STANSFORD INTERNATIONAL HR. SEC.

SCHOOL
[HOLISTIC EDUCATION]

MATHEMATICS

1. In the given figure, XY and X'Y' are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with
point of contact C, is intersecting XY at A and X'Y' at B. Prove that
∠ AOB = 90∘.

To prove: ∠ AOB = 90∘

Const. : Join OC.

Proof : In △ OPA and △ OCA

OP = OC (Radii)

∠ OPA = ∠ OCA (Radius⊥tangent)

OA = OA (Common)

∴△OPA≅△OCA(RHS Cong Rule)

∠1=∠2.........(i)

Similarly, △OQB≅△OCB

∠3=∠4....(ii)

But, POQ is a diameter of circle

∠POQ=180∘(Straightangle)

∠1+∠2+∠3+∠4=180∘

From eq. (i) and (ii)

∠2+∠2+∠3+∠3=180∘

2(∠2+∠3)180∘

∠2+∠3=180∘

∠2+∠3=90∘

Hence, ∠AOB=90∘
Hence proved.
2. PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. The tangents at P and Q intersect at a point T. Find the length TP.

Join OP and OT
Let OT intersect PQ at a point R.

Then, TP=TQ and ∠PTR=∠QTR.

∴TR⊥PQ

and TR bisects PQ.

∴PR=RQ=4 cm.

Also OR=√ OP2−PR2 =√ 52−42 cm

=√ 25−16 cm=√ 9 cm=3cm.

Let TP=x cm

and TR=y cm

From right ΔTRP, we get

TP2=TR2+PR2

⇒x2=y2+16

⇒x2−y2=16……(i)

From right ΔOPT, we get

TP2+OP2=OT2

⇒x2+52=(y+3)2 [OT2=(OR+RT)2]

⇒x2−y2=6y−16……(ii)

From (i) and (ii) , we get

6y−16=16⇒6y=32⇒y=163

Putting y=163 in (i) we get

x2=16+(163)2=(2569+16)=4009

⇒x=√ 4009 =203

Hence , lenght TP=x cm=6.67 cm

3. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point to a circle with centre
O. Prove that QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral

Given, PQ and PR are the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle with
centre O.

We have to prove that QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral.

From the figure,

O is the centre of the circle

OR and OQ = radius of the circle

PR and PQ are the two tangents to the circle from an external point P.

We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OR ⟂ PR and OQ ⟂ PQ

∠ORP = ∠OQP = 90°

We know that the sum of all interior angles in a quadrilateral is always equal to 360°

Considering quadrilateral PQOR,

∠OQP + ∠QOR + ∠ORP + ∠RPQ = 360°

90° + ∠QOR + 90° + ∠RPQ = 360°

180° + ∠QOR + ∠RPQ = 360°

∠QOR + ∠RPQ = 360° - 180°

So, ∠O + ∠P = 180°

Here opposite angles are supplementary.

Therefore, PQOR is a cyclic quadrilateral.

4. If from an external point B of a circle with centre O, two tangents BC and BD are
drawn such that ∠DBC = 120°, prove that BC + BD = BO, i.e., BO = 2BC

Solution:
Given, BC and BD are the tangents drawn from an external point B of a circle with
centre O.

Also, ∠DBC = 120°

We have to prove that BC + BD = BO, i.e., BO = 2BC.

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OC ⟂ BC and OD ⟂ BD

Considering triangles OCB and ODB,

OB = OB = common side

We know that the tangents drawn through an external point to a circle are equal.

So, BC = BD

Also, ∠OCB = ∠ODB = 90°

By RHS criteria, the triangles OCB and ODB are similar.

By corresponding parts of congruent triangles,

The angles ∠OBC and ∠OBD are equal.

So, ∠OBC = ∠OBD = 60°

Considering triangle OCB,

OCB is a right triangle with C at right angle.

By pythagorean theorem,

cos 60° = BC/OB

By trigonometric ratio of angles,

cos 60° = 1/2

So, 1/2 = BC/OB

OB = 2BC
Therefore, it is proved that OB = 2BC.

5. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a circle make equal
angles with the chord

Solution:

We have to prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a circle make equal
angles with the chord.

From the figure,

O is the centre of the circle.

AB is a chord of the circle.

PA and PB are the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of the circle.

The tangents intersect at P.

Join OA and OB.

OA = OB = radius of the circle.

Considering triangle OAB,

OA = OB = radius of the circle.

Since the two sides of the triangle are equal, OAB is an isosceles triangle.

We know that the angles opposite to the equal sides of a triangle are equal.

So, ∠OAB = ∠OBA

i.e., ∠1 = ∠2 ------------- (1)

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OA ⟂ PA and OB ⟂ PB
∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90°

i.e., ∠2 + ∠3 = ∠1 + ∠4 -------------- (2)

Substituting (1) in (2),

∠1 + ∠3 = ∠1 + ∠4

∠1 + ∠3 - ∠1 = ∠4

∠3 = ∠4

Therefore, ∠PAB = ∠PBA.

