EXERCISES [MAI 2.11-2.

12]
EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS - II
SOLUTIONS
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

A. Paper 1 questions (SHORT)

LOGARITHMS
1.
log 2 16  4 log 3 9  2 log 3 27  3
log 5 1  0 log 5 5  1 log 5 25  2
log 1  0 log 10  1 log 10000  4
log 3 (1 / 3)  -1 log 3 3  1 / 2 log 0.1  -1
2. (a) (i) x  8 (ii) x  2
(b) (i) x  25 (ii) x  5
(c) (i) 2 x  16  x  8 (ii) 4 x 2  16  x  2
(d) (i) x  100 (ii) x  e 4
3.
log 10 k  k ln e k  k
log 1 k  – k ln 1 k  – k
10 e
log k 10  1/k ln k e  1/ k

4. (a) x  8 (b) x  99 (c) x  e 2  1

5. (a) (i) x  5  1  x  4 (ii) x  5  7  x  2
(b) (i) x  5  1  x  4 (ii) x  5  10  x  5
(c) (i) x  5  1  x  4 (ii) x  5  e  x  e  5
6. the answer for all questions is 5
7.
LHS = log100000  5
log xy  log x  log y
RHS = log1000  log100 = 3  2  5
x LHS = log10  1
log  log x  log y
y RHS = log1000  log100 = 3  2  1
LHS = log1000 2 = log 1000000  6
log x 2  2 log x
RHS = 2 log1000 = 2  3  6

8.
LHS = ln12  2.48
ln xy  ln x  ln y
RHS = ln6+ln2=1.7918 + 0.6931  2.48
x LHS = ln3  1.10
ln  ln x  ln y
y RHS = ln6-ln2  1.7918 – 0.6931  1.7918  1.10
LHS = ln36  3.58
ln 2 x 2  2 ln x
RHS = 2ln6 = 2(1.792)  3.58

1
9.
log xy a+b log 10 x a+1

x
log a-b log 100 x a+2
y
y
log x 3 3a log b-1
10
y
log xyz a+b+c log b-2
100
xy
log x 2 y 2a+b log a+b-c-1
10 z
1
log x a/2 log -c
z
xy x2 y7
log a+b-c log 2a+7b-c/2
z z

10. The answers are exactly the same as in Exercise 9,

1 1
11. 2log x  log y  3log z = 2a  b  3c
2 2
 x  1 1
12. log10  2  = log10 x – log10 y2 – log10 z = log10 x – 2log y – log z= p – 2q – r
y z 2 2
 
13. (a) ln a3b = 3ln a + ln b = ln a3b = 3p + q
a 1
(b) ln  ln a  ln b =1/2 p - q
b 2
14. (a) loga 10 = loga (5  2)= loga 5 + loga 2= p + q

(b) loga 8 = loga 23 = 3 loga 2= 3q

5
(c) loga 2.5 = loga = loga 5  loga 2= p  q
2
15. (a) (i) logc 15 = logc 3 + logc 5= p + q
(ii) logc 25 = 2 logc 5= 2q
1
(b) d 2  6  d = 36

16. (a) log5 x2 = 2 log5 x= 2y

(b) log5 1 = –log5 x = –y

x
1
(c) log5 x1/2 = y
2

2
 EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
17. (a) (i) 2 x  2  x  1 (ii) 2 x  2  x  1
log 3 5
(b) (i) 2 x  log 3 5  x 
2
log 5
(ii) 2 x log 3  log 5  x 
2 log 3
ln 5
(iii) 2 x ln 3  ln 5  x 
2 ln 3
log 5
(c) 10 2 x  5  2 x  log 5  x 
2
ln 5
(d) e2x  5  2 x  ln 5  x 
2
5
18. (a) x  log 2 5  3 (b) x  log 5  3 c) x  ln 5  3 (d) x  ln 3
2

LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

19. (a) log x( x  1)  log 6  x( x  1)  6  x 2  x  6  0  x  2 (–3 is rejected)

(b) log x( x  3)  1  x( x  3)  10  x 2  3x  10  0  x  2 (–5 is rejected)

x  18 x  18
(c) log 1  10  x  18  10 x  18  9 x  x  2
x x

20. (a) log 2 x( x  1)  log 2 6  x( x  1)  6  x 2  x  6  0  x  2 (–3 is rejected)

(b) log 2 x ( x  1)  1  x( x  1)  2  x 2  x  2  0  x  1 (–2 is rejected)

x5 x5
(c) log 2 1  2  x  5  2x  x  5
x x

10 x  20 10 x  20
21. (a) log 2
1 2
 10  10 x  20  10 x 2  x  2  x 2  x 2  x  2  0  x  2
x x
x  14 x  14
(a) log 2 2  4  x  14  4 x 2  4 x 2  x  14  0  x  2 (–7/4 is rejected)
x2 x2
 
(b) log 2 (4 x) x 2  5  4 x 3  32  x 3  8  x  2

22. log2 x(x – 2) = 3

x(x – 2) = 23, x2 – 2x – 8
2  36
x=
2
x=4
a2 5
23. (a) 3x + 5 = a2 x
3
(b) x + 2 = e3  x = e3  2 (= 18.1)

3
B. Paper 2 questions (LONG)
24. (a) x2 = 49 x = ±7 x = 7
(b) 2x = 8 x=3
1
 1 1
(c) x= 25 2 x= x=
25 5
(d) log2 (x(x – 7)) = 3
log2 (x2 – 7x) = 3
23 = x2 – 7x
x2 – 7x – 8 = 0
x = 8, x = –1 (rejected)
x=8

25. (a) xR

(b) y  15
(c) f (5)  49.8
(d) x  7.50
(e) x  8.14 so x  9
(f) y  5.02 , the horizontal line is y  5
(g) y 5

26. (a) f 1
x   ln x
ex 1
(b) g −1(x) 
2
(c) (f ◦ g) (x) = eln (1 + 2x) = 1 + 2x
x 1
(d) y = 2x + 1  y  1 = 2x  x = (y-1)/2 so (f ◦ g)1 (x) =
2
27. (a) a  135
(b) 1.61 2.71 3.81 4.91
(c) all differences are 1.1 they are in arithmetic sequence
(d) 0.699 1.18 1.65 2.13
The differences are 0.481 0.47 0.48
The values are almost equal; he difference is due to rounding. In fact we still have an
arithmetic sequence.
(e) a 3a 9a

3a 9a
(f) ln 3a  ln a  ln  ln 3 ln 9 a  ln 3r  ln  ln 3 common difference = ln 3
a 3a
(g) If the sequence u n is geometric then the sequence v n  ln u n is arithmetic

u n  u1 r n 1 and u n 1  u1 r n

u1r n
v n1  v n  ln v n1  ln v n  ln u1 r n  ln u1 r n1  ln  ln r
u1 r n1
So the common difference is d  ln r

4
 x
16
8x
28. (a) f ( x)  log 3 2  log 3 f(x) = log3 2x
4 4
(b) f(0.5) = 0, f(4.5) = 2
(c) and (e)

V.A. x = 0 (must be an equation)

(d) f–1(0) = 0.5