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Production Elements - Codes

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9 views

Production Elements - Codes

the codes

Uploaded by

78417
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRODUCTION

ELEMENTS
C.A.M.E.L.S.
CODE
A sign or symbol that provides meaning to an audience through a
shared understanding.

Symbolic codes- these include shapes, objects, setting, body


language, colour, clothing or props.

Technical codes- these include camera techniques such as angle,


movement and shot type, depth of field, lighting, exposure, sound
design.

Written codes- these include all aspects of text including headlines,


font, language style, captions and word choice.
TYPES OF CODES
Symbolic codes- these include shapes, objects, setting,
body language, colour, clothing or props.

Technical codes- these include camera techniques


such as angle, movement and shot type, depth of field,
lighting, exposure, sound design.

Written codes- these include all aspects of text


including headlines, font, language style, captions and
word choice.
DENOTATION & CONNOTATION
Denotation refers to the name we attribute to a symbol.
Heart. Low angle. Blood spattered font.

Love or romance. Hero. Fear or danger.


Connotation refers to the meaning we attribute to a symbol and
Denotation.
PRODUCTION ELEMENTS

Camera techniques
Acting
Mise en scene
Editing
Lighting
Sound
CAMERA TECHNIQUES

These include shot types, angles and


movements, as well as film qualities
such as the types of lenses used, types
of camera, film stock, depth of field,
digital versus film, etc.
SHOT TYPES
Establishing shot (extreme long shot) - ES
Long shot - LS
Medium long shot (full shot) - MLS
Mid shot - MS
Close up - CS
Extreme close up – ECU
Over the Shoulder – OS
Two Shot - 2
Establishing shot (extreme long shot) - ES
Shows where the scene will take place
Long Shot -LS
Shows the area the scene will take place in
and shows the talent interacting with the
environment
Medium Long Shot (full shot) - MLS
Shows the talent from head to toe
Mid shot - MS
This shows the talent from roughly
the waist to the head
Close up - CU
This shows just the face of the talent, or an item
Extreme Close Up - ECU
Shows only part of the face or part of an object
SOME ADDITIONAL SHOT TYPES

Over the shoulder shot - OSS


Used for conversations
Two
shot
CAMERA ANGLES
Low angle
High angle
Point of View
Overshot/bird's eye view
Undershot/dead man's view
Eye level
Low angle - makes a character
seem powerful
High angle - used to show
weakness in a character
Point of View (P.O.V.)
Used to show a specific character's perspective
Overshot/Bird's Eye view
Used for establishing shots or to give the sense of
surveillance, like the characters are being watched
Undershot/dead man's view
Used as a P.O.V. or to reveal a buried
or hidden item
Eye Level
This is the standard angle used
CAMERA MOVEMENTS

Tracking
Tilt
Pan
Crane/UAV
Handheld
Tracking sideways
This is a sideways movement of the camera without a twist
Tracking in/out
A movement towards or away from the
character or item of focus
Tilt
The camera is stationary but
leans back or forward on the
tripod
Panning
The camera is stationary but
twists on the tripod
Crane/UAV
Any free movement of the camera using crane/jib type equipment or an
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (quadcopter/drone)

https://youtu.be/9CRIY_vsjyU
http://youtu.be/bGokIRBQHUQ
ACTING
The facial expressions, bodily gestures, vocal intonations
and use of idiosyncrasies to create character.
MISE EN SCENE

Literally translates from French to mean, "to place on the stage".


It includes anything that is deliberately included in
the frame of a shot and the meaning that is derived from it.
Composition refers to they way in which objects are
arranged in the frame, but mise en scene refers to the
arrangement as well as the meaning derived.
It includes set, lighting, make-up, costume, props and colour.
Rear Window opening sequence
http://youtu.be/1iY9kVq9CxU
EDITING

The three purposes of editing are


NARRATIVE FUNCTION,
EMOTIONAL, and
INTELLECTUAL.
NARRATIVE FUNCTION
This type of editing helps the film make sense. It is the
sequential order of the shots. For example, if we see a
character hear something off screen, the editor will then
cut to whatever it is that created the sound.
EMOTIONAL

Certain emotions can be created by how many edits


are shown in any given amount of time. For example,
the shower scene in psycho begins calmly with slowly
paced shots of Marion getting into the shower, but as
the tension and danger increase, so does the
frequency of the edits.

http://youtu.be/atjhOhH-V3E
INTELLECTUAL EDITING
Editing can be used to plant an idea in the audiences mind. A crude
example of this is during a 'love making' scene, shots of trains going
through tunnels or fire works might be used as a less explicit version
of what is happening on screen. Symbols are often cut to in order to
provide further meaning. This I'd refereed to as the Kuleshov
effect.
LIGHTING
Although there are many types of lighting, there
are two common types of lighting: high key and
low key.
High key lighting, also referred to as 3 point
lighting, uses multiple lights and seeks to prevent
the use of shadows and reduce the contrast
between dark and light areas. This is often used in
sitcoms and comedies.
Low key lighting , or one point lighting, uses a single light
source to accentuate the contrast between light and dark.
Shadows are a large part of low key lighting and it is used in
horror films and film noir. The use of shadow is called the
chiaroscuro effect.
SOUND

Sound in film and television refers to aural information that


is used to convey meaning in conjunction with the visual
content: dialogue, music, sound effects and incidental sound.
The two broad groupings of sound are diegetic and non-
diegetic sound.
DIEGETIC SOUND
Diegetic sound refers to the sound that exists inside the world
of the film. This will include dialogue, the sound of foot
steps, dogs barking, doors shutting, car noises. Foley artists
will often create these sounds after filming rather than
recording the live sounds created by the actors.The general
rule of thumb I'd that if the characters can hear the sound
then it is diegetic.
FOLEY
Foley artists create the
majority of the sound that
exists in the final edit of the
film. Most of what you hear
in a film is recorded in a
studio by a foley artist.
Animated films require
entire aural worlds to be
created as no actual audio
exists.
NON-DIEGETIC SOUND
Non-diegetic refers to audio that exists purely for the audience and has no
impact on the film world itself. It usually refers to score, soundtrack, some
specific sound effects, and sometimes narration.

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