6. Prove that a diameter AB of a circle bisects all those chords which are parallel to
the tangent at the point A

Solution:

Given, AB is the diameter of a circle.

AB bisects all those chords which are parallel to the tangent at the point A.

From the figure,

AB is the diameter of the circle.

CD is the chord of the circle.

MN is the tangent to the circle at the point A.

OA = OB = OC = OD = radius of the circle.

We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OA ⟂ MN

Also, ∠MAO = ∠NAO = 90°

The corresponding angles are equal.

∠CEO = ∠MAO

So, ∠CEO = 90°

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of the circle to the chord always
bisects the chord.
7.From an external point P, two tangents, PA and PB are drawn to a circle with
centre O. At one point E on the circle tangent is drawn which intersects PA and PB
at C and D, respectively. If PA = 10 cm, find the perimeter of the triangle PCD

Solution:

Given, PA and PB are the two tangents drawn to a circle with centre O though an
external point P.

At point E on the circle the tangent is drawn which intersects PA and PB at C and D.

Given, PA = 10 cm

We have to find the perimeter of the triangle PCD.

We know that the tangents drawn to a circle through an external point are equal.

From the figure,

The tangents drawn through point P are PA and PB

So, PA = PB -------------- (1)

The tangents to the circle through C are CA and CE

So, CA = CE -------------- (2)

The tangents to the circle through D are DB = DE

So, DB = DE -------------- (3)

Considering triangle PCD,

Perimeter = PC + PD + CD

From the figure,

CD = CE + DE

So, perimeter = PC + PD + CE + DE

From (2) and (3),

Perimeter = PC + PD + CA + DB
On rearranging,

Perimeter = PC + CA + PD + DB

From the figure,

PC + CA = PA

PD + DB = PB

By (1), PA = PB

So, perimeter = PA + PB

Perimeter = PA + PA

= 2PA

Given, PA = 10 cm

So, 2PA = 2(10)

= 20 cm

It implies that OE bisects CD.

Therefore, diameter AB of a circle bisects all those chords which are parallel to the
tangent at the point A.

8. In a right triangle ABC in which ∠B = 90°, a circle is drawn with AB as diameter

intersecting the hypotenuse AC and P. Prove that the tangent to the circle at P
bisects BC

Solution:

Given, ABC is a right triangle with B at right angle.

A circle is drawn with AB as diameter intersecting the hypotenuse AC at P.

We have to prove that the tangent to the circle at P bisects BC.

We know that angle in a semicircle is always equal to 90°

So, ∠APB = 90°

A linear pair of angles is formed when two lines intersect.

By linear pair of angles,

∠BPC = 90°

So, ∠3 + ∠4 = 90° -------------------- (1)

Given, ∠B = 90°

In triangle ABC,

We know that the sum of all three interior angles of a triangle is always equal to 180°

∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180°

∠1 + 90° + ∠5 = 180°

∠1 + ∠5 = 180° - 90°

∠1 + ∠5 = 90° -------------------------- (2)

We know that the angle between the tangent and the chord of a circle is equal to the
angle made by the chord in the alternate segment.

So, ∠1 = ∠3 ------------------ (3)

Substitute (3) in (2),

∠3 + ∠5 = 90° --------------- (4)

Comparing (1) and (4),

∠3 + ∠4 = ∠3 + ∠5

∠3 + ∠4 - ∠3 = ∠5

∠4 = ∠5

From the figure,

∠4 = ∠CPQ

∠5 = ∠PCQ

So, ∠CPQ = ∠PCQ

We know that the sides opposite to equal angles are equal.

QC = PQ ------------------------ (5)

We know that the tangents drawn through an external point to a circle are equal.

Now, PQ = BQ

From (5), BQ = QC

This implies that PQ bisects BC

Therefore, it is proved that the tangent to the circle at P bisects BC.

9. If d₁, d₂ (d₂ > d₁) be the diameters of two concentric circles and c be the length of
a chord of a circle which is tangent to the other circle, prove that d₂2 = c2 + d₁2

Solution:

Given, d₁ and d₂ are the diameters of two concentric circles.

c is the length of the chord of a circle which is tangent to the other circle.

We have to prove that d₂² = c² + d₁²

From the figure,

Let O be the centre of two concentric circles.

Let AB be the chord of the outer circle whose length is M

The chord AB is the tangent to the inner circle at the point D

Radius of circles = d₁/2 and d₂/2

Considering triangle OAB,

OA = OB = radius of the outer circle

Since the two sides are equal, OAB is an isosceles triangle.

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of
contact.

So, OD ⟂ AB

We know that the perpendicular from the centre of a circle to the chord always bisects
the chord.

So, AD = DB = c/2

Considering triangle ODB,

∠ODB = 90° as the radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, ODB is a right triangle with D at right angle.

