SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

(SSIP) 2021

GRADE 12
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
LEARNER NOTES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

SESSION CONTENT PAGE

5 Sequences and series 2-6
6 Sequence and Series 7 - 11
7 Euclidean Geometry 12 - 17
8 Euclidean Geometry: Proportionality and Similarity 18 - 22
9 Trigonometry : 2D and 3D 23 - 32
10 Trigonometry : Trigonometric Graphs 33 - 38
11 Euclidean Geometry and Trigonometry 39 - 58
 2

SESSION NO: 5

TOPIC: SEQUENCE AND SERIES

NOTES ON CONTENT

ARITHMETIC Arithmetic Series GEOMETRIC GEOMETRIC Series

Sequence Sequence
Tn = a + ( n − 1)d 𝑛 Tn = a .r n −1 𝑎(1−𝑟𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟
T23 = a + 22d 2
OR T23 = a .r 22 OR
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [𝑎 + 𝑙] 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = ; 𝑟≠1
𝑟−1

Sum to Infinity
𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 ; 𝑖𝑓 − 1 < 𝑟 < 1
Which term equals 210? Which term equals 8?
210 = a + ( n − 1)d (solve n) 8 = a .r n−1
T1 = a T1 = a
T2 – T1 = d T2
common difference = r common ratio
T1
Test for AS: T2 T
T2 – T1 has to be equal to T3– T2 Test for GS: has to be equal to 3
T1 T2
To solve for x, the equation is: To solve for x the equation is:
T2 – T1 = T3– T2 T2 T
= 3 and apply cross products or multiply by
T1 T2
the LCD.
These two equations are often used in simultaneous equations in this section:
T2 – T1 = T3– T2 (1)
T2 T3
= (2)
T1 T2
QUADRATICS NUMBER PATTERN
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐
 3

QUESTION 1
1.1 Given that 5 ; 24 ; 55 ; 98 ; … ; 874 , is a quadratic sequence.
1.1.1 Determine the general term of the above sequence. (4)
1.1.2 Express 5 + 24 + 55 + 98 + ⋯ + 874 in sigma notation. (2)

5
1−𝑘 ∞
1.2 Evaluate: ∑ 5 (1) 2 𝑘 (Give your answer to a whole number) (9)
+ ∑ 5( ) .
2 3
𝑘=−2 𝑘=−2 [15]

QUESTION 2
𝑥
2 𝑟
Given : ∑ 108 (3)
𝑟=0

2.1 Determine the first TWO terms. (2)

𝑥
2 𝑟 25220
2.2 If ∑ 108 ( ) = , determine the value of 𝑥. (4)
3 81
𝑟=0

[6]
QUESTION 3

3.1 Given the quadratic sequence 1; 6; 15; 28; …

3.1.1 Write down the second difference. (1)
3.1.2 Determine the nth term. (4)
3.1.3 Calculate which term of the sequence equals 2701. (3)

3.2 Given the arithmetic series: 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + … + 185

3.2.1 How many terms are there in the series? (3)
3.2.2 Calculate the sum of all the natural numbers from 10 to 185 that are NOT
divisible by 5. (6)
[17]
QUESTION 4

1
4.1 𝑇𝑛 = (𝑟)𝑛−1 is the general term of a geometric sequence.
2

4.1.1 Calculate the value of the common ratio if the fifth term is 40,5. (3)

4.1.2 Determine the position of the term in the sequence that has a value of .
59049
2
 4

(3)

4.2 Both the arithmetic and geometric sequences have the same first term equal to 8. The
common difference of an arithmetic sequence is equal to the common ratio of the
geometric sequence. The fifth term of the geometric sequence is 2048.
4.2.1 Calculate the sum of the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence. (5)
4.2.2 Hence, express the sum of the first five terms of the arithmetic sequence in
4.2.1 above in sigma notation. (3)
[14]

QUESTION 5
5.1 Given the arithmetic sequence: −3; 1; 5; … ; 393.
5.1.1 Determine a formula for the nth term of the sequence. (2)
5.1.2 Write down the 4th , 5th , 6th and 7th terms of the sequence. (2)
5.1.3 Write down the remainders when each of the first seven terms of the
sequence is divided by 3. (2)
5.1.4 Calculate the sum of the terms in the arithmetic sequence that are divisible
by 3. (5)

5.2 Consider the following pattern of dots:

If 𝑇𝑛 represents the total number of dots in FIGURE 𝑛, then 𝑇1 = 1 and 𝑇2 = 5.

