GBIO 55 Lecture 2.

1:
Animal Cell
& Membrane
Transport
Prepared by:
Ryan Julian
Instructor, DBS
Cavite State University
Lecture Outline
01
01 02
Biological Cell Theory &
Molecules Origins

03 04
Parts & Membrane
Structures of Transport
an Animal Cell
 Lecture Objectives

Objective 1 Objective 2 Objective 3

Differentiate a Identify the different Explain the processes of
prokaryotic to eukaryotic parts of the cell in membrane transport, cell
cell relation to their function respiration, and cell division
Let’s get
started!
Animal cells are constituted by:

Atoms Molecules

01 02 Organic Molecules

Inorganic Molecules

03
Life processes are
chemical reactions!
Cells
 Most Important Organic Molecules
Unique Properties of Water

High Specific Heat Capacity

High Heat Vaporization

Water
High Surface Tension

● Makes up a large portion Low Viscosity

of living organisms
Acts as a solvent
Geometry of a water molecule
Hydrogen bonds lie behind
these important properties
Acids, Bases, Buffers
Base pH

Substances that
● A measure of the concentration
liberate of H⁺ in the solution
hydroxyl ions
1 (OH⁻) into the 3 ● The pH scale runs from 0 - 14

solution
Neutral solution with a pH of 7:

[H⁺] = [OH⁻]

Acid 2 Buffer Basic solution with a pH above 7:

Substances that Molecules that
[H⁺] < [OH⁻]
liberate hydrogen prevent drastic
Acidic solution with a pH below of
ions (H⁺) into the changes in the 7:
pH of water
solution [H⁺] > [OH⁻]
Hydrolysis & Condensation

Hydrolysis Condensation

Occurs when compounds Occurs when larger

are split into smaller pieces compounds are synthesized
by the addition of water from larger ones
molecule
01
Biological
Molecules
Organic Molecules:
Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Classes Description Example

Monosaccharides Simple sugars Glucose

Carbohydrates Disaccharides Double sugars Maltose

Polysaccharides Complex sugars Glycogen

Compounds of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
 Carbohydrates

Glycogen
Maltose Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
Glucose
Monosaccharide
Organic Molecules: Macromolecules
Lipids

Types Function

Neutral fats Major fuel for animals

Triglycerides Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Steroids Complex alcohols with fatlike properties

Examples:
● Cholesterol
● Vitamin D
Lipids ● Adrenocortical hormone
● Sex hormones
● Fatty substances
Phospholipids ● Important components of the cell membrane
● Nonpolar ● Polar and water-soluble on one end and
● Provides insulation nonpolar on the other end
 Lipids

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Steroids
Lecithin
Phospholipid
Organic Molecules:
Macromolecules

Proteins
● Large complex molecules composed
of amino acids, which are linked by
peptide bonds
● Functions as a structural framework
 Organic Molecules: Macromolecules

Nucleic Acid
● Large complex molecules
composed of amino acids
● Blueprint of cells Adenine nucleotide
● Composed of carbons,
oxygen, nitrogen,
hydrogen, and
phosphorus atoms. DNA molecule structure
● Building blocks are called
nucleotides
02
Cell Theory
& Origin
Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

Simple Organic Complex Organic Cells

Molecules Molecules

Protocells containing protein enzymes and DNA should

have been selectively favored over those with only RNA
 Cell

Robert Anton Van Robert Matthias

Hooke Leeuwenhoek Brown Schleiden &
Observed and Invented the Described the Theodore
coined the term compound nucleus and Swan
“cell” microscope cytoplasmic
Proposed the cell
movement
theory
Cell Theory
Cell Theory

States that all living

organisms composed of
cells. Cells come from
preexisting cells

Cells

Represent the basic unit

of life
General structure of an animal cell
03
Parts of an
animal cell
Parts of an animal cell

An animal cell has

01 Organelles

02 Components
Primary parts: Plasma Membrane

Function: The outer boundary of the cell which separates

Plasma membrane
the internal metabolism of the cell from its environment
Primary parts: Cytoplasm

● The portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Cytoplasm ● Organelles are suspended through it
● Component: Cytosol is the semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Primary parts: Nucleus

Nucleus

● The largest organelle

● Function: It contains DNA and serves as the
control and information center
● Components: Consists of: nuclear envelope,
nucleolus, chromatin
The Endomembrane System:
Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER Function: Covered by ribosomes that synthesize polypeptides

Smooth ER Function: Synthesis of lipids and phospholipids

The Endomembrane System:
Golgi Apparatus

● Function: A stack of membranous vesicles where storage,

Golgi bodies modification, and packaging of protein products occur
● Components: Contains cis face and trans face
Lysosomes

● Function: A body capable of lysis

Lysosomes ● Components: Contains enzymes that can break down foreign
materials
Parts of an animal cell: Mitochondria

● Function: Powerhouses of the cell

Mitochondria ● Components: Composed of a double membrane
Parts of an animal cell: Cytoskeleton

● Formed from a system of tubules and

filaments
● Function: Provide support and maintain the
Cytoskeleton shape of the cell
● Components: microfilaments, microtubules,
and intermediate filaments
Parts of an animal cell: Cytoskeleton
● Thin , linear, structures
● First observed in muscle ● Tubular structures
cells and functions in consisting of a protein ● Functions in the anchorage of
muscle contraction called tubulin nucleus and other organelles
● Contains proteins called ● Plays a vital role in moving ● Larger than microfilaments
actin and myosin chromosomes but smaller than microtubules

Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments

Parts of an animal cell: Centrosome

● A microtubule organizing center where

microtubules radiate from
Centrosome ● Component: a pair of centrioles composed
of microtubules
Other Cellular Components: Cilia &
Flagella

● Motile extensions of the cell surface that sweep materials

past the cell
Cilia & Flagella ● Function: propel the organism through a water medium
● Have different beating patterns
 Other Cellular Components: Junctional
Complexes
Microvilli Increase the surface area of the tissue

Tight junctions Functions as seals

Adhesion Transmembrane proteins link across a small

junctions space and connect to microfilaments

Desmosomes Act as spot welds

Hemidesmosomes Anchor cells to connective tissues

Gap junctions Are canals between cells

04
Membrane
Transport
The Plasma Membrane
Membranes surround the outside of the
cell and the organelles inside it.

The plasma membrane acts as a

selective gatekeeper.

A substance may across the membrane

through:

● Diffusion
● Mediated transport system
● Endocytosis
Plasma membrane are comprised of two layers
Cell membranes are selectively of phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads
permeable and hydrophobic tails
The Plasma Membrane
Functions

Regulation of materials
entering in and out of the cell

Separation of the cell from its

outside environment

Separate various organelles

within the cells

Site of receptors for cell

identification
 Movement across the membrane:
Diffusion Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively
Diffusion permeable membrane from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
Movement of molecules from an area of
concentration
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
 Movement across the membrane:
Mediated Transport System
Gated channels require a signal to open
or close them
● Charged substances like
water and dissolved ions
cannot diffuse across the Chemically-gated ion channels Voltage-gated ion channels
cell membrane

● They pass through

channels created by
transmembrane proteins
Movement across the membrane:
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the ingestion of materials
by cells

Receptor-mediated
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Endocytosis
 "Every cell in our body is a
network of intelligence,
working together in harmony
to keep us alive and thriving."
— Deepak Chopra
 Thanks!

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Next lecture: Lecture 2.2: Animal Cell - Cell

Respiration, Cell Division, and Concepts of Heredity