By using pythagoras theorem,

OB² = OD² + BD²

OD = radius of inner circle

OB = radius of outer circle

(d₂/2)² = (d₁/2) + (c/2)²

d₂²/4 = d₁²/4 + c²/4

Cancelling out common term,

d₂² = d₁² + c²

Therefore, it is proved that d₂² = d₁² + c²

10. If a, b, c are the sides of a right triangle where c is the hypotenuse, prove that
the radius r of the circle which touches the sides of the triangle is given by

r = (a + b - c)/2

Solution:

Given, a, b and c are the sides of a right triangle where c is the hypotenuse.

The radius of the circle is r

We have to prove that r = (a + b - c)/2

Let ABC be a right triangle.

The sides AB, BC and AC are c, a and b respectively.

The centre of circle is O and the radius is r

Let the circle touch BC at M, AC at N and AB at P.

We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OM ⟂ CB and ON ⟂ AC

From the figure,

We observe that OMCN is a square.

OM = CM = CN = NO = r (radius of the circle)

We know that tangents through an external point to a circle are equal.

So, CM = CN

BM = BP

AN = AP

Considering AN = AP

We know that AP = AB - BP

Also, AN = AC - CN

So, AC - CN = AB - BP

b - r = c - BM

From the figure,

BM = BC - CM

BM = a - r

So, b - r = c - (a - r)

b-r=c-a+r

By grouping,

b=c-a+r+r
b = c - a + 2r

2r = b - c + a

r = (b - c + a)/2

Therefore, it is proved that r = (b - c + a)/2

11. Out of the two concentric circles, the radius of the outer circle is 5 cm and the
chord AC of length 8 cm is a tangent to the inner circle. Find the radius of the inner
circle

Solution:

Given, two concentric circles with centre O

Radius of the outer circle = 5 cm

Chord AC is tangent to the inner circle.

The length of the chord, AC = 8 cm

We have to find the radius of the inner circle.

From the figure,

Let c₁ be the inner circle

Let c₂ be the outer circle with radius 5 cm.

Joining O to the chord AC which meets at D.

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to the chord always
bisects the chord.

So, OD ⟂ AC

Also, AD = DC = AC/2

AC/2 = 8/2 = 4 cm

So, AD = DC = 4 cm
Considering triangle OAD,

ODA is a right triangle with D at right angle.

By pythagoras theorem,

AO² = AD² + OD²

OD = radius of inner circle

OA = radius of outer circle = 5 cm

AD = 4 cm

So, (5)² = (4)² + OD²

25 = 16 + OD²

OD² = 25 - 16

OD² = 9

Taking square root,

OD = 3 cm

Therefore, the radius of the inner circle is 3 cm.

12. Prove that the centre of a circle touching two intersecting lines lies on the angle
bisector of the lines

Solution:

Given, the centre of a circle touches two intersecting lines

We have to prove that the centre of a circle touching two intersecting lines lies on
the angle bisector of the lines.

Consider a circle with centre O.

PR and PQ are the tangents drawn through an external point P to the circle.

Join OR and OQ which represents the radius of the circle.

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of
contact.

So, OR ⟂ PR and OQ ⟂ PQ

Considering triangles PRO and PQO.

PO = PO = common side

OR = OQ = radius

∠PQO = ∠PRO = 90°

By RHS criterion, the triangles PQO and PRO are similar.

By corresponding parts of congruent triangles,

The angles ∠RPO and ∠QPO are equal.

So, ∠RPO = ∠QPO

This implies that O lies on the angle bisector of PR and PQ.

Therefore, it is proved that the centre of the circle lies on the angle bisector of PR and
PQ.

13. AB and CD are common tangents to two circles of unequal radii. Prove that AB
= CD

Solution:

Given, AB and CD are the common tangents to two circles of unequal radii.

We have to prove that AB = CD.

Extend AB and CD such that it intersects at P.

We know that the tangents to a circle through an external point are equal.

Considering smaller circle,

The tangents are PB and PD

So, PB = PD ---------- (1)

Considering the larger circle,

The tangents are PA and PC

So, PA = PC ---------- (2)

Subtracting (1) and (2),

PA - PB = PC - PD

From the figure,

PA - PB = AB

PC - PD = CD

Therefore, AB = CD

14. AB and CD are common tangents to two circles. If the radii of the two circles are
equal, prove that AB = CD

Solution:

Given, AB and CD are the common tangents of two circles with equal radii.

We have to prove that AB = CD

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OA ⟂ AB, O'D ⟂ CD, O'B ⟂ AB and OC ⟂ CD

Also, ∠OAB = ∠O'BA = ∠OCD = ∠ODC = 90°

From the figure,

We observe that AC and BD are straight lines

ABCD represents a quadrilateral

∠A = ∠B = ∠C= ∠D = 90°

So, ABCD is a rectangle.

We know that the opposite sides are equal in a rectangle.

i.e., AB = CD and AC = BD

Therefore, it is proved that AB = CD

15. common tangents AB and CD to two circles intersect at E. Prove that AB = CD

Solution:

Given, AB and CD are common tangents to two circles.

The tangents intersect at E.

we have to prove that AB = CD

From the figure,

E is the external point

The tangents drawn through external point E are EA, EC, EB and ED.

