving

ot

Matching an Inequality with Its Graph In Exercises Solving an Inequality In Exercises 17– 30, solve the
7–12, match the inequality with its graph. [The graphs inequality and sketch the solution on the real number line.
fo

are labeled (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f).] Use a graphing utility to verify your solution graphically.
⫺10x < 40
rD

(a) x 17. 18. 6x > 15

4 5 6 7 8
19. 4x ⫹ 7 < 3 ⫹ 2x 20. 3x ⫹ 1 ⱖ 2 ⫹ x
(b) x 21. 4共x ⫹ 1兲 < 2x ⫹ 3 22. 2x ⫹ 7 < 3共x ⫺ 4兲
up

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 3
23. 4x ⫺ 6 ⱕ x ⫺ 7 24. 3 ⫹ 27 x > x ⫺ 2
(c) x
1 < 2x ⫹ 3 < 9 ⫺8 ⱕ ⫺3x ⫹ 5 < 13
lic

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
25. 26.
27. ⫺8 ⱕ 1 ⫺ 3共x ⫺ 2兲 < 13
(d)
at

x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 28. 0 ⱕ 2 ⫺ 3共x ⫹ 1兲 < 20
io

(e) 2x ⫺ 3
x 29. ⫺4 < < 4
−3 −2 −1 3
n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(f) x x⫹3
30. 0 ⱕ < 5
or

2 3 4 5 6 2
7. x < 3 8. x ⱖ 5
Sa

9 Approximating a Solution In Exercises 31–34, use a

9. ⫺3 < x ⱕ 4 10. 0 ⱕ x ⱕ 2 graphing utility to approximate the solution.
11. ⫺1 ⱕ x ⱕ 2
5 5
12. ⫺1 < x < 2
le

31. 5 ⫺ 2x ⱖ 1
Determining Solutions of an Inequality In Exercises 32. 20 < 6x ⫺ 1
13–16, determine whether each value of x is a solution of 33. 3共x ⫹ 1兲 < x ⫹ 7
the inequality. 34. 4共x ⫺ 3兲 ⱕ 8 ⫺ x
Inequality Values
Approximating Solutions In Exercises 35–38, use a
13. 5x ⫺ 12 > 0 (a) x⫽3 (b) x ⫽ ⫺3
5 3 graphing utility to graph the equation and graphically
(c) x⫽2 (d) x⫽2 approximate the values of x that satisfy the specified
1
14. ⫺5 < 2x ⫺ 1 ⱕ 1 (a) x ⫽ ⫺ 2 (b) x ⫽ ⫺ 52 inequalities. Then solve each inequality algebraically.
(c) x ⫽ 43 (d) x⫽0 Equation Inequalities
3⫺x
15. ⫺1 < ⱕ1 (a) x ⫽ ⫺1 (b) x ⫽ 冪5 35. y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3 (a) y ⱖ 1 (b) y ⱕ 0
2
(c) x⫽1 (d) x⫽5 36. y ⫽ ⫺3x ⫹ 8 (a) ⫺1 ⱕ y ⱕ 3 (b) y ⱕ 0
ⱍ
16. x ⫺ 10 ⱖ 3 ⱍ (a) x ⫽ 13 (b) x ⫽ ⫺1 37.
2
1
y ⫽ ⫺2 x ⫹ 2 (a) 0 ⱕ y ⱕ 3 (b) y ⱖ 0
(c) x ⫽ 14 (d) x⫽8 38. y ⫽ 3x ⫹ 1 (a) y ⱕ 5 (b) y ⱖ 0
 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C45

Solving an Absolute Value Inequality In Exercises 67. x 3 ⫺ 4x ⱖ 0 68. x 4共x ⫺ 3兲 ⱕ 0

39–46, solve the inequality and sketch the solution on the 69. 2x3 ⫹ 5x2 > 6x ⫹ 9 70. 2x3 ⫹ 3x2 < 11x ⫹ 6
real number line. Use a graphing utility to verify your
solutions graphically. 71. x3 ⫺ 3x2 ⫺ x > ⫺3

ⱍⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
72. 2x3 ⫹ 13x2 ⫺ 8x ⫺ 46 ⱖ 6
x
ⱍ ⱍ
39. 5x > 10 40.
2
ⱕ1 73. 3x2 ⫺ 11x ⫹ 16 ⱕ 0 74. 4x2 ⫹ 12x ⫹ 9 ⱕ 0
75. x2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 8 > 0 76. 4x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 1 ⱕ 0
41. ⱍx ⫺ 7ⱍ < 6 42. x ⫺ 20 ⱖ 4

43.

