Booklet No -

TOPIC -

SCF 60, Top Floor, Phase 10, Mohali

9988869907, 9888069939 Page 1
Booklet No : July 4, 2022

➢ IMPORTANT POINTS

1. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the Given. Chord AB =

D
centre chord CD in a circle O
with centre O. C
A B
To prove.  AOB =
 COD

2. Conversely, if the angles subtended the by chords Given : Two chords

D
at the centre of a circle are equal, then the chord AB and CD subtend O
are equal. equal angles AOB C
A B
and COD at the
centre O.
To prove. AC = CD

3. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a Given : OC is

chord bisects the chord. perpendicular to a O
chord AB in a circle
A C B
with centre O. To
prove. AC = CB

4. Conversely, the line draw through the centre of a Given : AB is a chord

circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the and C is the mid O
chord. point of AB. O is the
A C B
centre of the circle.
To prove. OC is ⊥ to
AB

5. There is one and only one circle passing through Given : There are
C
three given non-collinear points. three non collinear
points A,B and C.
A B
To prove. Only one
circle will pass
through the points A,
B and C.

6. Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are Given : Two chords D
equidistant from the centre(s). AB and CD are equal O N
in a circle with centre
A C
O. M B
To prove. OM ⊥ AB =
ON ⊥ CD

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7. Conversely, chords of a circle (or of congruent Given : Two chords D
circles) that are equidistant from the centre(s) are AB and CD are O N
equal. equidistant from the
A C
centre O of a circle, M B
i.e., OM (⊥ AB) = ON
(⊥ AB).
To prove. AB = CD

8. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is Given :Let AB an C

double the angle subtended by it at any point on arc in a circle with
the remaining part of the circle. centre O and there is O
a point C in the
alternate segment. A B

To prove. AOB =
2ACB

9. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. Given : Two angles
C D
ACB and ADB
subtended in the
same segment AB. A B

To prove. ACB =
ADB.

10. If a line segment joining two points subtends equal Given : Two angles
C D
angles at two other points lying on the same side of ACB and ADB are
the line containing the segment, the four points lie subtended by the
on a circle. line segment AB are A B
equal
ACB = ADB.
To prove. A,B,C,D lie
on a circle.

11. The sum of the either pair of the opposite angles of Given : ACB and C
a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°. ADB are in the
alternate segments
of a circle. A B
To prove. ACB + D
ADB = 180º

12. If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is Given : The sum of D

supplementary then the quadrilateral is cyclic. the angles in the
alternate segments
is 180 i.e., ABC +
A
ADC = 180°. C
B
To prove. A, B, C, D is
a cyclic quadrilateral.

Properties :

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13. Two circles are congruent, if and only if they have Given : Two circles of
equal radii equal radii. r r
To prove. Given
circles are
congruent.

14. Two arcs of a circle are congruent if the angles Given : Two arcs AB
subtended by them at the centre are equal. and CD subtend D
O
equal angles AOB
and COD. A C
B
To prove. Arcs AB
and CD are
congruent.

15. Converse : Two arcs subtend equal angles at the Given : Two arcs AB
D
centre, if the arcs are congruent. and CD are O
congruent in a circle
A
with centre O. C
B
To prove. AOB =
COD

16. If two arcs of a circle are congruent, their Given : Two arcs AB D
corresponding chords are equal. and CD are
congruent in a circle. C
A B
To prove. chord AB =
chord CD

17. Converse. If two chords of a circle are equal , their Given : Two chords D
corresponding arcs are equal. AB and CD are equal
in a circle. C
A B
To prove. AB =
CD

18. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. Given : ABC is a semi C

circle with centre O.
To prove. ACB = A O
B
90°

19. Converse. The arc of a circle subtending a right Given : ACB = 90° C
angle at any point of the circle in its alternate To prove. ACB is a 90°
segment is a semicircle. semicircle A B
O

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Booklet No : July 4, 2022

O
R
➢ DEFINITIONS A P Q B
To prove : OP ⊥ AB.
Secant :
Construction : Take a point Q, other than P, on AB. Join
A line which intersects a circle in two distinct points is
OQ.
called a secant.
Proof : Q is a point on the tangent AB, other than the point
 Tangent :
of contact P.
A line meeting a circle only in one point is called a tangent
 Q lies outside the circle.
to the circle at that point.
Let OQ intersect the circle at R.
The point at which the tangent line meets the circle is
Then, OR < OQ [a part is less than the whole]...(i)
called the point of contact.
But, OP = OR [radii of the same circle]. ....(ii)
O  OP < OQ [from (i) and (ii)].
Secant Thus, OP is shorter than, any other line segment joining O
to any point of AB, other than P.
In other words, OP is the shortest distance between the
➢ NUMBER OF TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE point O and the line AB.
But, the shortest distance between a point and a line is
(i) There is no tangent passing through a point lying inside
the perpendicular distance.
the circle.
 OP ⊥ AB.
(ii) There is one and only one tangent passing through a point
lying on a circle.
Theorem 2 : (Converse of Theorem 1)
(iii) There are exactly two tangents through a point lying
outside a circle. A line drawn through the end of a radius and
perpendicular to it is a tangent to the circle.
➢ LENGTH OF TANGENT
Given : A circle with centre O in which OP is a radius and
AB is a line through P such that
The length of the line segment of the tangent between a
given point and the given point of contact with the circle OP ⊥ AB.

