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Chapter 5 Assignment 2

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Chapter 5 Assignment 2

I really needed that PDF

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samuelandre824
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Samuel Andre

Computer Architecture
Chapter 5 Assignment 2
11/02/2024

Memory Packages

Memory packages refer to the physical formats or modules in which memory chips are housed
for different purposes.

1. Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM): An older package with memory chips on a
single side of the module. Primarily used in earlier computer systems before being
replaced by DIMMs.
2. Dual Inline Memory Module: A memory package with independent electrical contacts
on both sides, providing higher capacity and performance. Common in modern desktops,
servers, and workstations. Available in variants like DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5.
3. Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM): A smaller version of DIMM, designed for compact
spaces. Found in laptops, small-form-factor PCs, and networking hardware.
4. Flash Memory Modules: Non-volatile memory packages used in SSDs, USB drives, and
other storage devices. Offers fast access times and is commonly used in mobile devices,
portable storage, and embedded systems.
5. eMMC (Embedded Multimedia Card): A compact, embedded storage solution that
combines flash memory and a controller. Commonly used in mobile devices, tablets, and
budget laptops.
6. NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express): A high-speed flash storage package that
connects directly to the PCIe bus. Popular in high-performance applications, gaming PCs,
and data-intensive environments.

Newer Memory Package Techniques (Recent Research):


● DDR5 DIMMS: The latest version of DDR RAM, offering double the bandwidth and
higher power efficiency than DDR4.
● HBM (High Bandwidth Memory): A 3D-stacked memory technology that provides
high bandwidth and low latency, often used in GPUs and AI applications.
● LPDDR5: Low-power DDR5, optimized for mobile devices with reduced power
consumption and increased speed, ideal for smartphones and tablets.
● GDDR6: Graphics DDR6, specifically designed for graphics processing, used in GPUs
for gaming, AI, and other high-performance applications.
● Optane Memory: Intel’s non-volatile memory that bridges the gap between DRAM and
SSD, improving access times and system performance.
Comparison: CD VS. DVD VS. Blu-Ray

CD (Compact Disc)
● Storage Capacity: Typically 650-700 MB.
● Physical Size: 120 mm in diameter.
● Access Method: Optical storage, read using a 780 nm wavelength laser.
● Access Time: Approximately 80-200 ms.
● Read/ Write Time: Generally slower compared to newer optical media.
● Usage: Mainly used for audio storage, software distribution, and limited data storage.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)


● Storage Capacity: 4.7 GB (single-layer) to 8.5 GB (dual-layer).
● Physical Size: 120 mm in diameter, same as a CD.
● Access Method: Optical storage, read using a 650 nm wavelength laser, which allows for
more data to be packed.
● Access Time: Around 80-200 ms, similar to CDs but slightly improved due to higher
data density.
● Read/Write Time: Faster than CDs, particularly in higher-speed drives.
● Usage: Commonly used for video storage, software, and larger data files.

New Techniques in Cloud Computing to Increase Storage Capacity and Decrease Access
Time

Modern cloud storage providers are implementing various techniques to improve storage
capacity, reduce access times, and increase efficiency.

● Data Dedupliclation: Removes duplicate copies of repeating data, saving storage space
and reducing data transfer requirements. Reduces the amount of storage needed,
especially useful for backups and large datasets.
● Compression techniques: Compresses data before storing it, allowing more data to be
saved in the same physical space. Commonly used in cloud storage to save bandwidth
and improve storage efficiency.
● Distributed File Systems: Spreads data across multiple servers, allowing for faster
access by reading from multiple sources simultaneously. Google’s GFS (Google File
System) and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). Increases storage scalability and
access speed by distributing workload.
● Object Storage Architecture: Stores data as objects rather than blocks or files, which
improves scalability and access time. Amazon S3 and Google Cloud Storage. Ideal for
handling large, unstructured data and improves access speed for cloud-based applications.
● Edge Computing and Caching: Moves data closer to the user’s location through edge
servers and caching techniques, reducing latency. Increases access speed by reducing the
distance data needs to travel, improving user experience. Content delivery networks
(CDNs) that cache content at multiple locations.
● Advance Storage Hardware: Uses high-speed NVMe SSDs and even experimental
storage media like DNA storage for data centers. NVMe drives provide faster access
times and are now being widely adopted in cloud storage infrastructures. Microsoft Azure
and Google Cloud have started implementing high-speed storage solutions for faster data
access.
● Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Predictive Storage Management: Uses AI algorithms to
predict data access patterns, enabling pre-loading of data for faster access. Reduces
access time by proactively moving frequently accessed data to faster storage layers.
AI-driven systems are used by AWS and Google Cloud to optimize data retrieval based
on usage patterns.
● Sharding and Partitioning: Divides large datasets into smaller, manageable pieces
(shards or partitions) across multiple nodes. Enhances performance by allowing parallel
processing, which decreases access time. Commonly used in large databases and
distributed cloud storage systems.

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