FACILITATED OR CARRIER-MEDIATED DIFFUSION

• Facilitated or carrier-mediated diffusion is the type of diffusion by

which the water-soluble substances having larger molecules are
- - -

transported through the cell membrane with the help of a carrier

-

-
protein.
• By this process, the substances are transported across the cell
membrane faster than the transport by simple diffusion.
T
solutes ⑭e
carrier proter
↓

·
 FACILITATED OR CARRIER-MEDIATED DIFFUSION

*• Glucose and amino acids are transported by -

facilitated diffusion.
-

• Glucose or amino acid molecules cannot diffuse through the channels

because the diameter of these molecules is larger than the diameter
of the channels.
• Binds with carrier protein.
• Now, some conformational change occurs in the carrier protein.
• Due to this change, the molecule reaches the other side of the cell membrane
FACILITATED OR CARRIER-MEDIATED DIFFUSION

o -
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION

①• Permeability of the Cell Membrane:

-

• Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the permeability of cell membrane.

- -

Since the cell membrane is selectively permeable, only limited number of

substances can diffuse through the membrane.
②• Temperature:
• Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the body temperature. Increase in
- -

temperature increases the rate of diffusion. This is because of the thermal

motion of molecules during increased temperature.
③ • Concentration Gradient or Electrical Gradient of the Substance across the Cell
-
-

Membrane
:
I
-

---

Cell membrane
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION

④• Diffusion rate is directly proportional to the solubility of substances, particularly

- -

the lipid-soluble substances. Since oxygen is highly soluble in lipids, it diffuses very
rapidly through the lipid layer.
⑤• Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the thickness of the cell membrane. If
--

the cell membrane is thick, diffusion of the substances is very slow.

⑮• Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the size of the molecules. Thus, the
-

substances with smaller molecules diffuse rapidly than the substances with
larger molecules.
SPECIAL TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT

• In addition to diffusion, there are some special types of passive

transport, like:
1. Bulk flow
-

2. Filtration
-

3. Osmosis.
-
 BULK FLOW -

• Bulk flow is the diffusion of large quantity of substances from a region

of high pressure to the region of low pressure. It is due to the pressure
-

gradient of the substance across the cell membrane. Best example for
- --

bulk flow is the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane in

- -

-
lungs. Partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the alveolar air than in the
alveolar capillary blood.

edi
 FILTRATION

• Movement of water and solutes from an area of high hydrostatic

- - -

-
pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure is called filtration.
- >
-

Hydrostatic pressure is developed by the weight of the fluid. Filtration

process is seen at arterial end of the capillaries, where movement of
fluid occurs along with dissolved substances from blood into the
interstitial fluid. It also occurs in glomeruli of kidneys.
 ~ aole
& pillary :
Afferen Pomerali

venous
Ero auteriole
arterial oncotic
I pressure t
#--- capsule
I

...

XDCT
4 Hydrostatic

guy
pressure interstitial Fluid
Nymph)
↓
PCT CT
-

LOH-
ting
 FILTRATION

Higher Lower DIFFUSION

conc. M conc.
E
M
Lipid soluble
B
R
A
N Water
E
insoluble
FILTRATION

42
 OSMOSIS

• Osmosis is the special type of diffusion. It is defined as the movement

>
- -

of water or any other solvent from an area of lower concentration to

- - -

an area of higher concentration of a solute, through a semipermeable

- - -

membrane. The semipermeable membrane permits the passage of

-

only water or other solvents but not the solutes.

 -

<

-
Go
 Osmotic Pressure ~

• Osmotic pressure is the pressure created by the solutes in a fluid.

--

During osmosis, when water or any other solvent moves from the area
of lower concentration to the area of higher concentration, the solutes
in the area of higher concentration get dissolved in the solvent. This
creates a pressure which is known as osmotic pressure. Normally, the
osmotic pressure prevents further movement of water or other
solvent during osmosis.

G
:__

%-0 -
-

6
 Reverse Osmotic Pressure

• Reverse osmosis is a process in which water or other solvent flows in

- -
-

reverse direction (from the area of higher concentration to the area of

-
-
-

lower concentration of the solute), if an external pressure is applied

- - -

on the area of higher concentration.

 w
Colloidal Osmotic Pressure and Oncotic Pressure

-
• The osmotic pressure exerted by the colloidal substances in the body
-

is called the colloidal osmotic pressure. And, the osmotic pressure

- -

exerted by the colloidal substances (proteins) of the plasma is known

-
-

as oncotic pressure
-
I
and it is about 25 mm Hg.&
-
Albumin
 Types of Osmosis

• Osmosis across the cell membrane is of two types:-

1. Endosmosis: Movement of water into the cell.
-
-

2. Exosmosis: Movement of water out of the cell.

- -
Tosmolarity: no .
of solutes/Life of solvent

rosmolality : Mass of
"
(kg of water.