If the pattern continues in the same manner, determine:
5.2.1 T5 (2)
5.2.2 T50. (5)
[18]
 5

QUESTION 6
6.1 Given the arithmetic sequence: 𝑤 − 3 ; 2𝑤 − 4 ; 23 − 𝑤.
6.1.1 Determine the value of 𝑤. (2)
6.1.2 Write down the common difference of this sequence. (1)

6.2 The arithmetic sequence 4 ; 10 ; 16 ; … is the sequence of first differences of a

quadratic sequence with a first term equal to 3.
Determine the 50th term of the quadratic sequence. (5)
[8]

QUESTION 7
1 𝑛
In a geometric series, the sum of the first n terms is given by 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑝 (1 − ( ) ) and the
2
sum to infinity of this series is 10.
7.1 Calculate the value of 𝑝. (4)
7.2 Calculate the second term of the series. (4)
[8]
QUESTION 8
8.1 Given the geometric series: 265 + 𝑝 + 64 − 32 + ⋯
8.1.1. Determine the value of 𝑝. (3)
8.1.2. Calculate the sum of the first 8 terms of the series. (3)
8.1.3. Why does the sum to infinity for this series exist? (1)
8.1.4. Calculate 𝑆∞ . (3)

8.2. Consider the arithmetic sequence: −8 ; −2 ; 4 ; 10 ; …

8.2.1 Write down the next term of the sequence. (1)
8.2.2 If the nth term of the sequence is 148, determine the value of 𝑛. (3)
8.2.3 Calculate the smallest value of 𝑛 for which the sum of the first 𝑛 terms of the
sequence will be greater than 10 140. (5)

30
8.3 Calculate ∑(3𝑘 + 5) . (3)
𝑘=1 [22]
 6

QUESTION 9
Consider the sequence: 3 ; 9 ; 27 ; …
Jacob says that the fourth term of the sequence is 81.
Vusi disagrees and says that the fourth term of the sequence is 57.
9.1 Explain why Jacob and Vusi could both be correct. (2)
9.2 Jacob and Vusi continue with their number patterns.
Determine a formula for the nth term of:
9.2.1 Jacob’s sequence. (1)
9.2.2 Vusi’s sequence. (4)
[7]
QUESTION 10
10.1 Given the geometric sequence: 27 ; 9 ; 3 ; …
10.1.1 Determine a formula for Tn, the nth term of the sequence. (2)
10.1.2 Why does the sum to infinity for this sequence exist? (1)
10.1.3 Determine 𝑆∞ . (2)
10.2 Twenty water tanks are decreasing in size in such a way that the volume of each
tank is the1volume of the previous tank. The first tank is empty, but the other 19
2
tanks are full of water.

Would if be possible for the first water tank to hold all the water from the other 19
tanks? Motivate your answer. (4)
10.3 The nth term of a sequence is given by 𝑇𝑛 = −2(𝑛 − 5)2 + 18.
10.3.1 Write down the first THREE terms of the sequence. (3)
10.3.2 Which term of the sequence will have the greatest value? (1)
10.3.3 What is the second difference of this quadratic sequence? (2)
10.3.4 Determine ALL values of 𝑛 for which the terms of the sequence will
be less than −110. (6)
[21]
 7

SESSION NO: 6

TOPIC: SEQUENCE AND SERIES

QUESTION 1
1.1 A geometric sequence has 𝑇3 = 20 and 𝑇4 = 40.
Determine:
1.1.1 The common ratio. (1)
1.1.2 A formula for 𝑇𝑛 . (3)
1.2 The following sequence has the property that the sequence of numerators are
arithmetic and the sequence of denominators is geometric:
2 −1 −4
; ; ;…
1 5 25
1.2.1 Write down the FOURTH term of the sequence. (1)
1.2.2 Determine the formula for the nth term. (3)
1.2.3 Determine the 500th term of the sequence. (2)
1.2.4 Which term of the sequence will have a numerator which is less
than −59? (3)
[13]
QUESTION 2
The sequence 3; 𝑥; 25 is a quadratic sequence. The sequence of first differences is
9; 𝑦; …
2.1 Calculate 𝑥 and 𝑦. (2)
2.2 Determine the nth term of the quadratic sequence. (4)
[6]
QUESTION 3
3.1 A cyclist training for the Argus cycle tour does 100 km during the first week.
Thereafter, the distance he covers each week is 10% more than that of the previous
week.
3.1.1 Determine the distance cycled by the cyclist in the eighth week. (3)
3.1.2 Determine the total distance cycled by the cyclist in the
first eight weeks. (3)
3.1.3 Rewrite question 3.1.2 in sigma notation. (2)
 8

3.2 In an arithmetic sequence the fifth term has a value of 0 and the fourteenth term has
a value of −36.
3.2.1 Calculate T1. (4)
3.2.2 Find the value of 𝑝 if 𝑇23 + 𝑇23−𝑝 = −96. (4)

