Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Important Mathematics Formulae by Shubhangi Aryan [IIMK]

Algebra
• a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
• (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
• (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
• (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2ac + 2bc
• (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
• (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

Number Systems
• 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + … + n = n(n + 1)/2
• (1² + 2² + 3² + ….. + n²) = n ( n + 1 ) (2n + 1) / 6
• (1³ + 2³ + 3³ + ….. + n³) = (n(n + 1)/ 2)²
• Sum of first n odd numbers = n²
• Sum of first n even numbers = n (n + 1)

Profit, Loss and Discount

• Profit (or) Gain = SP – CP
• Profit % = (Profit/CP) × 100
• SP = (100 + gain % )/100 × CP
• CP = 100/(100 + gain %) × SP
• Loss = CP – SP
• Loss % = Loss/(CP) × 100
• SP = (100 – loss %)/100 × CP
• CP = 100/(100 – loss %) × SP

Percentages
• To find what percentage of x is y: (y/x) × 100
• Increase N by S % = N( 1+ S/100 )
• Decrease N by S % = N (1 – S/100)

Trigonometry
Trigonometric Identities:

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

• Sine = Opposite/Hypotenuse
• Secant = Hypotenuse/Adjacent
• Cosine = Adjacent/Hypotenuse
• Tangent = Opposite/Adjacent
• Co−Secant = Hypotenuse/Opposite
• Co−Tangent = Adjacent/Opposite

The reciprocal identities are given as:

• cosec θ = 1/sin θ
• sec θ = 1/ cos θ
• cot θ = 1/tan θ
• sin θ = 1/cosec θ
• cos θ = 1/sec θ
• tan θ = 1/cot θ

Logarithm
• loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
• loga (x/y) = loga x – loga y
• logx x = 1
• loga 1 = 0
• loga (xn) = n(loga x)
• loga x = 1/(logx a)
• loga x = (logb x)/(logb a) = (log x)/(log a)

Coordinate Geometry
The Distance Between two Points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2):

• AB² = (x2 – x1)² + (y2 – y1)²

The Midpoint of a Line Joining Two Points

• The midpoint of the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is:

[(x1 + x2)/1, (y1 + y2)/2]

The Equation of a Line Using One Point and the Gradient

The equation of a line which has gradient m and which passes through the point (x1, y1) is:

y – y1 = m(x – x1)

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Mensuration
Rectangle

Area = lb, Perimeter = 2(l+b)

Square

Area = a × a, Perimeter = 4a

Triangle

Area = (1/2) × b × h or √[s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)], where s = (a + b + c)/2

Circle

Area = πr² or πd²/4, Circumference = 2πr or πd, Area of sector of a circle = (θπr² )/360

Cube

Volume: V = a3, Lateral surface area = 4a², Surface Area: S = 6a2, Diagonal (d) = √3 a

Cuboid

Volume of cuboid: lbh, Total surface area = 2 (lb + bh + hl) or 6l2,

Length of diagonal =√(l² + b² + h²)

Probability
Sample Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is
called the sample space.

Event: Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

• The probability of Occurrence of an Event:

• Let S be the sample and E be an event.
• Therefore, P(E) =n(E) / n(S)

Mixtures and Alligations

Alligation: It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at
the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of the desired price.

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Mean Price: The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.

Rule of Alligation:

If two ingredients are mixed, then

(Quantity of cheaper / Quantity of dearer) = (C.P. of dearer – Mean Price / Mean price
– C.P. of cheaper)

Set Theory & Function

De morgan’s Law is the basic and most important formula for sets, which is defined as

(A ∩ B) ‘ = A’ U B’ and (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’

The relation R ⊂ A × A is said to be called as:

• Reflexive Relation: If aRa ∀ a ∈ A.

• Symmetric Relation: If aRb, then bRa ∀ a, b ∈ A.
• Transitive Relation: If aRb, bRc, then aRc ∀ a, b, c ∈ A.

If any relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive in a given set A, then that relation is
known as an equivalence relation.

Simple Interest
Simple Interest

Formula: Simple Interest = (Principal * Rate * Time) / 100

Where:

Principal is the initial amount invested or borrowed

Rate is the annual interest rate (expressed as a percentage)

Time is the time period in years

Total Amount: Total Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Compound Interest
Formula: Amount = Principal * (1 + (Rate/100)) Time

Where:

Amount is the final amount after the given time period

Principal, Rate, and Time are the same as in simple interest

Compound Interest: Compound Interest = Amount - Principal

Note: For compound interest, the interest is calculated on the principal as well as the
accumulated interest from previous periods. The frequency of compounding (annually, semi-
annually, quarterly, monthly, etc.) affects the final amount. If the interest is compounded
more frequently, the final amount will be higher.

Surds and Indices Formulas

Surds

Definition: A surd is an irrational number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction. It is

often represented as a root of a number.

Basic Operations:

Addition and Subtraction: Surds with the same index can be added or subtracted by
combining their coefficients.

Multiplication and Division: Surds can be multiplied or divided by multiplying or dividing

their radicands (the numbers under the root) and adjusting the index if necessary.

Rationalization of Denominator: To rationalize a denominator containing a surd, multiply

both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

Indices

Definition: An index is the small number written above the radical sign, indicating the root to
be taken.

Laws of Indices:

Product Rule: a^m * a^n = a^(m+n)

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK

Quotient Rule: a^m / a^n = a^(m-n)

Power Rule: (a^m)^n = a^(m*n)

Zero Power Rule: a^0 = 1

Negative Power Rule: a^(-n) = 1 / a^n

Examples:

Surds:

√2 + √8 = √2 + 2√2 = 3√2

√3 * √12 = √36 = 6

1 / √5 = √5 / 5

Remember: When dealing with surds, it's often helpful to simplify them to their simplest
form. For indices, understanding the laws of indices is crucial for solving problems
efficiently.

Shubhangi Aryan IIMK