Acid Dye

Reason of acid dyes named: Acid dyes are sodium salts of sullphonic acid but there are
a few containing Corboxyl groups. The acid dyes have a direct affinity towards protein
fibres and polyamide fibres.
The acid dyes are so called because of the following reasons-
 The original numbers of the class (acid dye) are applied in a bath containing
mineral or organic acid.
 As they are sodium salts of organic acids, the anion is the active coloured
component.

Properties of acid dye:

 Water soluble.
 Always applied on acidic medium with organic or inorganic acid.
 Acid dyes have a direct affinity towards protein fibre and polyamide fibres.
 Mximum collulose ibre can not absorb acid dye.
 Some acid dye has good light fastness.
 Many bright shade is found.
 Most of the acid dyes are sodium salt of sulphonic acid and carboxylic acids and
anion group is the active coloured component.

Classification of acid dye:

1. On the basis of chemical structore.
2. On the basis of application.
3. On the basis of dyestuff particles.

1.On the basis of chemical structure: The acid dyes can be classified, according to
chemical constitution, into the following 10 groups:
Dye Group Example
ONa
1. Nitro -NO2 NO 2

SO3Na
NO 2
Napthol Yellow
 O
Fe+++
-NO NO
2. Nitrozo
3
SO3Na
SO3Na
3. Mono azo -N=N- N=N NH

Mentanil Yellow
OH
4. Di-azo -N=N N=N- N=N N=N

SO3
Cloth red G Na
CH3

5. Tri phenyl methane e.g. C NH2 C NH2

-
O 3S

+
NH2
Acid Magenta
O O N
6. Xanthane (C2H5)2N
CH2
C

SO3 -

SO3 Na
Lissamine Rhodamine - B

N N
7. Azine NH
-
N O 3S +
N

H 3C CH3

NHCH3
SO3 Na
Wool fast Blue - EB
 Cl O O
Cl
8. Quinaline
C C
CH CH
C C

O O
Quinoline Yellow - PN
NH OH NH OH

9. Ketorine

O NH NH

Sulphomine Grey - G
SO3Na

O O NH CuHg

10. Anthraquinone

O O NH CuHg

NaO3S

Carbolan Green - G

2. Classification of acid dyes on the basis of application:

I. Class-1 : Strong acid dye.
II. Class-2 : weak acid dye.
III. Class-3 : Neutral acid dye.
Class-1:
Properties:
 Light fastness is good.
 Wet fastness is not so good.
 PH should be 2-3.
 Exhausion satisfactory.
 Strong acid dye sometimes called molecularly dispersed dye.
 No aggregated.
 Because of their good dyeing properties, they are known as the level dyeing acid
dyes.
 Levelling property is good.

Why strong acid dye is molecularly dispersed dye: Because of their state when in
solution. Also because of their good dyeing properties.
Class-2:
Property:-
 PH should be in the range of 5.2—6.2.
 Partially aggregated.
 Levelling properties is not so good.
 Washing fastness is good.
 More prone to form colloidal solutions than the molecularly dispersed group.
 This dyes are applied with acetic acid.

Class-3 :
Properties-
 Applied form a neutral liquor.
 They are colloidally dispersed in solution at lower temperatures.
 Not levelling dyeing.
 They are often reffered to as the fast acid dyes or the acid milling dyes because
of using in milled cloth.
 They are also sometimes called the natural dyeing acid dyes.
 Light fastness is good.
 Wet fastness is very good.

Compare Acid dyes classification:

Criteria Strong Weak acid dye Neutral
/levelling acid dye
1.Dyeing Suphuric acid Acetic acid Ammonium
method acetate
2. PH of dying 2 to 3 5.4 to 6.2 Neutral
3.Levelling Good Not so good Very poor
proper
4. Wet Not so good Good Very good
fastness
5. Affinity to Low high Very low
protein
6.Molecular wt Low High high
7. Dispersed in properly Partially Aggregated.
water
8. Temp of 1000C 600—900C 800-1000C
dyeing

3. On the basis of Dyestuff particles:

1. Molecular Split Acid dyes.
 2. Aggregated acid dyes.

1. Molecular Split Acid dyes:

If this dyes are dissolved into water, the mulecules are separated and converted into the
following ions-
RSO3Na R-SO3- + Na+
Less affinity towards the cellulose fibers, so the protein fibers are dyed in presence of H 2SO4 or
HCOOH. So not good wet fastness.

2. Aggregated acid dyes:

Not become seperated of the molecule in dissolve, even many molecules build bigger
particle together. Degree of aggregation varies with Temp. The more Temp. the less
degree of aggregation. Solubility of this dye in water is good. Cellulose fibres can be
dyed with neutral dye. More strong affinity to protein fibre of this dye. Not good
levelling properties but very good wet fastness.