Isotonic Hypolonic Hypertonic

o E
o More

Osmolality is lesser
Same as
plasma
⑰ Semipermeable ⑰

I
>
-

membrane

Hypotonic Hypertonic
Fund

>
-
⑮
well
up
3typertonic
Fluid
-Da
Bor ↓
Cell will shrink
questions diffusio VS Facilitates diffusion ?

② types of channels ?
③ What is NMJ and its function ?
① Factors affecting rate of Diffusion ?

⑤ Dis .
bett Osmosis and Filtration ?

⑧ What incotic
s pressure ?
↓
plasma protein (9lbumin)
~
Emmitg
INTRODUCTION Of GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
(PAES)
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
(CONTD ) .

Dr . Krishna Badal MD
,
Head of Academics
Al Uzbekistan
,
 Active transport

• Active transport is the movement of substances against the chemical

-

or electrical or electrochemical gradient.

- -

• It is like swimming against the water tide in a river.

-

• It is also called uphill transport.

-

• Active transport requires energy, which is obtained mainly by

-
-

breakdown of high energy compounds like& ATP.

1 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Active Transport vs Facilitated Diffusion

• Active transport mechanism is different from facilitated

diffusion by two ways:-
• Carrier protein of active transport needs energy,
-
-

whereas the carrier protein of facilitated diffusion

-

does not need energy.

-

• In active transport, the substances are transported

-

against the concentration or electrical or electrochemical gradient. In

--

facilitated diffusion, the substances are transported along the concentration or

- -

electrical or electrochemical gradient

-

2 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Carrier protein of active transport

• Carrier proteins involved in active transport are of two types:-

1. Uniport
2. Symport or antiport.

3 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Symport or Antiport

• Symport or antiport is the carrier protein that transports two

-
-

substances at a time.
-

• Carrier protein that transports two different

-

substances in the same direction is called symport or symport pump.

- -

Carrier protein that transports two different substances in opposite

directions is called antiport or antiport pump.
-

5 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Symport or Antiport
Substance
a

Substance ↑

↓ X

6 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

7 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022
 Substances carried by active transport

• Substances, which are transported actively, are in ionic form and non-
- -

ionic form.
-

-• Substances in ionic form are sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen,

- - -

chloride and iodide.

-
-

• Substances in non-ionic form are glucose, amino acids and urea.

- -
-

8 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Types of active transport

• Active transport is of two types:

1. Primary active transport
2. Secondary active transport

9 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Primary active transport

• Primary active transport is the type of transport mechanism in which

the energy is liberated directly from the breakdown of ATP.
• By this method, the substances like sodium, potassium, calcium,
hydrogen and chloride
are transported across the cell membrane.

10 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Primary Active Transport of Sodium and Potassium:- Sodium-Potassium Pump

• Sodium and potassium ions are transported across the cell membrane
by means of a common carrier protein called sodium-potassium (Na+-
K+) pump.
• It is also called
Na+-K+ ATPase pump or Na+-K+ ATPase.
-

>
-

Nat outsidet

inside -

11 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Structure of Na+-K+ pump

• Carrier protein that constitutes Na+-K+ pump is made up of two

protein subunit molecules, an α-subunit with a molecular weight of
-

100,000 and a β-subunit with a molecular weight of 55,000.

• Transport of Na+ and K+ occurs only by α-subunit. The β-subunit is a
- -

glycoprotein, the function of which is not clear.

- -

12 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

Structure of Na+-K+ pump

-o

&

& o

13 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

Mechanism of action of Na+-K+ pump

14 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 ~Electrogenic activity of Na+-K+ pump

• Na+-K+ pump moves three sodium ions outside the cell and two
potassium ions inside cell. Thus, when the pump works once, there is
a net loss of one positively charged ion from the cell.
• Continuous activity of the sodium-potassium pumps causes reduction
in the number of positively charged ions inside the cell leading to
increase in the negativity inside the cell. This is called the electrogenic
activity of Na+-K+ pump.

15 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Transport of Calcium Ions

• Calcium is actively transported from inside to outside the cell by

-

-
calcium pump. Calcium pump is operated by a separate carrier
-

-
protein.
• Energy is obtained from ATP by the catalytic activity of ATPase.
-

• Calcium pumps are also present in some organelles of the cell such as
sarcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle and the mitochondria of all the
-

- -
-

cells.
-

16 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022

 Transport of Hydrogen Ions

• Hydrogen ion is actively transported across the cell membrane by the

-

carrier protein called hydrogen pump.

-

• It also obtains energy from ATP by the activity of ATPase.

-

• The hydrogen pumps that are present in two important organs have
-

some functional significance.

-

E
• In Stomach:- Hydrogen pumps in parietal cells of the gastric glands are
involved in the formation of hydrochloric acid. #CD
--

•CIn Kidney:- Hydrogen pumps in epithelial cells of distal convoluted

-

tubules and collecting ducts are involved in the secretion of hydrogen

- - -

ions from blood into urine.

-

>
-

Excleted in ne

17 Introduction of Physiology 3 - 22 December 2022