We know that the tangents drawn through an external point to a circle are equal.

So, EA = EC ---------------- (1)

EB = ED ---------------------- (2)

Adding (1) and (2),

EA + EB = EC + ED

From the figure,

AB = EA + EB
CD = EC + ED

So, AB = CD

Therefore, it is proved that AB = CD.

16. from an external point P, a tangent PT and a line segment PAB is drawn to a
circle with centre O. ON is perpendicular on the chord AB. Prove that
(i) PA . PB = PN² - AN²
(ii) PN² - AN² = OP² - OT²
(iii) PA.PB = PT²

Solution:

Given, PT is a tangent to a circle from an external point P.

A line segment PAB is drawn to a circle with centre O.

ON is perpendicular on the chord AB.

(i) We have to prove that PA . PB = PN² - AN²

Considering LHS: PA . PB

From the figure,

PA = PN - AN

PB = PN + BN

So, PA . PB = (PN - AN)(PN + BN)

Since, ON is perpendicular on the chord AB.

AN = BN

Now, PA . PB = (PN - AN)(PN + AN)

By using algebraic identity,

(a² - b²) = (a + b)(a - b)

So, (PN - AN)(PN + AN) = PN² - AN²

= RHS
Therefore, PA . PB = PN² - AN² -------------- (a)

(ii) We have to prove that PN² - AN² = OP² - OT²

Considering LHS: PN² - AN²

Since ON ⟂ PN

PN² - AN² = (OP² - ON²) - AN²

= OP² - (ON² + AN²)

From the figure,

ON² + AN² = OA²

PN² - AN² = OP² - OA²

Now, OA = OT = radius

So, OP² - OA² = OP² - OT² = RHS

Therefore, PN² - AN² = OP² - OT² -------------- (b)

(iii) WE have to prove that PA.PB = PT²

From (a) and (b),

PA . PB = OP² - OT²

From the figure,

In triangle OPT,

OP² - OT² = PT²

Therefore, PA . PB = PT²

17. If a circle touches the side BC of a triangle ABC at P and extended sides AB and
AC at Q and R, respectively, prove that AQ = 1/2 (BC + CA + AB)

Solution:

Given, a circle touches the side BC of a triangle ABC at P

The circle touches the extended sides AB and AC of the triangle at Q and R.

We have to prove that AQ = 1/2 (BC + CA + AB)

We know that the tangents drawn through an external point to a circle are equal.
So, BP = BQ --------------- (1)

CP = CR -------------------- (2)

AQ = AR -------------------- (3)

We know that the perimeter of a triangle is the sum of all the three sides of a triangle.

Perimeter of triangle ABC = AB + BC + AC

From the figure,

BC = BP + PC

So, AB + BC + AC = AB + (BP + PC) + AC

From (1) and (2),

= AB + BQ + CR + AC

From the figure,

AB + BQ = AQ [Symmetric Property]

CR + AC = AR [Symmetric Property]

As the tangents drawn through an external point to a circle are equal

BQ + CR = BC

So, AB + BC + AC = AQ + AR

From (3),

AB + BC + AC = AQ + AQ

AB + BC + AC = 2AQ

So, AQ = 1/2(AB + BC + AC)

Therefore, it is proven that AQ = 1/2(AB + BC + AC)

18. If a hexagon ABCDEF circumscribes a circle, prove that

AB + CD + EF = BC + DE + FA
Solution:

Given, a hexagon ABCDEF circumscribe a circle

We have to prove that AB + CD + EF = BC + DE + FA

We know that the tangents to a circle through an external point are equal.

From the figure,

AR and AM are the tangent to the circle through an point A

So, AM = AR -------------------- (1)

Similarly,

The tangents through point B

BM = BN ------------------------ (2)

The tangents through point C

CO = CN ------------------------ (3)

The tangents through point D

DO = DP ------------------------ (4)

The tangents through point E

EQ = EP ------------------------ (5)

The tangents through point F

FQ = FR ------------------------ (6)

Adding (1) to (6),

AM + BM + CO + DO + EQ + FQ = AR + BN + CN + DP + EP + FR

On rearranging,
(AM + BM) + (CO + DO) + (EQ + FQ) = (AR + FR) + (BN + CN) + (EP + DP)

From the figure,

AM + BM = AB

CO + DO = CD

EQ + FQ = EF

AR + FR = AF

BN + CN = BC

EP + DP = ED

So, AB + CD + EF = AF + BC + ED

Therefore, AB + CD + EF = BC + DE + FA

19. Let s denote the semi-perimeter of a triangle ABC in which BC = a, CA = b, AB =

c. If a circle touches the sides BC, CA, AB at D, E, F, respectively, prove that BD = s
-b

Solution:

Given, s denotes the semiperimeter of a triangle ABC.

The sides of triangle BC = a, CA = b and AB = c.

A circle touches the sides BC, CA, AB at D, E and F

We have to prove that BD = s - b

Semiperimeter of atriangle is half the sum of the sides of the triangle.

Semiperimeter of a triangle is given by

s = (a + b + c)/2

We know that the tangents to a circle through an external point are equal.

The tangents through point A are AF and AE

So, AF = AE -------------------- (1)

The tangents through point B are BF and BD

So, BF = BD -------------------- (2)

The tangents through point C are CD and CE

So, CD = CD -------------------- (3)

Semiperimeter, s = (AB + BC + CA)/2

2s = AB + BC + CA

From the figure,

AB = AF + FB

BC = BD + DC

CA = CE + EA

2s = AF + FB + BD + DC + CE + EA

From (1), (2) and (3),

2s = AE + AE + CE + CE + BD + BD

2s = 2AE + 2CE + 2BD

2s = 2(AE + CE + BD)

Cancelling out common term,

s = AE + CE + BD

From the figure,

AC = AE + CE

So, s = AC + BD

We know AC = b

s = b + BD

BD = s - b

Therefore, it is proven that BD = s – b

20. If AB is a chord of a circle with centre O, AOC is a diameter and AT is the
tangent at A as shown in Fig. Prove that ∠BAT = ∠ACB

Solution:

Given, AB is a chord of a circle with centre O.

AOC is a diameter of the circle

AT is the tangent at point A

We have to prove that ∠BAT = ∠ACB

We know that angle in a semicircle is always equal to 90°

So, ∠CBA = 90°

Considering triangle CBA,

We know that the sum of all three interior angles of a triangle is always equal to 180°

∠CBA + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180°

90° + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180°

∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180° - 90°

∠BAC + ∠ACB = 90°

∠ACB = 90° - ∠BAC ----------------- (1)

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of
contact.

So, OA ⟂ AT

∠OAT + ∠CAT = 90°

From the figure,

∠CAT = ∠BAT + ∠BAC

90° = ∠BAT + ∠BAC

∠BAT = 90° - ∠CAB ---------------- (2)

Comparing (1) and (2),

Since RHS are same

∠ACB = ∠BAT

Therefore, it is proved that ∠ACB = ∠BAT

21. In below figure, tangents PQ and PR are drawn to a circle such that ∠RPQ = 30°.
A chord RS is drawn parallel to the tangent PQ. Find the ∠RQS

Solution:

Given, PQ and PR are the tangents drawn to a circle.

Also, ∠RPQ = 30°

A chord RS is drawn parallel to the tangent PQ.

We have to find the measure of angle RQS.

We know that the tangents drawn through an external point to a circle are equal.

So, PQ = PR.

We know that the angles opposite to the equal sides are equal in a triangle.

So, ∠PRQ = ∠PQR --------------- (1)

Considering triangle PQR,

We know that the sum of all three interior angles of a triangle are equal.

∠PQR + ∠RPQ + ∠PRQ = 180°

∠PQR + 30° + ∠PRQ = 180°

∠PQR + ∠PRQ = 180° - 30°

∠PQR + ∠PRQ = 150°

From (1),

∠PQR + ∠PQR = 150°

2∠PQR = 150°

∠PQR = 150°/2

∠PQR = 75°

Since PQ = PR, ∠PQR = ∠PRQ = 75°

We know that the angle between the tangent and the chord of a circle is equal to the
angle made by the chord in the alternate segment.

So, ∠PQR = ∠RSQ = 75° ------------------- (2)

Since RS || PQ,

The alternate angles are equal.

i.e., ∠PQR = ∠QRS = 75° ------------------ (3)

Comparing (2) and (3),

∠RSQ = ∠QRS = 75°

We know that the sides opposite to equal angles are equal.

So, SQ = RQ

This implies QRS is an isosceles triangle.

In triangle QRS,

By angle sum property,

∠RSQ + ∠QRS + ∠RQS = 180°

75° + 75° + ∠RQS = 180°

150° + ∠RQS = 180°

∠RQS = 180° - 150°

Therefore, ∠RQS = 30°

22. AB is a diameter and AC is a chord of a circle with centre O such that ∠BAC =
30°. The tangent at C intersects extended AB at a point D. Prove that BC = BD

Solution:
Given, AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O

AC is a chord of a circle.

Also, ∠BAC = 30°

The tangent at C intersects extended AB at a point D.

We have to prove that BC = BD.

By alternate segment theorem,

We know that the angle between the tangent and the chord of a circle is equal to the
angle made by the chord in the alternate segment.

So, ∠BCD = ∠BAC

Given, ∠BAC = 30°

Then, ∠BCD = 30° ------------------- (1)

We know that the angle in a semicircle is always equal to 90°

∠ACB = 90°

In triangle ABC,

∠CAB + ∠CBA + ∠ACB = 180°

30° + ∠CBA + 90° = 180°

120° + ∠CBA = 180°

∠CBA = 180° - 120°

∠CBA = 60°

From the figure,

Linear pair of angles,

∠CBA + ∠CBD = 180°

60° + ∠CBD = 180°

∠CBD = 180° - 60°

∠CBD = 120°

Considering triangle CBD,

We know that the sum of all three interior angles of a triangle is always equal to 180°

∠CBD + ∠BCD + ∠BDC = 180°

120° + 30° + ∠BDC = 180°

150° + ∠BDC = 180°

∠BDC = 180° - 150°

∠BDC = 30° ----------------------------- (2)

Comparing (1) and (2),

∠BCD = ∠BDC = 30°

We know that the sides opposite to equal angles are equal.