Theory of Dyeing of Acid dye:

Wool fibre polymer may be represented as:
H2N - W - COOH Wool
That is to say wool polymer has amino group of oneside and carboxylic group in
another. In certain condition it becomes:
H2N - W - COOH H3N+ -W-COO-
i.e. The attached Hydrogen the Carboxylic group is transfered/ replaced by amino group
in other. Thus when wool fibre is taken in a acid solution negative ionised carboxylic
group of wool molecule takes H+ from HCl and is produced electrically neutralised
carboxylic acid group. Chloride ion (Cl-) from acid is absorbed by positively charged
amino group.
HCl H+ + Cl-
NH3+-W-COO- + HCl Cl NH3 - W - COOH
When wool is immersed in
acid sol.. the concentration of acid reduces and the absorption of acid by wool fibre
increases. This absorption continues until equilibrium absorption unit. When strong acid
is in Acid dye (DSO3Na), then dye is splitted up in following:
DSO3Na DSO3- + Na+

ClH3N - W - COOH + (DSO3- + Na+) H3N W-COONa + HCl

DSO3
Application of Strong Acid dye on Wool:
Recipe:
Dyestuff –--------- 2% owf
H2SO4 – ------------2%
Salt (Na2SO4.10H2O) – --10%
M:L –--- --1:20
Time – ---1hr.
Temp. – -1000c
PH - -----2 to 3

Procedure:
 At first, dyestuff is mixed with H2SO4 in presence of small quantity of Glauber
salt (Na2SO4.10H2O) to from a paste.
 Then this paste is added to dye bath containing 20 times water and wool mtl.
 Now the temperature of the bath is raised to 600C and salt is added and kept
for 10-15 min.
 After that Temperature is raised to 1000C and kept for 45 min. In that time mtl.
absorbs dye from dye bath.
 After dyeing, the mtl. is washed properly and neutralized with alkali treatmet.
 Then soap solution wash is performed for 10 mins and boiled.
 Then the mtl. is again washed and dried.
Dye +H2SO4

Salt

45Min
1000C
Sample
Salt

600C

10-15 Min

Process Sequence:
 Dyeing

Washing

Neutralisation

Soap wash & boiling

Cold wash

Precaution:
 Not more handling.
 Dyeing should be in pure wool.
 Should be neautralised with alkali so that not fabric wastage
 Not used HCl or HNO3 instead of H2SO4

Application of weak acid dye on wool:

Recipe:
Dyestuff –------------ 2% owf
Acetic acid –---------- 3%
Dispersing agent – 0.2%
M:L – 1:20
Time – 1 hr.
Temp. – 600 -900c
Procedure:
 At first dyestuff is mixed with 0.2% Dispersing agent to form paste.
 This paste is added to dye bath containing 20 times water,CH3COOH and mtl.
 After that temp is raised to 900c and kept for 10-15 mins. In that time mtl
absorbs dye from dye bath.
 Sometimes, 0.5—1% H2SO4 is used for exhaustion.
Dispersing agent
Acetic acid

Sample
Dye +

900C 10-15 Min

Room Temp
Application of neutral acid dye on wool:
Recipe:
Dyestuff –------------------ 2% owf
T.R oil – --------------------0.1-0.2%
Ammonium Sulphate – 3-4%
M:L – 1:40
Time – 45-60min.
Temp. – 80-1000c

Procedure:
 At first, Dyestuff is mixed with T.R. Oil to form paste and prepare a solution
with small amount of water.
 In a bath, 40 times water is taken and is added one-third dystuff solution and
mtl.
 Then temp is raised to 800C and this temp is kept for 15-20 min.
 Then the mtl. is taken out/picked up from the bath and one-third dyestuff and
Ammonium sulphate is added.
 Then temperature is raised to 900C and this mtl. is again entered into the bath
and this temp is kept for 15-20 mins.
 Again mtl. is pulled out and one-third dye liquor is added. Temp. is raised to
1000C and the temp is kept for 15-20 min.
 After dyeing the dyed mtl. is pulled out from the dye bath and is washed
properly and then is neutralised by soaping.
1/3 Dye stuff
Ammonium acetate

1/3 Dye stuff

1000C
800C
0
90 C
1/3 Dye stuff+ T.R. Oil

800C
15-20 Min

15-20 Min
800C
800C
Sample

15-20 Min
Process Sequence:
Dyeing

Washing

Soaping

Cold wash

Application of acid dyes on silk:

Recipe:
Dyestuff – 3% owf
Acetic acid – 4%
Soft soap liquor – 25%
M:L – 1:30
Time – 30-60min.
Temp. – 80-850c
Procedure:
 At first liquor is prepared by mixing additional water and soft soap liquor and
then acetic acid is added to prepare a mixture.
 Then the temp is raised to 400C and the temp is kept for 10-15 min. and in this
time dyestuff and mtl. is added respectively.
 Then the temp is raised to 800C and is kept for 20-25 min for dyeing.
Dye stuff

Sample

800C
Soft soap liquor

20-25 Min
400C
Acid
Water

10-15 Min

After treatment:
 For increasing fasness properties of silk mtl by using
 4% Tannic acid
 1% tartar emetic acid.
 For improving lusture by treatment with 4% CH3COOH.
 For increasing smoothness, treatment with 1% T.R. Oil.

Application of Acid dye on Nylon:

Recipe:
Dyestuff – 2.5% owf
Ammonium Acetate – 3%
T.R oil – 0.1-0.2%
M:L – 1:40
Time – 45-90min.
Temp. – 60-1000c
Procedure:
 At first Dyestuff is mixed with T.R. oil to form a paste and prepare a solution
with small amount of water.
 In a bath 40 times water is taken and is added dyestuff solution and ammonium
acetate and mtl. Then temp is raised to 900C and temp is kept for 45-90 mins.
 After dyeing, washing is done properly and drying then soap solution is
performed.
Ammonium acetate
Dye +T.R.Oil

Sample

900C 45-90 Min

Room Temp

Effect of Acids: