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PROKARYOTIC

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PROKARYOTIC

Uploaded by

mvrckjmnz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELL

Etymology

- The term prokaryotic comes from the


Greek words, pro, which means
“before”, and karyon, which means
“nut or kernel”, referring to the nucleus.
- Meanwhile, the term eukaryotic comes
from the Greek words eu, which means
“true”, and karyon.
DIFFERENCE IN ORGANELLES: EUKARYOTES
DIFFERENCE IN ORGANELLES: PROKARYOTES
 Eukaryotic cells have other unique
 Prokaryotic cells have no membrane- organelles and structures.
bound organelles, unlike eukaryotic  Some eukaryotic cells have
cells. centrioles that are important in
 However, prokaryotic cells have unique division, while some have
structures, such as the pili (singular: plasmodesmata which serve
pilus), mainly used for DNA transfer. intercellular connections.
 Related to pili are the fimbriae, which
are shorter, more numerous, and
function in adhering cells to a surface.
 Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotes
have a space called the nucleoid
region.
 Some cells have an extra layer of
protection called a capsule.
 They also have tiny circular DNA
called plasmids.

DIFFERENCE IN GENETIC MATERIAL:


PROKARYOTES

 In terms of genetic material, the


prokaryotic genetic material is simpler
and less complex.
 It is short, double-stranded, circular
loop of DNA located in the nucleoid
region.
 DNA supercoils to form a chromosome
which, unlike the latter's eukaryotic
counterpart, does not involve proteins.

DIFFERENCE IN GENETIC MATERIAL: DIFFERENCE IN RIBOSOMES


EUKARYOTES  Ribosomes are present in all cells.
 For eukaryotes, the genetic material is  They are composed of rRNA and
also double-stranded and made up of proteins.
DNA. However, it is long and linear in  Prokaryotic cells are a bit smaller (70S)
form and is located inside the nucleus. than eukaryotic (80s) ones.
 Unlike prokaryotic DNA, eukaryotic DNA  [Note: Svedberg (S) is a non-metric unit
is coiled around histone proteins. for sedimentation rate. It estimates the
 It also has non-coding regions known as overall size of particle.]
introns, which are removed during gene
expression. The coding regions, on the
other hand, are known as exons. Both
regions are among the factors that
influence genetic diversity.

DIFFERENCE IN SIZE & COMPLEXITY

 In terms of size, prokaryotic organisms


are generally smaller and are all
microscopic.
 The smallest prokaryotic cell is around
200 to 300 nanometers in diameter.
Meanwhile, the largest (Thiomargarita
namibiensis is around 100 to 300
micrometers (100,00 to 300,000
nanometers) in diameter

 For eukaryotic organisms, one of the


smallest is around 0.8 micrometer (800
DIFFERENCE IN REPRODUCTION
nanometers), and the largest (blue
whale) is around 33.6 meters or 33.6  In terms of reproduction, prokaryotic
billion nanometers! cells usually undergo asexual
 In terms of complexity, almost all reproduction through binary fission.
prokaryotic organisms are unicellular,  Depending on the species, eukaryotic
while some are colonial or filamentous. organisms can undergo asexual
 Most eukaryotic organisms are reproduction, sexual reproduction, or
multicellular, but others are unicellular, both.
like yeasts, amoebas, paramecia, and  Some eukaryotic organisms undergo
euglena. asexual reproduction like budding in
yeasts, fragmentation in sea stars, and
vegetative reproduction in plants.
 For bacteria, however, there are three
main forms of gene transfer:
conjugation, transformation, and
transduction.

 Pictured on the left are some shapes of


different bacterial cells.
 Cells of different shapes and forms can
be also be in eukaryotes. For instance, a
neuron has a different structure
compared to an intestinal cell.
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
No membrane-bound Organelles are
organelles membrane-bound
Short, circular DNA Long, linear DNA
wrapped around
histone proteins
DNA has no introns DNA has introns and
or exons exons
Smaller ribosome Larger ribosome
Generally unicellular Generally
multicellular
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic organisms
organisms are usually are usually larger and
smaller and less more complex
complex
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic organisms
usually undergo usually undergo
sexual reproduction sexual reproduction

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