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Elsci Chap 7

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9 views5 pages

Elsci Chap 7

Uploaded by

familytostrangers
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Protein synthesis

- accomplished by the cell through the process of DNA transcription and translation.

Transcription
-DNA is copied into an mRNA.
-This process occurs in the nucleus of the cell.

-Translation
-mRNA is decoded into proteins.
-This happens in the cytoplasm of the cell.

When a DNA sequence undergoes transcription and translation, it is referred to as a gene. Thus, a gene
is a specific DNA sequence that is converted into proteins.

Transcription

Transcription DNA as a Template: Think of DNA as a cookbook containing recipes for making proteins.
Each recipe is a gene.

Creating mRNA: During transcription, a specific gene (recipe) from the DNA is copied to create mRNA.
This is like writing down a recipe on a new piece of paper.

The Role of mRNA: The mRNA then carries this genetic information from the DNA in the cell's nucleus to
the ribosomes, where proteins are made.

This process involves three steps.

The first step is initiation,

RNA polymerase, binds to the DNA duplex and recognizes the promoter region or the start site for
transcription.

The next stage is elongation

RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides at the growing mRNA strand.

The last stage is the transcription termination

RNA polymerase reaches the termination sequence and stops.

Then the mRNA is released and modified inside the nucleus mRNA Modification
The mRNA is first modified before it is released into the cytoplasm.
-accomplished by the addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the pre-mRNA for stability.
-a poly-A tail cap is also added to the pre-mRNA to protect it from enzymatic degradation.

The mRNA
- has exons and introns that was copied from the DNA.
- exons
-coding region
-decode into proteins
-introns
-noncoding region.
-will be removed by the enzyme, spliceosome. Then, the exons are joined together.

After this, the mRNA is released into the cytoplasm where it will begin the process of translation.

Transcription is crucial because it allows cells to produce the proteins they need to function, grow, and
respond to their environment. Without transcription, our cells wouldn't be able to make the proteins
necessary for life.one another, releasing the protein

2. Translation
-mature mRNA is decoded into proteins.
-This process takes place in the cell cytoplasm.

(mRNA )
-decoded by following a triplet code called the codon

(tRNA)
- has the anticodon that should be complementary to the codon

AUG codon in the mRNA will have a UAC anticodon at the tRNA.

tRNA
-brings amino acids.

Translation also follows three steps.

The first step is the translation initiation.

the small subunit ribosome binds to the mature mRNA and finds the start codon AUG. After this, the first
tRNA with the first amino acid, methionine, attaches to the small subunit ribosome - mRNA complex.
Afterward, the large subunit attaches to the complex and completes the translation initiation.

The completed ribosome has three different sites.

The Amino acyl (A) site


-where the new tRNA with amino acid attaches

The peptidyl (P) site is where the growing polypeptide chain is found

The exit (E) site


-where the tRNA exits the ribosomal complex.

(The type of amino acid to be specified by the codon could be readily determined by using the genetic
code table. )

The next step is the translation elongation.


-In this stage, another tRNA, which matches the codon attaches in the A(Amino acyl) site.
Afterwards, the amino acid will form a polypeptide bond.
Then, the ribosomal complex will move, transferring the newly attached tRNA in the P(peptidyl )-site and
the previous RNA to the E(exit)-site.
This process will continue until the stop codon is reached, which stops translation.
In this stage, the mRNA, tRNA and ribosomal complex separate from
DNA Replication

-DNA makes an exact copy of itself.

-Starts at S phase

-important for cell cycle

-semiconservative

-because the two new DNAs produced possess an old strand (parent strand) and a new
complementary strand (newly synthesised strand) .

DNA replication begins with the binding of the enzyme helicase to the DNA double helix. As a result the
DNA unwinds and separates.

To prevent the separated DNA from rebonding, a special protein called a single-strand binding protein
(SSB protein) attaches to the separated DNA and prevents it from rebonding.

DNA polymerase III then attaches and begins to synthesize the leading strand by adding
deoxyribonucleotide.

On the other strand, the lagging strand, a short RNA primer is synthesized by the enzyme primase. The
primers produced are then extended by DNA polymerase III by addition of deoxyribonucleotides.

The short RNA and DNA fragments in the lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments, after its
discoverer Reiji Okazaki. The RNA primers are then replaced by deoxyribonucleotides by DNA
polymerase I.

The last step is to seal the gaps of the lagging strand. This is then accomplished by the enzyme DNA
ligase, which joins adjacent completed fragments in the lagging strand.

(Helicase is an enzyme that can move along a DNA duplex using the energy of ATP to break the hydrogen
bonds of the

DNA)
Semiconservative

Its like you’re inserting new strands that are complementary to the old strand

Complementary meaning like if the first nitrogenous base in the old one is adenine then to make them
complementary the new one has to be thymine

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