is called the length of the tangent from the point to the

O
circle.

➢ RESULTS ON TANGENTS A P Q B
To prove : AB is a tangent to the circle at the point P.
Theorem 1 :
Construction : Take a point Q, different from P, on AB. Join
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the
OQ.
radius through the point of contact.
Proof : We know that the perpendicular distance from a
Given : A circle with centre O and a tangent AB at a point
point to a line is the shortest distance between them.
P of the circle.
 OP ⊥ AB  OP is the shortest distance from O to AB.
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  OP < OQ. To prove : AOP =AOQ and OAP = OAQ.
 Q lies outside the circle Proof : In AOP and AOQ, we have
[ OP is the radius and OP < OQ]. AP = AQ [tangents from an external point are equal]
Thus, every point on AB, other than P, lies outside the OP = OQ [radii of the same circle]
circle. OA = OA [common]
 AB meets the circle at the point P only.  AOP AOQ [by SSS–congruence].
Hence, AB is the tangent to the circle at the point P. Hence, AOP = AOQ and OAP = OAQ.
Theorem 3 :
❖ EXAMPLES ❖
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a
Ex.1 From a point P, 10 cm away from the centre of a circle,
circle are equal.
a tangent PT of length 8 cm is drawn. Find the radius
Given : Two tangents AP and AQ are drawn from a point A
of the circle.
to a circle with centre O.
Sol. Let O be the centre of the given circle and let P be a
P point such that
T
A O

Q O P

To prove : AP = AQ
OP = 10 cm.
Construction : Join OP, OQ and OA.
Let PT be the tangent such that PT = 8 cm.
Proof : AP is a tangent at P and OP is the radius through P.
Join OT.
 OP ⊥ AP.
Now, PT is a tangent at T and OT is the radius through
Similarly, OQ ⊥ AQ.
T.
In the right triangle OPA and OQA, we have
 OT ⊥ PT.
OP = OQ [radii of the same circle]
In the right OTP, we have
OA = OA [common]
OP2 = OT2 + PT2 [by Pythagoras’ theorem]
 OPA ~
= OQA [by RHS–congruence]
Hence, AP = AQ.  OT = OP 2 − PT 2 = (10) 2 − (8) 2 cm

Theorem 4 :
= 36 cm = 6 cm.
If two tangents are drawn from an external point then
(i) They subtend equal angles at the centre, and Hence, the radius of the circle is 6 cm.

(ii) They are equally inclined to the line segment joining theEx.2 In the given figure, PQ is a chord of length 8cm of a
centre to that point. circle of radius 5cm. The tangents at P and Q intersect
at a point T. Find the length TP.
Given : A circle with centre O and a point A outside it. Also,
AP and AQ are the two tangents to the circle.
O
P
P R Q
A O

Q T

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Sol. Join OP and OT Let OT intersect PQ at a point R.
Then, TP = TQ and PTR = QTR. O
 TR ⊥ PQ and TR bisects PQ.
Q P
 PR = RQ = 4 cm.

xº
Also, OR = OP2 − PR 2 = 52 − 4 2 cm
T
= 25 − 16 cm = 9 cm = 3cm.
To prove : PTQ = 2OPQ.
Let TP = x cm and TR = y cm. Proof : Let PTQ = xº. Then,
From right TRP, we get TQP + TPQ + PTQ = 180º
TP2 = TR2 + PR2 [ sum of the s of a triangle is 180º]
 x2 = y2 + 16  x2 – y2 = 16 .... (i)  TQP + TPQ = (180º – x) ....(i)
From right OPT, we get We know that the lengths of tangent drawn from an
TP2 + OP2 = OT2 external point to a circle are equal.

 x2 + 52 = (y + 3)2 [ OT2 = (OR + RT)2] So, TP = TQ.