45.
ⱍx ⫹ 14ⱍ ⫹ 3 >
10ⱍ1 ⫺ xⱍ < 5
17 44.
x⫺3
2ⱍⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
ⱖ 5

46. 3 4 ⫺ 5x ⱕ 9
Using Graphs to Find Solutions In Exercises 77 and 78,
use the graph of the function to solve the equation or
inequality.
(a) f 冇x冈 ⴝ g冇x冈 (b) f 冇x冈 ⱖ g冇x冈 (c) f 冇x冈 > g冇x冈
Approximating Solutions In Exercises 47 and 48, use a
77. y 78. y
graphing utility to graph the equation and graphically (3, 5)
approximate the values of x that satisfy the specified y = g(x) y = f(x) 8
6
inequalities. Then solve each inequality algebraically. 2 (1, 2)
4
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y = g(x)
Equation Inequalities x 2
−4 −2 2 4
ⱍ ⱍ
x
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47. y ⫽ x ⫺ 3 (a) y ⱕ 2 (b) y ⱖ 4 −2 −6 −4

ⱍ ⱍ
4 6
48. y ⫽ 12x ⫹ 1 (a) y ⱕ 4 (b) y ⱖ 1 −4 (− 1, −3) y = f(x)
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Using Absolute Value Notation In Exercises 49–56, use Approximating Solutions In Exercises 79 and 80, use a
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absolute value notation to define the interval (or pair of graphing utility to graph the equation and graphically
intervals) on the real number line. approximate the values of x that satisfy the specified
up

49. x inequalities. Then solve each inequality algebraically.

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Equation Inequalities
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50. x 79. y ⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 3 (a) y ⱕ 0 (b) y ⱖ 3

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 80. y ⫽ x 3 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ 16x ⫹ 16 (a) y ⱕ 0 (b) y ⱖ 36
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51. x
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−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Solving a Rational Inequality In Exercises 81– 84,

solve the inequality and graph the solution on the real
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52. x number line. Use a graphing utility to verify your solution

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 graphically.
53. All real numbers within 10 units of 7 1
81. ⫺x > 0
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54. All real numbers no more than 8 units from ⫺5 x

55. All real numbers at least 5 units from 3 1
82. ⫺ 4 < 0
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56. All real numbers more than 3 units from ⫺1 x

x⫹6
83. ⫺2 < 0
Investigating Polynomial Behavior In Exercises 57–62, x⫹1
determine the intervals on which the polynomial is x ⫹ 12
entirely negative and those on which it is entirely positive. 84. ⫺3 ⱖ 0
x⫹2
57. x2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 5 58. x2 ⫺ 3x ⫺ 4
59. 2x2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 3 60. 2x2 ⫺ x ⫺ 5 Approximating Solutions In Exercises 85 and 86, use a
61. x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 5 62. ⫺x2 ⫹ 6x ⫺ 10 graphing utility to graph the equation and graphically
approximate the values of x that satisfy the specified
Solving a Polynomial Inequality In Exercises 63–76, inequalities. Then solve each inequality algebraically.
solve the inequality and graph the solution on the real Equation Inequalities
number line. Use a graphing utility to verify your solution 3x
graphically. 85. y ⫽ (a) y ⱕ 0 (b) y ⱖ 6
x⫺2
63. 共x ⫹ 2兲2 < 25 64. 共x ⫺ 3兲2 ⱖ 1 5x
86. y ⫽ 2 (a) y ⱖ 1 (b) y ⱕ 0
65. x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 4 ⱖ 9 66. x 2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 9 < 16 x ⫹4
C46 Appendix C Review of Graphs, Equations, and Inequalities

Finding the Domain of an Expression In Exercises 95. Height of a Projectile A projectile is fired straight
87–92, find the domain of x in the expression. upward from ground level with an initial velocity of
160 feet per second.
87. 冪x ⫺ 5 88. 冪
4
6x ⫹ 15
(a) At what instant will it be back at ground level?
89. 冪
3
6⫺x 90. 冪2x2 ⫺ 8
3
(b) When will the height exceed 384 feet?
91. 冪x 2 ⫺ 4 4 4 ⫺ x2
92. 冪
96. Height of a Projectile A projectile is fired straight
93. MODELING DATA upward from ground level with an initial velocity of
The graph models the population P (in thousands) 128 feet per second.
of Sacramento, California from 2000 through 2008, (a) At what instant will it be back at ground level?
where t is the year, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 2000. (b) When will the height be less than 128 feet?
Also shown is the line y ⫽ 2000. Use the graphs of the
model and the horizontal line to write an equation or an 97. MODELING DATA
inequality that could be solved to answer the question. The numbers D of doctorate degrees (in thousands)
Then answer the question. (Source: U.S. Census awarded to female students from 1990 through 2008 in
Bureau) the United States can be approximated by the model
D ⫽ 0.0510t2 ⫺ 0.045t ⫹ 15.25, 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 18
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P
(in thousands)

2200 y = P(t)
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where t is the year, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 1990.

Population

2100
2000 (Source: U.S. National Center for Education Statistics)
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1900
1800
y = 2000 (a) Use a graphing utility to graph the model.
t (b) Use the zoom and trace features to find when the
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
number of degrees was between 20 and 25 thousand.
Year (0 ↔ 2000)
(c) Algebraically verify your results from part (b).
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(a) In what year did the population of Sacramento

reach two million?
98. MODELING DATA
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(b) Over what time period is the population of

Sacramento less than two million? greater than You want to determine whether there is a relationship
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two million? between an athlete’s weight x (in pounds) and the

athlete’s maximum bench-press weight y (in pounds).
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Sample data from 12 athletes are shown below.

