Philosophy – Love of wisdom

Pre-Socratic – origin, source, and the principles behind nature

 -Dubbed as Cosmo-centric
The self from the points of view of three Ancient Greek Philosophers
Socrates – physical, tangible and mortal aspects that are constantly changing
 Soul(Immortal)
 True self = Soul
 “Know thyself”
 Dialectic method – searching the truth and reaching the true knowledge
Plato – self is an “immortal soul in a perishable body”
 Tripartite nature
I. Rational soul – reason and intellect has to govern the affairs of human person
II. Courageous or spirited part – in charge of emotions
III. Appetitive part – eating, drinking, sleeping
 Book IV of Plato’s Republic – the soul is the giver of life to the body.
 Plato’s Allegory of the Cave – ruminate on the nature of belief versus knowledge.
Aristotle – composed of body and soul, mind and matter, sense and intellect, passion and reason.
 Wisdom is true knowledge. Virtue is doing what is best.
 Golden mean – moderation
Medieval Philosophers
St. Augustine – self is made up of a body and soul
 Soul in possession of a body
 Does not constitute two persons but one man.
 Two aspects of self
I. Outward man – senses and sensory memory
II. Inward man – recollection, imagination, rational judgment, and intellectual contemplation.
 Virtue – the order of love. To love God means necessarily to love one’s fellowmen.
 Golden mean – Never to do any harm to another as you would not want others do unto you.
Modern Philosophers
Rene Descartes – self is an immaterial mind and a material body
 Mind is the seat of consciousness
 Intuition – direct and clear insight into fundamental truths
 Deduction – the ability to attain certainty by a step-by-step procedure.
 Cogito Ergo Sum (I think; therefore, I am)
David Hume – a Scottish Philosopher.
  Empiricist
 One could know what comes from the senses and experience
 Empiricism – school of thought the espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if
sensed and experienced.
Jeremy Bentham – “We are all governed by the feelings of pain and pleasure.
Friedrich Nietzsche – self must not find understanding in religion because. “God is dead, and we are his
murderers.”
 Ubermensch(Overman, Ideal Person)
Sociological perspective – Socialization is the whole and lifetime process by which people learn the
values, attitudes, and behaviors the are appropriate and expected by their culture and community.
Geroge Herbert Mead – talks about personality as the “I” and the “me”.
 “I” – the natural, existential aspect of the self
 “Me” – is the socialized “me” or the “cultured me”
Charles Cooley – looking-glass self-theory (We learn to view ourselves as we think others view us)
 Three steps in the formation of the looking-glass self
I. We imagine how we appear to others
II. We imagine how others judge our appearance
III. We develop feelings about and responses to these judgements.

Culture – characteristics and knowledge of a group of people.

 Includes language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts, religion, food, what we wear
Society – group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction.
The Self in Contemporary Literature:
Separate, self contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private. (Stevens 1996)
1.Separate
 Distinct from other-selves
 Always unique
 Cannot be another person
 Even twins are different
2.Self-contained, independent, consistent
 Self in itself can exist
 Distinctness allows it to be self-contained
 Not require any other self
3.Unitary
 Center of all experiences
 Chief command
4.Private
 Isolated from the external world.
 Self is dynamic
Social constructivist (relationship between the self and the external world)
- Argue for a merge view of ‘the person’ and ‘their social context’
- The self should not be seen as a static entity that stays constant
- Self must be seen as unceasing flux
The Self self and Culture
According to Mauss, self has two faces
 Moi – person’s sense of who he is
 Personne – what it means to be who he is.
Language – has something to do with culture.
 Salient part of culture. Has a tremendous effect in our crafting of the self.
 Both a publicly shared and privately utilized symbol system is the site where the individual and the
social make and remake each other. (Schwartz, White, and Lutz 1993)
Mead and Vygotsky – human persons develop is with the use of language acquisition and interaction with
others.
Self in Families – learn the ways of living and selfhood by being in a family.
 Language, behaviors, manners.
 Who he is, is because of his family.
Gender and the Self - Loci of the self that is subject to alteration, change, and development.
 Manuevers into the society and identify himself.
 Sonia Tolstoy – wrote an anecdote when she was 21 years old.