So, BC = BD

Therefore, it is proved that BC = BD

23. Prove that the tangent drawn at the mid-point of an arc of a circle is parallel to
the chord joining the end points of the arc

Solution:

Given, a tangent is drawn at the midpoint of an arc of a circle.

We have to prove that the tangent drawn at the mid-point of an arc of a circle
is parallel to the chord joining the end points of the arc.

From the figure,

Centre of the circle is O.

P is the midpoint of arc APB

PT is a tangent to a circle at P

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OP ⟂ PT

∠OPT = 90°

Since P is the midpoint of arc APB,

arc AP = arc BP

∠AOP = ∠BOP

∠AOM = ∠BOM

Considering triangles AOM and BOM,

OA = OB = radius of circle

OM = OM = common side

Also, ∠AOM = ∠BOM

By SAS criterion, the triangles AOM and BOM are similar.

Corresponding parts of congruent triangles or cpct is used to denote the relation

between the sides and the angles of two congruent triangles.

By cpct,

∠AMO = ∠BMO —------------------ (1)

The linear pair angles ∠AMO + ∠BMO = 180°

From (1), ∠AMO + ∠AMO = 180°

2∠AMO = 180°

∠AMO = 90°

So, ∠AMO = ∠BMO = 90°

We know that the corresponding angles are equal.

From the figure,

∠BMO = ∠OPT = 90°

This implies AB || PT
Therefore, the tangent at midpoint of the arc is parallel to the chord joining the end
points of the arc.

24. A chord PQ of a circle is parallel to the tangent drawn at a point R of the circle.
Prove that R bisects the arc PRQ

Solution:

Given, a chord PQ of a circle is parallel to the tangent drawn at a point R of the circle.

We have to prove that R bisects the arc PRQ.

From the figure,

MN is the tangent to the circle at the point R.

PQ is the chord

Given, PQ || MN

The alternate interior angles are equal.

i.e., ∠MRP = ∠RPQ

∠1 = ∠2 ------------------ (a)

We know that the angle between the tangent and the chord of a circle is equal to the
angle made by the chord in the alternate segment.

So, ∠MRP = ∠RQP

∠1 = ∠3 ----------------- (b)

From (a) and (b),

∠2 = ∠3

∠MRP = ∠RQP

We know that the sides equal to the opposite angles are equal.

So, PR = QR.
This implies that R bisect PQ.

Therefore, R bisects the arc PRQ.

25. In Fig. 9.19, the common tangent, AB and CD to two circles with centres
O and O' intersect at E. Prove that the points O, E, O' are collinear

Solution:

Given, the tangents AB and CD are common to two circles with centres O and O’

The common tangents AB and CD intersect at E.

We have to prove that the points O, E and O’ are collinear.

Join OA and OC, O’D and O’B

Considering triangles AOE and EOC,

OE = OE = common side

OA = OC = radius of circle
We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

Tangents from external point E are EA and EC

So, AE = EC

By SAS criterion, the triangles AOE and EOC are similar.

Corresponding parts of congruent triangles or cpct is used to denote the relation

between the sides and the angles of two congruent triangles.

By cpct,

∠AEO = ∠CEO ------------------ (1)

From the figure,

∠AEC = ∠AEO + ∠CEO

From (1), ∠AEC = ∠AEO + ∠AEO

∠AEC = 2∠AEO ------------------- (2)

From the figure,

CD is a straight line

The linear pair of angles ∠AED + ∠AEC = 180°

From (2), 2∠AEO + ∠AED = 180°

Dividing by 2,

∠AEO + (1/2)∠AED = 90°

∠AEO = 90° - (1/2)∠AED --------------- (3)

Considering triangles O’ED and O’EB,

O’B = O’D = radius of circle

O’E = O’E = common side

We know that the tangents drawn to a circle through an external point are equal.

So, EB = ED

By SSS criterion, the triangles O’ED and O’EB are similar.

By cpct, ∠O’ED = ∠O’EB ------------ (4)

26.The tangent at a point C of a circle and a diameter AB when extended intersect at
P. If ∠PCA=110º , find ∠CBA [see Fig. 9.21]

Solution:

Given, O is the centre of a circle.

AB is the diameter of the circle

AB is extended to P and PC is a tangent to the circle at point C.

Given, ∠PCA = 110º

We have to find ∠CBA

We know that angle in a semicircle is always equal to 90°

So, ∠BCA = 90°

We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

i.e., OC ⟂ PC

So, ∠OCP = 90°

From the figure,

∠PCA = ∠BCA + ∠PCB

110° = 90° + ∠PCB

∠PCB = 110° - 90°

∠PCB = 20°
By alternate segment theorem,

We know that the angle between the tangent and the chord of a circle is equal to the
angle made by the chord in the alternate segment.

