DNA

CODE OF LIFE
BY:M.SAIDI
Grade 12

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 DNA is often referred to as the code of
life because: contains instructions on how to build
various proteins
 They consist of
Nucleotides building STRUCTURE OF
NUCLEOTIDE
blocks (or monomers)
P
Each nucleotide is made of

1. Phosphate group N
S
2. A sugar (Deoxyribose or
ribose)
3. Nitrogenous base
(adenine, thymine,
guanine ,cytosine or
uracil)
 They are two types of nucleic acids
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
 RNA (ribonucleic acid)

DNA
Location (types)
The types are base on where DNA is found
1. Nuclear DNA – found in the nucleus
2. Mitochondrial DNA – found in the
mitochondria
3. Chloroplastic DNA – found in the chloroplast
 James Watson, an American biochemist and
Francis Crick an English physicist began their
collaborative work to try to solve the puzzle of the
molecular structure of DNA.
 Using data (X-ray diffraction pictures ) provided
by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, they
made an accurate model of the molecular
structure of DNA that its it’s a double helix with
complementary base pair .
 In 1962. Crick, Watson and Wilkins received the
Nobel Prize for determining the molecular
structure of DNA
 Question: Describe the structure of DNA.
 Its made up of Nucleotide
 Each Nucleotide has a phosphate group,
deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base
 The nucleotides are joined together by
phosphate –sugar bond to form a strand
 They are four nitrogenous bases, A,T,C,G
which are
 complementary to each other ie adenine (A)
to thymine (T), cytosine (C) to guanine (G)
 Nitrogenous bases linked by weak hydrogen
bonds to form two strands
 The two strand twist to form a Double helix
1. Double stranded
2. Weak hydrogen
bonds
3. Deoxyribose sugar
4. It has Nitrogenous
bases A,G,C and T
5. A is Complementary
to T, and G to C
6. It’s a double helix
 1. Sections of DNA forming genes carry
hereditary information
 2. DNA contains coded information for
protein synthesis
 BASE CALCULATIONS
 A) If A is 30% what is the percentage of C
A-T Questions
G-C B) If c is 20% what is the
If A=30 ,,then T=30 ratio T:G
30+30=60 C) If DNA has 5000 bases,
100-60=40 only 500 is G what is the
G-C=40/2 =20 percentage of T: C
C=20
 Questions on DNA replication.
 1. What is DNA replication?
 is the process by which DNA makes a exact copy
of itself during cell
 2. When in the cell cycle it takes place?
 During interphase, before cell division
 3. Where does it take place?
 In the nucleus of the cell
 4. Why does it take place (significance)?
 To double the chromosome number/ genetic
material
 Results in the formation of identical daughter
cells during mitosis.
Unwinding
Unzipping

By M.SAIDI
 DNA double helix unwind
 Weak hydrogen bonds break (unzip)
 To form two separate strands
 Each acting as a template
 Using free floating DNA nucleotide from the
nucleoplasm
 A complementary DNA strand is formed
 Where A pairs with T and G with C
 Two new DNA molecules are formed which
are genetically identical.
 with one original strand and one new strand
 The process is controlled by enzyme.
  This is a technique of identifying someone’s
unknown DNA profile using a known DNA profile
USES OF DNA PROFILING
Personal Identification
Paternity and Maternity
Diagnosis Inherited Diseases
Criminal Identification and
 Forensics
Identifying suitable organ donors
 Expensive
 Human error
 Not all hospitals have the necessary
requirements to carry out DNA profiling
 It is possible to plant DNA at a crime scene
giving false evidence, or an innocent
person's DNA might be at the scene even
though they had nothing to do with the
crime
 TYPES OF RNA (BASED ON THE FUNCTION)

 Messenger RNA (mRNA): responsible for carrying the genetic

code that is transcribed from DNA, to specialized sites of the
ribosomes where the information is translated for protein
synthesis

 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): form the ribosomes and produce the

proteins, based on the information received from the tRNA.

 Transfer RNA (tRNA): has anticodons which codes for a

specific amino acid. The anticodons are complementary to the
mRNA codon, during the production of proteins.
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the
coding sequences for protein synthesis
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules form the core
of a cell's ribosomes.
 Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino
acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
• A single stranded molecule
consisting of nucleotides
• Each nucleotide is made up of a
sugar(ribose),
• phosphate and a nitrogen base
Structure of
• 4 nitrogenous bases of RNA are: RNA
adenine
• (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C),
guanine (G)

mRNA

tRNA
  Protein synthesis is the process by which proteins
are made in each cell of an organism to form
enzymes, hormones and new structures for cells.
 Transcription: formation of mRNA
 Translation: formation of a polypeptide chain

Transcription Translation:
By M.SAIDI
 Double helix DNA unwind
 When the weak hydrogen bonds
break (unzips)
 One strand is used as a template
 To form mRNA strand
 Using free mRNA nucleotides from
the nucleoplasm
 mRNA is complementary to the
DNA (where A to U and C to G)
 mRNA now has the coded
message for protein synthesis.
 mRNA moves from the nucleus
through nuclear pore to the
cytoplasm and attaches to the
ribosome
 Each tRNA carries a specific
amino acid.
 When the anticodon on the
tRNA
 matches the codon on the
mRNA
 then tRNA brings the
required amino acid to the
ribosome.
 Amino acids become
attached by peptide bonds
 to form the required protein.
 A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in
the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
 QUESTIONS


➢ What will happen, If a mutation
changes base triplet 1 from ATG to
ATA.
➢ base triplet 4 from TTA TO TTT
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