94. MODELING DATA
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共165, 170兲, 共184, 185兲, 共150, 200兲,

The graph models the population P (in thousands)
or

of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 2000 through 2008, 共210, 255兲, 共196, 205兲, 共240, 295兲,
where t is the year, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 2000. 共202, 190兲, 共170, 175兲, 共185, 195兲,
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Also shown is the line y ⫽ 2360. Use the graphs of the

model and the horizontal line to write an equation or an 共190, 185兲, 共230, 250兲, 共160, 150兲
inequality that could be solved to answer the question.
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(a) Use a graphing utility to plot the data.

Then answer the question. (Source: U.S. Census
(b) A model for the data is
Bureau)
y ⫽ 1.3x ⫺ 36.
P
Use the graphing utility to graph the equation in
(in thousands)

2500 y = P(t)
Population

2400 the same viewing window used in part (a).

2300 (c) Use the graph to estimate the value of x that
2200 y = 2360 predicts a maximum bench-press weight of at least
t 200 pounds.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(d) Use the graph to write a statement about the
Year (0 ↔ 2000)
accuracy of the model. If you think the graph
(a) In what year did the population of Pittsburgh reach indicates that an athlete’s weight is not a good
2.36 million? indicator of the athlete’s maximum bench-press
(b) Over what time period is the population of weight, list other factors that might influence an
Pittsburgh less than 2.36 million? greater than 2.36 individual’s maximum bench-press weight.
million?
 Appendix C.4 Solving Inequalities Algebraically and Graphically C47

(p. C35) In Exercises 99–102, 106. Approximate the interval for the frequency when the
use the models below, which approximate the numbers plate thickness is less than 3 millimeters.
of Bed Bath & Beyond stores B and Williams-Sonoma
stores W for the years 2000 through 2008, where t is the Conclusions
year, with t ⴝ 0 corresponding to 2000. (Source: Bed
True or False? In Exercises 107 and 108, determine
Bath & Beyond, Inc. and Williams-Sonoma, Inc.)
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
Bed Bath & Beyond: B ⴝ 91.88t ⴙ 331.7, 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 8
107. If ⫺10 ⱕ x ⱕ 8, then ⫺10 ⱖ ⫺x and ⫺x ⱖ ⫺8.
Williams-Sonoma: W ⴝ 30.22t ⴙ 404.0, 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 8 3
108. The solution set of the inequality 2 x2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 6 ⱖ 0 is
99. Solve the inequality B共t兲 ⱖ 900. Explain what the the entire set of real numbers.
solution of the inequality represents.
100. Solve the inequality W共t兲 ⱕ 600. Explain what the Think About It In Exercises 109 and 110, consider the
solution of the inequality represents. polynomial 冇x ⴚ a冈冇x ⴚ b冈 and the real number line (see
figure).
101. Solve the equation B共t兲 ⫽ W共t兲. Explain what the
solution of the equation represents. x
a b
102. Solve the inequality B共t兲 ⱖ W共t兲. Explain what the
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solution of the inequality represents. 109. Identify the points on the line where the polynomial is
zero.
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Music In Exercises 103–106, use the following information. 110. In each of the three subintervals of the line, write the sign
Michael Kasha of Florida State University used physics of each factor and the sign of the product. For which
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and mathematics to design a classical guitar. He used x-values does the polynomial possibly change signs?
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the model for the frequency of the vibrations on a

circular plate 111. Proof The arithmetic mean of a and b is given by
共a ⫹ b兲兾2. Order the statements of the proof to show
2.6t
冪E␳ that if a < b, then a < 共a ⫹ b兲兾2 < b.
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vⴝ
d2 a⫹b
(i) a < < b
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where v is the frequency (in vibrations per second), t is 2

the plate thickness (in millimeters), d is the diameter of (ii) 2a < 2b
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the plate, E is the elasticity of the plate material, and ␳ is

(iii) 2a < a ⫹ b < 2b
the density of the plate material. For fixed values of d, E,
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and ␳, the graph of the equation is a line, as shown in the (iv) a < b
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figure.
112. Think About It Without performing any calcula-
tions, match the inequality with its solution. Explain
or

v
your reasoning.
(vibrations per second)

700
600 (a) 2x ⱕ ⫺6 (i) x ⱕ ⫺8 or x ⱖ 4
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Frequency

500
(b) ⫺2x ⱕ 6 (ii) x ⱖ ⫺3
400
ⱍ
(c) x ⫹ 2 ⱕ 6ⱍ (iii) ⫺8 ⱕ x ⱕ 4
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300
200 ⱍ
(d) x ⫹ 2 ⱖ 6ⱍ (iv) x ⱕ ⫺3
100
t
1 2 3 4
Plate thickness (millimeters)

103. Estimate the frequency when the plate thickness is

2 millimeters.
104. Estimate the plate thickness when the frequency is 600
vibrations per second.
105. Approximate the interval for the plate thickness when
the frequency is between 200 and 400 vibrations per
second.