∠PCB = ∠CAB

So, ∠CAB = 20°

Considering triangle ABC,

We know that the sum of all three interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180°

∠BCA + ∠CBA + ∠CAB = 180°

90° + ∠CBA + 20° = 180°

110° + ∠CBA = 180°

∠CBA = 180° - 110°

Therefore, ∠CBA = 70°

From the figure,

∠DEB = ∠O’EB + ∠O’ED

From (4), ∠DEB = ∠O’ED + ∠O’ED

∠DEB = 2∠O’ED ------------- (5)

From the figure,

AB is a straight line

The linear pair of angles ∠AED + ∠DEB = 180°

From (5), ∠AED + 2∠O’ED = 180°

Dividing by 2,

(1/2)∠AED + ∠O’ED = 90°

∠O’ED = 90° - (1/2)∠AED -------------- (6)

Adding ∠AEO + ∠AED + ∠O’ED ,

From (3) and (6),

= 90° - (1/2)∠AED + ∠AED + 90° - (1/2)∠AED

= 180° - ∠AED + ∠AED

= 180°

So, ∠AEO + ∠AED + ∠O’ED = 180°

The points O, E and O’ lie on the same line.

Therefore, the points E, O and O’ are collinear.

27. In the below figure O is the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm, T is a point such
that OT = 13 cm and OT intersects the circle at E. If AB is the tangent to the circle at
E, find the length of AB

Solution:

Given, O is the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm.

T is a point outside the circle such that OT = 13 cm.

OT intersects the circle at E.

We have to find the length of AB if AB is the tangent to the circle at E

We know that tangents to a circle through an external point are equal.

From point A, the tangents to the circle are AP and AE

So, AP = AE

Let AP = AE be x.

We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OP ⟂ PT and OQ ⟂ QT

Also, ∠OPT = ∠OQT = 90°

Considering triangle OPT,

∠P = 90°

So, OPT is a right triangle with P at right angle.

By pythagoras theorem,

OT² = OP² + PT²

(13)² = (5)² + PT²

169 = 25 + PT²

PT² = 169 - 25

PT² = 144

Taking square root,

PT = 12 cm

Considering triangle AET,

∠E = 90°

So, AET is a right triangle with E at right angle.

By pythagoras theorem,

AT² = AE² + ET²

From the figure,

PT = PA + AT
12 = x + AT

AT = 12 - x

(12 - x)² = x² + ET²

ET² = (12 - x)² - x²

By using algebraic identity,

(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

So, ET² = 144 - 24x + x² - x²

ET² = 144 - 24x

From the figure,

OT = OE + ET

13 = 5 + ET

ET = 13 - 5

ET = 8 cm

So, (8)² = 144 - 24x

64 = 144 - 24x

24x = 144 - 64

24x = 80

x = 80/24

x = 20/6

x = 10/3 cm

We know AB = 2(AE)

AB = 2(10/3)

AB = 20/3

AB = 6.6 cm

Therefore, the length of AB is 6.6 cm

28. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a circle make equal
angles with the chord

Solution:

We have to prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a circle make equal
angles with the chord.

From the figure,

O is the centre of the circle.

AB is a chord of the circle.

PA and PB are the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of the circle.

The tangents intersect at P.

Join OA and OB.

OA = OB = radius of the circle.

Considering triangle OAB,

OA = OB = radius of the circle.

Since the two sides of the triangle are equal, OAB is an isosceles triangle.

We know that the angles opposite to the equal sides of a triangle are equal.

So, ∠OAB = ∠OBA

i.e., ∠1 = ∠2 ------------- (1)

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, OA ⟂ PA and OB ⟂ PB
∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90°

i.e., ∠2 + ∠3 = ∠1 + ∠4 -------------- (2)

Substituting (1) in (2),

∠1 + ∠3 = ∠1 + ∠4

∠1 + ∠3 - ∠1 = ∠4

∠3 = ∠4

Therefore, ∠PAB = ∠PBA.

29. f an isosceles triangle ABC, in which AB = AC = 6 cm, is inscribed in a circle of

radius 9 cm, find the area of the triangle

Solution:

Given, ABC is an isosceles triangle

The measure of sides AB = AC = 6 cm

ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius 9 cm.

We have to find the area of the triangle.

From the figure,

O is the centre of the circle

Join OB and OC.

Let M be the midpoint of BC.

So, OM ⟂ BC

In an isosceles triangle, the median from the vertex is perpendicular to the base.

Since, ABC is an isosceles triangle and M is the midpoint of BC.

AM ⟂ BC

Let AM = x

Let MB = CM = y

Considering triangle AMB,

AMB is a right triangle with M at right angle.

By pythagoras theorem,

AB² = AM² + BM²

(6)² = x² + y²

x² + y² = 36 ---------------------------- (1)

Considering triangle OMB,

OMB is a right triangle with M at right angle.