 x2 – y2 = 6y – 16 ....(ii) Now, TP = TQ

From (i) and (ii), we get  TQP = TPQ

1  x
6y – 16 = 16  6y = 32  y =
16
. = (180º –x)=  90 º − 
3 2  2

16  OPQ = (OPT–TPQ)
Putting y = in (i), we get
3  x x
= 90º –  90 º −  =
2
 2 2
 16   256  400
x2 = 16 +   =  + 16  = 1
 3  9  9  OPQ = PTQ
2
 PTQ = 2OPQ.
400 20
 x= = .
9 3
Ex.4 Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the
 20 
Hence, length TP = x cm =   cm larger circle which touches the smaller circle, is
 3 
bisected at the point of contact.
= 6.67 cm.
Sol. Given : Two circles with the same centre O and AB is
Ex.3 Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with
a chord of the larger circle which touches the smaller
centre O from an external point T. Prove that PTQ =
circle at P.
2OPQ.
Sol. Given : A circle with centre O and an external point T
from which tangents TP and TQ are drawn to touch
O
the circle at P and Q.
A P B

To prove : AP = BP.
Construction : Join OP.
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 Proof : AB is a tangent to the smaller circle at the  GOA = 90°
point P and OP is the radius through P. Similarly, GOB = 90°
 OP ⊥ AB.  GOA + GOB = (90° + 90°) = 180°
But, the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a  AOB is a straight line
circle to a chord bisects the chord. Hence, AOB is a diameter of the circle with
 OP bisects AB. Hence, AP = BP. centre O.

Ex.5 Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of aEx.7 Prove that the angle between the two tangents
drawn from an external point to a circle is
diameter of a circle are parallel.
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line
Sol. Given : CD and EF are the tangents at the end points segments joining the pointsof contact to the centre.
A and B of the diameter AB of a circle with centre O.
Sol. Given : PA and PB are the tangent drawn from a point
To prove : CD || EF. P to a circle with centre O. Also, the line segments OA
and OB are drawn.
To Prove : APB + AOB = 180°
Proof : We know that the tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
Proof : CD is the tangent to the circle at the
A
point A.
 BAD = 90° O P
EF is the tangent to the circle at the point B. B
 ABE = 90°
 PA ⊥ OA  OAP = 90°, and
Thus, BAD = ABE (each equal to 90°).
PB ⊥ OB  OBP = 90°.
But these are alternate interior angles.
 OAP + OBP = 90°.
 CD || EF
Hence, APB + AOB = 180°
Ex.6 Prove that the line segment joining the point of [ sum of the all the angles of a quadrilateral is
contact of two parallel tangents to a circle is a 360°]
diameter of the circle.
Ex.8 In the given figure, the incircle of ABC touches the
Sol. Given : CD and EF are two parallel tangents at the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E, F respectively.
points A and B of a circle with centre O.

To prove : AOB is a diameter of the circle. Prove that AF + BD + CE = AE + CD + BF

Construction : Join OA and OB.
1
= (perimeter of ABC)
Draw OG || CD 2
Proof : OG || CD and AO cuts them. Sol. We know that the lengths of tangents from an
 CAO + GOA = 180° exterior point to a circle are equal.
  + GOA = 180°  ⊥ CD  AF = AE .... (i) [tangents from A]
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 BD = BF ..... (ii) [tangents from B] exterior point to a circle are equal.
CE =CD ..... (iii) [tangents from C]  AQ = AR .... (i) [tangents from A]
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get BP = BQ .... (ii) [tangents from B]
(AF + BD + CE) = (AE + BF + CD) = k (say) CP = CR .... (iii) [tangents from C]
Perimeter of ABC = (AF + BD +CE) Perimeter of ABC
+ (AE + BF + CD) = AB + BC + AC
= (k + k) = 2k = AB + BP + CP + AC
1 = AB + BQ + CR + AC [using (ii) and (iii)]
 k= (perimeter of ABC).
2 = AQ + AR
Hence AF + BD + CE = AE + CD + BF
= 2AQ [using (i)].
1
= (perimeter of ABC) 1
2 Hence, AQ = (perimeter of ABC)
2
Ex.9 A circle touches the side BC of a ABC at P, and
Ex.10 Prove that there is one and only one tangent at any
touches AB and AC produced at Q and R respectively,
point on the circumference of a circle.
as shown in the figure.
Sol. Let P be a point on the circumference of a circle with
centre O. If possible, Let PT and PT be two tangents
at a point P of the circle.
Now, the tangent at any point of a circle is
perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
 OP ⊥ PT and similarly, OP⊥PT
 OPT = 90° and OPT = 90°
1
Show that AQ = (perimeter of ABC)  OPT = OPT
2
This is possible only when PT and PT coincide. Hence,
there is one and only one tangent at any point on the
Sol. We know that the lengths of tangents drawn from an
circumference of a circle.

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