Self – the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals (Jhangiani and Tary 2014)
William James – earliest psychologist to study and conceptualized the “self”.
 Two aspects of the self
I. The “I” – is the thinking, acting, and feeling self.
II. The “Me” - the physical characteristics and psychological capabilities.
Theory of personality
  I – the one who acts and decides.
 Me – what you think or feel about yourself as an object.
Identity – one’s personal characteristics, social roles and responsibilities
Self-concept – basically what comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are.
Carl Rogers – concept of Self-schema
Sigmund Freud – saw the self, its mental processes, and one’s behavior.
 Id – Completely unconscious. Operates on the “Pleasure Principle”
- Impulsive part of your personality
 Ego – Reality Principle.
- Conscious part of your personality.
 Superego – moralistic and idealistic principles.
- Judgmental and morally correct part of your personality
Theory of Symbolic Interactionism
Self is created and developed through human interaction (Hogg and Vaughan 2010)
2 Types of self-awareness
1. The private self or your internal standards
2. The public self or your public image
 Three other self-schema
1. Actual – who you are at the moment
2. Ideal – who you like to be
3. Ought – who you think you should be
Narcissism – trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.

The Physical Self

Self – a persons essential being that distinguishes them from others.
Physical self – concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the person. Can be directly observed and
examined
Vicky belo and Manny Calayan
Three body types
 Ectomorphs – tall, long, thin, and narrow
 Endomorphs – soft, round, thick, heavy trunks and limbs
 Mesomorphs – fall between these two types. Have square, strong, well-muscled bodies
Eating disorders
  Anorexia nervosa – emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by
refusing to eat.
 Bulimia – characterized by uncontrollable episodes of overeating
Biological Blueprint – one’s physical features including the face, bodily structure, height, and weight.
Physical features – triggered by genetic transformations and biological development through heredity.
Heredity – the transmission of traits from parents to offspring
 Traits are made up of specific information embedded within one’s genes.
Genotype – specific information embed within one's genes; not all genotypes translate to an observed
physical characteristic.
 Can be determined by blood testing.
Penotype – the physical expression of a particular trait.
 Can be directly observed.
 The 23rd chromosomes – determine the sex of an individual.
Maturation – known as the completion of growth of a genetic character within an organism.
Beauty by numbers – our attraction to another person’s body is symmetrical and proportion
 We perceive proportional bodies to be more healthy.
Practices for keeping the physical self fit and youthful, and naturally glowing
1. Improve sleeping habits – Sleeping early makes one healthier, wrinkle-free, more active…
2. Observe correct eating habits – Eat the right food; avoid junk foods and soda. This practice is
proven to be good in attaining healthy skin.
3. Do regular exercise – regular toning of the muscles provides stamina, energy, and strength and
keeps one physically fit and well-shaped.
4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle – Not drinking beverages and smoking is a prevention against illness
and diseases.
5. Practice the right hygiene – taking a bath daily keeps the skin clean and healthy. It adds glow to
the skin.
6. Feel confident – looking good and feeling clean inside out and smelling good daily, will make you
feel naturally beautiful and proud of yourself.

Four important concepts related to the physical self

1. Personal self-identity – name, your status, profession, place of origin, the place where you reside,
your rank in the family.
2. Self-image – the idea one has of his/her abilities, appearance, and personality.
3. Self-concept – collection and construction of an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.
 4. Self-esteem – how much you appreciate, value, and like yourself. Self-concept affects self-esteem.
The Sexual Self
Self-concept – the knowledge and belief that we have and the evaluation that we make about ourselves.
Self-schemas – the elements of self-concept.
Sexual self – complex set of schemas that allow us to understand and express ourselves as sexual
beings.
Sex – the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.
Referred Biological or assigned sex
Gender – the attitudes, feelings and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological
sex.
Gender identity – internal awareness of where the individual belongs in the feminine and masculine
categories.
Sexual orientation – the direction of one’s sexual and romantic orientation is heterosexual, homosexual,
or bisexual.
MAMAWA – “Men-Are-Men-And-Women-Are-Women”
 Men are from Mars and women are from Venus.

