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Week 4 M3Lesson 4

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Week 4 M3Lesson 4

Uploaded by

Meir Gavinson Seroy Namoco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

Review of Matrices,
Operations, Vectors,
Determinants, Ranks
M3: Review of Matrices, Operations,
Vectors, Determinants, Ranks

L3.4: Determinants and


Cramer’s Rule
Learning Outcomes
• Solve systems of equations using
determinants and Cramer’s Rule.
• Determine the rank of a matrix
• Discuss Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
1. 2x2 MATRIX
𝑎 𝑏
A=
𝑐 𝑑

Examples
1 −2 −3 5
A= B=
5 4 4 10
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
2. 3x3 MATRIX “Using basket method”
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
Example
1 −4 3
B= 2 7 5
4 3 −1
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
2. 3x3 MATRIX “Using basket method”
Example
2 4 6
C = −1 3 4
−2 −3 −1
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
2. 3x3 MATRIX “using minors”
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
Example
1 −4 3
B= 2 7 5
4 3 −1
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
2. 3x3 MATRIX “using minors”
Example
2 4 6
C = −1 3 4
−2 −3 −1
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
2. 3x3 MATRIX “using pivotal method”
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
Example
1 −4 3
B= 2 7 5
4 3 −1
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
2. 3x3 MATRIX “using pivotal method”
Example
2 4 6
C = −1 3 4
−2 −3 −1
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
3. 4x4 MATRIX or higher
“using minors”
1 2 3 5
-1 3 6 7
-4 3 -2 5
8 7 6 5
Finding the Determinant of a Matrix
3. 4x4 MATRIX or higher
“using pivotal method”
1 2 3 5
-1 3 6 7
-4 3 -2 5
8 7 6 5
Minors and Pivotal Methods are suitable
methods in solving determinant of higher
order Matrices
Theorems on Determinant:
1. The number of terms in the expansion of a determinant (must be a square
matrix) of order n is n!

2. If the corresponding rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged, the


value is unchanged. (The Transpose rule of determinant)
Theorems on Determinant:
3. If the two columns or rows of a determinant are interchanged the sign of the
answer is changed.

4. If all the elements in any column or row of a determinant are zero, the value of
the determinant is zero.
Theorems on Determinant:
5. If two columns or rows of a determinant have their elements identical or
proportional, the value is zero.

6. In each element of a column or row is multiplied by the same number k, the


value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
Theorems on Determinant:
7. If three determinants A, B and C have elements equal for one column or row in
which the elements of C are the sum of the corresponding elements of A and B,
then C = A + B.
Theorems on Determinant:
8. If each element of column or row of a determinant is multiplied by the same
number k and added to the elements of another column or row, the value of the
determinant is unchanged.

9. If the determinant of a matrix is zero, the matrix has no inverse.


Using Cramer’s Rule to solve system of linear
equations
Cramer’s Rule
is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations with as many
equations as unknowns, valid whenever the system has a unique solution. It
expresses the solution in terms of the determinants of the (square) coefficient
matrix and of matrices obtained from it by replacing one column by the column
vector of right-hand-sides of the equations.
Cramer’s Rule
in symbol…
𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 𝐷𝑦 = 𝑒 ℎ 𝑔
𝐷𝑥 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑔
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑔𝑧 = ℎ 𝑖 𝑙 𝑘
𝑙 𝑗 𝑘
𝑖𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑙

𝐷𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥= 𝐷𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑓 ℎ 𝐷= 𝑒 𝑓 𝑔
𝐷
𝑖 𝑗 𝑙 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝐷𝑦
𝑦= “This rule is only valid for square matrices. Therefore, the given
𝐷
system of linear equations should have equal number of
𝐷𝑧
𝑧= unknowns and given number of equations.”
𝐷
Cramer’s Rule
Example 1
Find the solution of the system of linear equations below.
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5
Cramer’s Rule
Example 2
Find the solution of the system of linear equations below.
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −10
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
Cramer’s Rule
Example 2
Find the solution of the system of linear equations below.
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −10
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
Determining the Rank of a Matrix
Rank of a Matrix
It is defined as the maximum number of linearly independent column vectors in the
matrix or the maximum number of linearly independent row vectors in the matrix.
The rank of the matrix cannot exceed more than the number of its rows or
columns..
If all of the elements in the matrix are zeroes, the rank of the matrix is zero.

The rank of the matrix does not change when performing elementary row
operations.

The rank of the null matrix is zero.


Rank of a Matrix
For an m by n matrix,
• If m is less than n, then the maximum rank of the matrix is m.
• If m is greater than n, then the maximum rank of the matrix is n.
The rank of the matrix would be zero only if the matrix had no elements. If a matrix
had even one element, its minimum rank would be one.
Finding the Rank of a Matrix
Example 1
1 2 4 4
3 4 8 0
Finding the Rank of a Matrix
Example 2
1 2 3
2 3 5
3 4 7
4 5 9
Finding the Rank of a Matrix using Echelon Form
Example 3
1 2 3
2 3 4
3 5 7
Finding the Rank of a Matrix using Echelon Form
Example 4
0 1 2 1
1 2 3 2
3 1 1 3
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Supposed we have an nxn (square) matrix A multiplied by an nx1 column vector x
(vector containing variables)…

… the result is still an nx1 matrix with the variables in it. We can extract a scalar value
from each coefficient of the variables….

… and we call the lambda 𝝀 as the eigenvalue and the x as the eigenvector of matrix
A.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
To solve for the eigenvalues, combine all column vector terms.

Since the column vector x must not be equal to zero, the expression 𝑨 − 𝝀𝑰 is the
one to be zero.

The value for the eigenvector can be solve using the values of lambda 𝝀
Solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 1
2 7
A=
−1 −6
1. Solving for the eigenvalues
Solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 1
2 7
A=
−1 −6
2. Solving for the eigenvectors
Solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 1
2 7
A=
−1 −6
2. Solving for the eigenvectors
Solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 2
0 1 1
A= 1 0 1
1 1 0
1. Solving for the eigenvalues
Solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 2
0 1 1
A= 1 0 1
1 1 0
2. Solving for the eigenvectors
Solving for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Example 2
0 1 1
A= 1 0 1
1 1 0
2. Solving for the eigenvectors
"Have I not commanded you? Be strong and
courageous. Do not be frightened, and do not be
dismayed, for the LORD your God is with you wherever
you go."
Joshua 1:9

God Bless!

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