Cause of direct dyes so named: Direct dyes are anionic dyes having substantivity for all

types of cellulosic fibres. Direct dye have strong affinity towards the fibre which can be
applied directly on the fibre and which do not need any assistance

Properties of direct dyes:

 Direct dye has sodium salt of Sulphonic acid or carboxylic acid group. So, it easily
dissolve in water.
 It has strong affinity to cellulose fibre. Protein fibre can be dyed by this dye.
 Cheap comparatively.
 Easily diffuseable into fibre.
 Wash fastness is not so good (2-3)
 Used only alkaline and neutral medium.
 Various shade is found using these dyes.
 They dye is simple and common in the practical point of view.
 The tin tropical power of this dye is very good.

Trade name:

Brand name Manufacturor

Benzo,Benzoform F. Bayer (Germany)
Coprantine Ciba-geigy(Switzerland)
Solophenyl Ciba-Geigy ( “ )
Chlorazol Durazol Imperial Chemical Industry(ICI)
Solar Sandoz A.G (Switzerland)
Indazol India Chemical Industry (ICI)

Chemical Classification of Direct dye:

1. Azo derivatives:
This type of dyes are sulphonated azo compound.
a) Monoazo:
OH
N=N

NHCO NH 2
NaSO3
Diazoraine scarlet 5B
b) Di-azo:
NH2 NH2
N=N N=N

SO3Na
Congo Red
c) Tri – azo:
 OH
HO N=N N=N N=N SO3Na

Congo Brown R

d) Poly azo:
NaSO3 N=N N=N N=N N=N SO3Na
NH 2 NH 2
2. Stilbene derivatives:
Produced from stilbene.

CH N=N OH

3. Thiozole derivatives:
Produced from Thiozole group
SO3Na
CH3
S
S
C
C NH2
N
N
Premuline

4. Ptha-locyanine derivatives:
The last class of direct dye is baised from Ptha locyanine.

N
SO3Na C C
C N N C
N Cu N
C N N C
C C SO3Na
N

Durazole blue 8G

Classification of direct dye according to application:

Baised on Migration test and salt controllability the direct dyes are classified:
I. Class-A (Self levelling dye)
II. Class-B (Salt controllable dye)
III. Class-C (Temp controllable dye)
I) Class-A: Dyes which migrate well and therefore have high levelling power. They may
dye unevenly at first but further boiling will bring about even distribution.

II) Class-B: Dyes of poor leveling power where exhaustion must be brought about by
controlled salt addition. If these dyes are not taken up uniformly in the initial stages it
is extremely difficult to correct the unlevelness.

III) Class-C: Dyes which are not self- levelling and are highly sensitive to salt. The
exhausion of this dyes cannot adequately be controlled by addition of salt alone and
they require additional control by temp.
2. Hydrogen bond formation:
R-NH2 + HO - Cellulose R N H O Cellulose

H H
As -OH group of cellulose is in the dyestuff molecule, prepared H-bond with -OH,-NH2. and
–N=N-groups. As a result more substantive dye.

After treatment of direct dyes: Improving washing fastness:

1. Diazotisation of the dye on the fibre and development in a separate solution.

2. Development of the dye with a separated diazotised base.

3. Treatment with formaldehyde.
4. Treatment with cationic dye.
5. Treatment with copper salt.
6. Treatment with chromium compounds.
7. Topping with basic dye.

1. Diazotization and development: Development of washing fastress is performed by

increasing the size of dye stuffs so that they cannot come out of the fibres amorphous
region. The - NH2 group of dye molecule is diazotized and then treated with a coupling
component. The reactions:
HCl + NaNO2
R - NH2 R - N=N-Cl
Direct dye Diazotised dye

OH N=N-R

OH
R - N=N-Cl
 Napthol
5.Treatment with copper-salt: The dyed mtls is carried out at 700C for 30 mins in a bath
containing 1 to 3% of acetic acid ( 30%) and 1- 3% of CuSO4 according to the depth of
shade. It improves light fastness.

6. Treatment with chromium compounds : Here k2Cr2O7 or CrF3 ( Chromium Trifluoride) is

used along with acetic acid to be incorporated with dye molecule and thereby increasing
the washing fastness of direct dye.

Chemistry of Direct Dye: Theory of direct dying on cotton:

1. When cellulose is taken into dye bath, the dye molecules comes to the fibre surface by
agitation or by heating.

2. When dye molecules come to fibre surface, it is attracted by the fibre and creates a
thin layer on the outer surface of the fibre. In this case, higher density molecules comes
and they also make layer on the fibre surface by attracting and this continue go on.

3. After creating layer of dye molecules on the fibre surface, dye diffusion occurs into
the fibre from the outer surface. Dye diffusion depends on two factors-
-Dye molecule and fibre surface.
-Dye and fibre attraction.

4. Amino group of dye and OH of cellulose create wales or Hydrogen bond.

Auxiliaries required for dyeing with direct dye:

I. Wetting agent:

 Reduce surface tension water

 Helps to penetrate the solution to the fibre.
 NaCl-Used for deep shade and important for dye absorption.
 Na2SO4- Used for medium shade.
 Na2SO4.10 H2O (Glauber salt): Used for light shade.

II. Soda Ash:

 Remove water hardness
 Remove solubility o dye.
 Increase the effectiveness of salt.
 Increase the brightness of coloured mtls.

Application of direct dye on cotton fabric:

Recipe:
 Dye stuff—-----2%
Soda ash---------3%
Salt ---------------- 10%
Wetting agent---1%
Temperature—----800-1000C
Time ---------------45—90 min
M : L----------------1 : 30
Procedure:
 At first the sample, which would be dyed, is weight.
 2% Stock solution of dyestuff, wetting agent salt and soda ash is prepared with water
.
 Required stock solution of Soda ash is added to the 30 times water (without stock
solution water) in a dye bath and is boiled at 600C for about 10 min.
 Now in dye bath required stock solution of dyestuff and wetting agent and
sample is added and is heated at 80o C and is kept for about 10—15 min.
 Then sample is taken out and ½ salt solution is added and is boiled at 1000C.
At that time the sample is taken out and the rest of salt is added and is kept at
1000 C for about 10—15 min.
 After dyeing the mtl. is taken out and squeezed and washed and dried.

After treatment:
After treatment is performed for increasing light fastness and wash fastness of dyed mtl.
Dye particle is done insoluble into the fibre by after treatment.
The dyed mtl. is carried out at 500-600C for 10-15 min in a bath containing 1% of CuSO4
and 3% Acetic acid according to the depth of shade.
Salt
Salt

1 1
Wetting agent

2 2
0
100 C
Dye stuff

Sample

0
80 C
Soda ash

10-15'
600C
Temperature

10 -15'
10'

Time

Stripping:
If the textile goods become uneven dyeing and unsuitable for using, the colour has to
be distorted. The process is called stripping.
The colour can usually be removed by boiling with sodium hydrosulphite, by
bleaching with a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing 1 to 2 gm per litre of
available chlorire, or by boiling with 1 to 2 percent of sodium chlorite which has been
brought to a PH between 3 to 4 or acetic acid.