Historical Perspective of Human Sexuality

Ancient Greece
 Men assume the dominant role.
 Male symbol is viewed as the symbol of fertility
 Women were considered objects to be possessed.
 Women were forbidden to own property and had no legal rights.
Middle ages
 Church decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead to procreation were considered evil.
 Women were labeled either as temptress or a woman of virtue
Protestant Reformation of the 16th Century
 Movements were initiated against the catholic church.
 Protestantism believed sexuality is a natural part of life and that priests should be able to marry.
 Sexual intimacy strengthens the bond between the couple.
Victorian Era 1837 – 1901
 Homosexuality and prostitution were considered to be threats to social order.
  Believed that women should not enjoy sexual intercourse.
 Not ejaculating more than once a month weakens the man.
Biological Perspective of Human Sexuality
Primary Sex Characteristics
 Sexual organs present at birth and directly involved in human reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
 Sexual organs and traits that developed at puberty. Indirectly involved in human reproduction.

Evolutionary Perspective of Human Sexuality

 Beauty is more than just a cultural standard.

Psychological Perspective of Human Sexuality
Key Concepts
 Gender Roles – cultural behavior expectations for males and females
 Gender typing – process by which people learn gender roles.
 Gender identity – sense of being male and female(influenced by both biology and environmental)
Gender – defined as the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine and is influenced by culture.
 Biological influences – sexual characteristics of the genitals, hormonal differences…
 Environmental influences – parental influences and cultural expectations to adhere to gender
roles.
 Culture - individualistic/nontraditional versus collectivistic/traditional role adoption.

The Biological Sex

 Begins with the sex chromosomes that we inherit from our parents
Mother egg cells – carry X chromosomes
Father sperm cells – carry X and Y.
External organs
 6 weeks after fertilization, the external reproductive organs of both male and females begin. The
glans, urethral folds, lateral bodies, and labioscrotal swellings.
Puberty Stage
 Characterized by adolescent growth spurt, maturity of the external genitalia, and the development
of secondary sex Characteristics. (Caused by increased production of hormones)
Anterior pituitary – releases high levels of growth hormone that acts directly on the bones and muscle
tissues resulting in growth spurt.
 One of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland, a key endocrine system gland.
Hypothalamus – releases the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Stimulates the anterior
pituitary gland to release two gonadotropic hormones:
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
a. Cause the testes to release testosterone. In female, they stimulate ovaries to produce
estradiol (most common type of estrogen).
 Higher level of androgen than estrogen masculinization occurs.
 More abundant amount of estrogen than androgen results in feminization

Abnormalities in Sexual Development

1. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
 Due to mutation in androgen. Has XY Genotype but develops a female appearance.
2. Androgenital Syndrome
 Due to Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH), a heritable condition in which there is an increased
level of androgens.
 Females with CAH – enlarged clitoris, fused labia and no vaginal opening.
3. 5 Alpha-Reductase Deficiency – ambiguous external genitals and are commonly raised as girls.
 At puberty, increased levels of testosterone – development of male secondary sex characteristics.
Sex Hormones and Sexual Motivation
 Sex hormones are important in our sexual development.
 Promotes the development of the sex organs and secondary sex characteristics of males and
females.
Estradiol – increases sexual desire in post-menopausal women.
Testosterone Therapy – improve low desire and erectile dysfunction.
Erogenous Zones – Areas in the human body that have heightened sensitivity.
 Greek eros which means love, and the English genous, meaning producing.
Sexual Responses – Sexual desire is typically higher in men than women.
Vasocongestion – the swelling of the bodily tissues due to increased blood flow that causes erection of the
penis, swelling of nipples, and surrounding areas of the vagina.
Myotonia – muscle contraction and tension that causes spasms of orgasm and spasms of the hands and
feet.
Master and Johnson (1996) describe the sexual response cycle consisting of four phases:
 Excitement phase – In males, penile erection, scrotum thicken, and less baggy.
 Plateau Phase – brief period before orgasm.
 Orgasm Phase – male orgasm involve muscle contractions that propel semen from the body.
 Resolution Phase - the body returns to its pre-aroused state.