OB² = OM² + BM²

OB = OC = 9 (radius of the circle)

From the figure,

AM + MO = AO

AO = radius of circle

x + OM = 9

OM = 9 - x

So, (9)² = (9 - x)² + y²

By algebraic identity,

(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

Now, 81 = 81 - 18x + x² + y²

x² + y² = 18x ----------------------------- (2)

Comparing (1) and (2),

36 = 18x

x = 36/18

x = 2 cm

So, AM = 2 cm

Put x = 2 in (1),

(2)² + y² = 36

4 + y² = 36

y² = 36 - 4

y² = 32

Taking square root,

y = 4√2 cm

Area of triangle = (1/2) × base × height

Area of triangle ABC = (1/2) × BC × AM

BC = BM + CM

= 4√2 + 4√2

BC = 8√2 cm
Area of triangle ABC = (1/2) × 8√2 × 2

= 8√2 square cm

Therefore, the area of the triangle is 8√2 square cm.

30. Two circles with centres O and O' of radii 3 cm and 4 cm, respectively intersect
at two points P and Q such that OP and O'P are tangents to the two circles. Find the
length of the common chord PQ

Solution:

Given, two circles with centres O and O' have radii 3 cm and 4 cm.

Two circles intersect at two points P and Q.

OP and O’P are the tangents to the two circles.

We have to find the length of the common chord PQ.

We know that the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact.

So, ∠OPO’ = 90°

Considering triangle OPO’,

OPO’ is a right triangle with P at right angle.

By pythagoras theorem,

(OO’)² = (OP)² + (O’P)²

From the figure,

OP = radius of circle = 3 cm

O’P = radius of other circle = 4 cm

(OO’)² = (3)² + (4)²

(OO’)² = 9 + 16

(OO’)² = 25
Taking square root,

OO’ = 5 cm

Let ON = x cm

So, O’N = 5 - x cm

In triangle ONP,

By pythagoras theorem,

(OP)² = (ON)² + (PN)²

(3)² = (x)² + (PN)²

9 = x² + (PN)²

PN² = 9 - x² -------------------------- (1)

In triangle O’NP,

(O’P)² = (O’N)² + (PN)²

(4)² = (5 - x)² + PN²

PN² = 16 - (5 - x)²

By using algebraic identity,

(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

PN² = 16 - (25 -10x + x²)

PN² = 16 - 25 + 10x - a²

PN² = -x² + 10x - 9 ----------------- (2)

Comparing (1) and (2),

9 - x² = -x² + 10x - 9

9 = 10x - 9

10x = 9 + 9

10x = 18

x = 18/10

x = 1.8
Substitute the value of x in (1),

PN² = 9 - (1.8)²

PN² = 9 - 3.24

PN² = 5.76

Taking square root,

PN = 2.4 cm

We know, PQ = 2PN

PQ = 2(2.4)

PQ = 4.8 cm

Therefore, the length of the chord PQ is 4.8 cm

31. A is a point at a distance 13 cm from the centre O of a circle of radius 5 cm. AP

and AQ are the tangents to the circle at P and Q. If a tangent BC is drawn at a point
R lying on the minor arc PQ to intersect AP at B and AQ at C, find the perimeter of
the ∆ABC

Solution:

Given, A is a point at a distance of 13 cm from the centre O of a circle of radius 5 cm.

AP and AQ are the tangents to the circle at P and Q.

A tangent BC is drawn at a point R lying on the minor arc PQ to intersect AP at B and

AQ at C.

We have to find the perimeter of the triangle ABC.

From the figure,

Radius of the circle = OP = OQ = 5 cm

Given, OA = 13 cm
We know that the tangents drawn to a circle through an external point are equal.

Given, AP and AQ are the tangents to the circle from an external point A.

So, AP = AQ ------------------- (1)

We know that the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of
contact.

So, OP ⟂ PA and OQ ⟂ AQ

Also, ∠OPA = ∠OQA = 90°

Considering triangle OPA,

OPA is a right triangle with P at right angle.

By pythagoras theorem,

OA² = OP² + PA²

(13)² = (5)² + PA²

169 = 25 + PA²

PA² = 169 - 25

PA² = 144

Taking square root,

PA = 12 cm

Perimeter of a triangle is the sum of all three sides of the triangle.

Perimeter of triangle ABC = AB + BC + AC

From the figure,

BC = BR + CR

Perimeter of triangle ABC = AB + BR + CR + AC

We know that the tangents drawn to a circle through an external point are equal.

Tangents from external point B are BP and BR

So, BP = BR

Tangents from external point C are CQ and CR

So, CQ = CR

Perimeter of triangle ABC = AB + BR + CR + AC

= AB + BP + CQ + AC

We know AP = AB + BP

So, Perimeter of triangle ABC = AP + CQ + AC

From the figure,

AQ = AC + CQ

Now, Perimeter of triangle ABC = AP + AQ

From (1), AP + AP = 2 AP

Perimeter of triangle ABC = 2AP

= 2(12)

= 24 cm

Therefore, the perimeter of triangle ABC is 24 cm.