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U 1.1 V 2 Intro To Psychology & Figures

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19 views25 pages

U 1.1 V 2 Intro To Psychology & Figures

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정우박
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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AP Psych Unit 1

Intro to
Psych
A very
important
foundation
for your
understanding
Last class we mentioned psychology is a soft science because it is not easily measurable
by a consistent standard.

By that logic, psychology as an emerging science gives psychologists the flexibility to


study it in different ways.

Scientific study began


from Charles Darwin,
branching off into
different schools of
thought.
Before we move on, get a piece of
blank paper.

Sketch out a mind-map


as you receive more
information to help you
stay organized.
Charles Darwin

Biologist/evolutionary psychologist
Came up with the theory of "natural
selection"
By the late 1800’s, psychology emerged as a
separate scientific discipline, then branched
into functionalism and structuralism
School of Thought: Darwinism
Wilhelm Wundt

Dubbed "father of psychology"


Created the first psychology laboratory to
measure "atoms of the mind" - the fastest,
simplest mental processes

School of Thought: Structuralism


Wilhelm Wundt

Structuralism: the idea that the mind


operates by combining subjective emotions
and objective sensations
Trained in introspection (subjects ask to
record their cognitive reactions to simple
stimuli)
G. Stanley Hall

Wundt's student, created the 1st formal


American psych lab at Johns Hopkins
University
1st president of the APA
Pioneer in the study of child development
William James

Published the first psychology textbook


Examined the ideas of Wundt to identify
how they function in our lives, for what
purpose do we think or do certain things?
Answer: they're adaptive, in order to help
us survive (influenced by Charles Darwin)

School of thought: functionalism


Structure vs.
Function

How are they different? -->


Mary Whiton
Calkins

First woman in psychology, studied under


William James
First woman president for the APA
Challenged by sexism in this field dominated
by white men. She outscored all the males in
the qualifying exam for Harvard PhD, but
was denied her degree because of her
gender.
Margaret Floy
Washburn

First female to receive a psychology PhD


Second female APA president
Had her work published by Wundt
Still barred from joining all-male
organizations
School of thought: Gestalt
Psychology
Dorothea Dix

Challenged the notion of "crazy people" in the


late 19th century
Advocated for fair treatment of mental
illnesses, and for the Indigenous population
Recruited nurses in the Civil War, therefore
transformed the field of nursing
Sigmund Freud

Emphasized the relation between our


conscious, subconscious and unconscious
mind
His ideas are controversial; that we are
consistently in conflict with ourselves, and
our personalities are shaped by it
School of thought: Freudian
(Psychoanalytic) Psychology
Ivan Pavlov

Pioneer of conditioning experiments

School of thought: Behaviourism


John B. Watson

Flipped the page of introspective


psychology and redefined it as "the
scientific study of observable behaviour" as
inspired by Pavlov
School of thought: Behaviourism
"What you cannot observe and measure,
you cannot scientifically study"
B.F. Skinner

Added the idea of reinforcement (stimuli


that encourage or discourage a response)
School of thought: Behaviourism
Jean Piaget

Cognitive psychologist, studied human


thought and behaviour; how we interpret
and remember our environment
Pioneer of developmental psychology
School of thought: Constructivism
Carl Rogers
and Abraham Maslow

Stressed individual choice and free will


Not deterministic like behaviourism, nor as
abstract as Freudianism
Believe we make choices based on
physiological, emotional or spiritual needs
School of thought: Humanistic
Brain Break

In 5 minutes we will
continue...
Different Theoretical Approaches
Psychoanalytic/
Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt Psychodynamic
Studies the human mind by studying Studies the functions of our thoughts Max Wertheimer – co-founded Emphasis on the unconscious mind
"atoms of the mind", or basic and feelings; such as our emotions, Gestalt Psychology and childhood experiences, which
elements of the mind, through memories, willpower, habits and our A person's experience of the world is affect our behaviour.
introspection. consciousness. more than a sum of its parts.
Everyone has unconscious or primal
Emphasizes that context matters.
Example: After looking at a rose, the Also utilizes introspection. desires (id) that we are constantly
subject is asked to report their Not too influential in modern suppressing, subconscious such as
immediate sensations, feelings, etc. Main different between structuralism psychology. morality and memories (superego),
Why are these results unreliable? and functionalism: and consciousness (ego) which
- varied experiences What it does vs. Why it does it overlaps with superego.
- we don't know why we feel what we
feel sometimes
Different Theoretical Approaches

Behavioural Humanistic Evolutionary/Sociobiology Biological/Neuroscience

You can only study what is Focuses on what it means to be How do we as humans adapt from Biopsychology... A crossover from
observable and measurable. human, our potential for growth. the past? Our past can explain the biology that tries to explain human
Results should be scientifically valid. Believe in choices, and these structure (form) we take, and traits and behaviour is caused by
choices are guided by physiological, reasons behind our behaviour. something biological.
There is a stimuli, a response and a emotional or spiritual needs. Similar to biopsychology.
possible reinforcement. Studies how cognition is affected
Not easily tested by scientific Key concepts: by things such as our genes,
Main idea: we have natural measures. Natural Selection hormones, and neurotransmitters.
behaviours, this behaviour can be Nature vs. Nurture
redirected with Which school of thought might This field is quickly growing.
the humanists oppose? Evolution that shows what we have
in common -> evolutionary
psychology

Evolution that makes us different ->


behaviour genetics
Different Theoretical Approaches

Cognitive Biopsychosocial Sociocultural Others


How we interpret, process and As the name suggests, a Looks at how thoughts and For your learning enjoyment:
remember information. combination of biological, behaviours vary between cultures,
The way we learn to navigate the psychological and socio-cultural and how these cultures affect Gender psych (related to culture)
world through "schemas" (Piaget) perspectives. social interactions.
affect how we think and what we Positive psych (building happiness
do. Offers a broad theory, because we Examples: and a good life)
are all a part of some complex How does the expression of
Cognitive neuroscience: how system that cannot be explained anger differ across cultures?
thinking and emotion interact with well with just one part. How much/little do people
psychological disorders (e.g., touch when interacting?
anxiety, depression) Example: School shooting cannot be How important is individuality
explained by any one area vs. group?
TASK:
Create a graphic organizer that...

1. Summarizes the different theoretical approaches


(perspectives)
2. Categorizes the important figures under their
theoretical approach

Due by next class


ASSIGNED READING:

1. "Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person - and a


Better Student" (Textbook P. 19-22)
UPCOMING ASSESSMENTS:

Quiz
All content from 1.1 of CED
Thursday Sept. 7th

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