Lust – hookups, one-night stands, or friends with benefits.

Love – partners not only seek physical desire, but seek for an enduring union with each other.
Attachment – goals and sharing of a life together.

Triangle model of Love (Robert Sternberg, 1998)

1. Intimacy - couple’s sense of closeness and the presence of mutual concern and sharing of feelings
and resources.
2. Passion – Romance and sexual feelings.
3. Commitment – deciding to enhance and maintain the relationship.
Consummate love – the ideal form of love. Combines all three.

Sexual Health – state of physical, emotional, and social well-being in relation to sexuality not merely the
absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

 Spread generally through sexual contact, including anal, vaginal, or oral.
 Caused by bacteria such as in the cases of gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia, by parasites
such as trichomoniasis, or by viruses such as human papillomavirus(HPV), herpes simplex
virus (HSV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)
To eliminate STDs
 Abstinence
 Practice monogamous
 1. Chlamydia – bacterial infection. Bacteria are usually spread through sex.

Doxycycline – taken every day for a week.

Azithromycin – one dose of 1g, followed by 500mg once a day for 2 days.

2. Gonorrhea – a sexually transmitted infection, caused by bacteria, viruses,

and parasites.

 Can infect the urethra, rectum, female reproductive tract,

mouth, throat, or eyes.

Ceftriaxone 500mg plus azithromycin 1g given orally as pills.

Cefixime – 400 mg single oral dose.

3. Syphilis – infection caused by bacteria.

 Starts as a sore that’s usually pIncubation period for primary syphilis is

14 to 21 days.
 Simple to cure when found and treated in its early stages.
 Preferred treatment at all stages is penicillin.

4. Chancroid – a highly contagious yet curable STD caused by the bacteria

Haemophilus Ducreyi.

 Causes ulcer

5. Human Papillomavirus – name of a very common group of viruses.

 Appear as flat lesions, small cauliflower-like bumps.

6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus – virus that causes acquired

immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS).
  The virus attacks and weakens the immune system.

7. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – Most advanced

stage of infection.

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

1. Abstinence – abstaining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective

natural birth control.

2. Calendar Method – also called rhythm method. Involves refraining

from coitus during the days that the women is fertile.

3 . Basal Body Temperature – woman’s temperature at rest. BBT falls at

0.5 degrees Fahrenheit before the day of ovulation.

4. Withdrawal – man pull his manhood out of the woman before the
release.

1. Intrauterine Device

2. Condoms

3. Injectables

4. Pills

5. Implant

Copper IUD – uses copper to keep sperm at bay and stop an egg from
implanting itself.

Hormonal IUD - releases a hormone called progestin, which thickens

cervical mucus.

Additional lesson content in material self

Self’s consumption behavior – process by which we put to use material or

economic goods is called Consumption.

Self’s consumption behavior (theory)

1. Placebo Effect

 How a person’s behavior, attitude, or feelings can change when they

are convinced that they have received or experienced something which
causes the change.
 Testimonials coming from notable persons.

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

 Self-actualization – achieving one’s full potential and creative needs.

 Esteem needs – recognition, achievement, respect from others.
 Love and belonging – social needs like friendship, intimacy, and
family.
 Safety needs – security and protection
 Physiological needs – such as food, water, sleep, excretion.

3. Self-image congruity theory

4. Retail patron image

5. Consumer’s Satisfaction

Self-congruity – process of matching one’s self concept with the retail

patron image

1. Positive self-congruity – there is a positive product

image and a positive self-image.
2. Positive self-incongruity – positive product-image and a
negative self-image.
3. Negative self-congruity – negative product-image and a
negative self-image.
4. Negative self-incongruity – negative product-image and
a positive self-image.

Positive self-congruity – most effective predictor of consumer behavior