1 (a (i) willow (tree) and / or aquatic plants
moose
wolf ignore the Sun at the start of the food

chain
arrows point from food to feeder ;
organisms are in the correct order in the food chain ; [2]

(ii) the three organisms can be in any order in the table

willow tree / aquatic plants / shoots / plants – producer / 1st / 1 ; ignore autotroph
moose – primary consumer / 2nd / 2 ; ignore herbivore
wolf – secondary consumer / 3rd / 3 ; [3] ignore carnivore / top consumer

(iii) competition ; A intraspecific competition

food supply / food for moose / food for wolves ;
water ; A numbers of other competitors
shelter / ‘nest’ sites / space / territory ;
mates ; A interspecific competition
competition with other types of predators ;
disease / parasites ; R predation / new predator
hunting / poaching ;
pollution ;
rate of reproduction ;
habitat, loss / destruction ;
AVP ;

[max 2]

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 Question
uestion Answers Marks Additional Guidance

1 (b) (i) two marks for the correct answer

if no answer or incorrect answer, one mark for correct working

answer 1.3 ;; A 1.30 1.4 ;; A 1.42

for two
marks

working either either

for one
mark 56 000 (x 100) 4 320 000 – 380 000 = 3 940 000
4 320 000
or
or
= 56 000 (x100)
A 1.296 / 1.2963, etc. 3 940 000

ignore 1.29 or

A 1.421 / 1.4213, etc. [2]

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 1 (b) (ii) this question can be answered in terms of energy flow (left column)
or predator-prey relationships (right column)

energy is lost, between / within, trophic levels / along food chain ; low numbers of wolves ;
A from moose to wolf A wolves die

energy lost, in respiration / as heat / in metabolism ; little predation ;

use of figure with units from Table 6.2 to illustrate / 1.3% / 1.4% ; more moose, reach reproductive age / have offspring ;
A ecf from (b)(i)
numbers of moose increase ;
energy used in maintaining body temperature ;
more food for wolves ;
moose / wolf, is an, endotherm / homeotherm ;
more wolves, reach reproductive age / have offspring ;
energy lost in movement ;
numbers of wolves increases ;
energy used in muscle contraction ;
more predation ;
energy in food, not eaten / egested / passed out in faeces ;
greater competition between wolves ;
energy lost in, excretion / urine ;
idea that wolf population reaches carrying capacity /
wolves not very successful at catching prey ; reaches maximum for resources available ;

more energy available for moose (than for wolf) ; A not enough energy available for more than 50 wolves

no other source of food for wolves but, moose ;

AVP ; e.g. some / AW, energy is not used for growth [max 5]

[Total: 14]

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Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

2 (a ) log / exponential (phase) ; [1]

(b) 1 decomposition of waste ; ignore pollution / contamination unqualified

2 by bacteria / microorganisms ;
3 reduces oxygen available ;
4 eutrophication / algal bloom ;
5 results in death of (aquatic) plants and animals ; max [3]

(c) secondary consumer / third trophic level ;

[1]

(d) 1 seaweed at a lower trophic level (than salmon) ; ora A seaweed are producers / first
2 energy is lost, between / within, trophic levels / along food chain ; trophic level
3 reference to 10% energy transfer / ora ;
4 (energy lost in) respiration / heat / (named) metabolic process ;
5 (energy lost in) movement / muscle contraction ;
6 reference to (more) material that is, inedible / not digestible (in
longer food chains) ;
7 (energy lost in) excretion / urine ;
8 idea that less fuel required to farm seaweed / AW ; max [3]

[Total: 8]

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3 (a) 1.8 / 1.83 / 1.825, mm ; [1]

(b) nitrogen fixation ;

convert nitrogen into, ammonia / NH3 / ammonium ions / NH4+ ;
convert ammonia to amino acids ; max [2]

(c) (i) photosynthesis ;

carbon dioxide + water / CO2 + H2O ;
use of, light (energy) / sunlight ; max [2]

(ii) translocation / mass flow ;

phloem ;
as sucrose ;
from, source / leaf ;
then from phloem to root nodule by diffusion ; max [2]

(d) active, transport / uptake ;

use of, energy / ATP (from respiration) ;
use of, proteins / carrier molecules, in membrane ; max [2]

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 Answer Marks Guidance for Examiners

4 (a) V – lag (phase) ;

W – log phase / exponential (phase) ;
X – stationary / plateau (phase) ; [3]

(b) temperature ;
pH ;
oxygen concentration ;
consistency / turbidity / density ; max [2]

(c) (Penicillium) has no (individual) cells / has hyphae ;

measuring mass is easier (compared with counting) ;
measuring mass is more accurate / valid (compared with counting) ; max [1]

[Total:6]

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