4 8 16
+ + +⋯
3.3 3 9 27 is an infinite geometric series. ...
3.3.1 Explain why the series converges. (2)
3.3.2 Hence evaluate the sequence below if it continues indefinitely (5)
3 9 27
√16 × √256 × √65536 × …

OCT/NOV 2017

QUESTION 2

2.1 Given the following number pattern: 5 ; −4 ; −19 ; −40; … ….

2.1.1 Determine the constant second difference of the sequence (2)

2.1.2 Determine the nth term (𝑇𝑛 ) of the pattern (4)

2.1.3 Which term of the pattern will be equal to −25939? (3)

2.2 The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 2𝑘 − 7; 𝑘 + 8 and

2𝑘 − 1
2.2.1 Calculate the value of the 15th term of the sequence (5)

2.2.2 Calculate the sum of the first 30 even terms of the sequence (4)

[18]

QUESTION 3

A convergent geometric series consisting of only positive terms has first term a,
1
constant ratio r and nth term, 𝑇𝑛 , such that ∑∞
𝑛=3 𝑇𝑛 = . 4

3.1 If 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 2 , write down the expression of a in terms of r (2)

3.2 Calculate the values of a and r (6)

 9

OCT/NOV 2018

QUESTION 2

2.1 Given the quadratic sequence : 2; 3; 10; 23; … … …

2.1.1 Write down the next term of the sequence (1)

2.1.2 Determine the nth term of the sequence (4)

2.1.3 Calculate the 20th term of the sequence (2)

2.2 Given the arithmetic sequence : 35 ; 28 ; 21 ; … … … (3)

Calculate which term of the sequence will have a value of −140

2.3 For which values of n will the sum of the first n terms of the arithmetic (6)
sequence in QUESTION 2.2 be equal to the nth term of the quadratic
sequence in QUESTION 2.1?

[16]

QUESTION 3
1
A geometric series has a constant ratio of 2 and a sum to infinity of 6

3.1 Calculate the first term of the series (2)

3.2 Calculate the 8th term of the series (2)

3.3 Given:∑𝑛𝑘=1 3(2)1−𝑘 = 5,8125.Calculate the value of n. (4)

3.4 If ∑20
𝑘=1 3(2)
1−𝑘
= 𝑝, write down ∑20 −𝑘
𝑘=1 24(2) , in terms of p (3)

[11]

OCT/NOV 2019

QUESTION 2

2.1 Given the quadratic sequence : 321 ; 290 ; 261 ; 234; … … …

2.1.1 Write down the values of the next TWO terms of the sequence. (2)

2.1.2 Determine the general term of the sequence in the form

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐. (4)

2.1.3 Which term(s) of the sequence will have a value of 74? (4)

2.1.4 Which term in the sequence has the least value? (2)
 10

2.2 5 5 5
Given the geometric series: + 16 + 32 + ⋯ = 𝐾
8

2.2.1 Determine the value of K if the series has 21 terms. (3)

2.2.2 5 (4)
Determine the largest value of n for which 𝑇𝑛 > 8192

[19]

QUESTION 3

3.1 1 1 (3)
Without using a calculator , determine the value of :∑10 10
𝑦=3 𝑦−2 − ∑𝑦=3 𝑦−1

3.2 A steel pavilion at a sports ground comprises of a series of 12 steps, of

which the first three are shown on the diagram below.
1 2
Each step is 5m wide. Each step has a rise of 3m and has a tread of 3 𝑚, as
shown in the diagram below

The open side ( shaded on sketch) on each side of the pavilion must be (6)
covered with metal sheeting. Calculate the area in (𝑚2 ) of metal sheeting
needed to cover both open sides.
[9]
 11

OCT/NOV 2020

QUESTION 2

2.1 7 ; 𝑥 ; 𝑦 ; −11 ; … is an arithmetic sequence . (4)

Determine the values of x and y

2.2 Given the quadratic number pattern : −3 ; 6 ; 27 ; 60 ; …

2.2.1 Determine the general term of the pattern in the form (4)
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐.

2.2.2 Calculate the value of the 50th term of the pattern. (2)

2.2.3 Show that the sum of the first n first – differences of this pattern can (3)
be given by 𝑆𝑛 = 6𝑛 2 + 3𝑛.

2.2.4 How many consecutive first difference were added to the first term (4)
of the quadratic number pattern to obtain a term in the quadratic
number pattern that has a value of 21060?

[17]

QUESTION 3

3.1 Prove that ∑∞

𝑘=1 4. 3
2−𝑘
is a convergent series.Show all your calculatios (3)

3.2 2 (5)
If ∑∞
𝑘=1 4. 3
2−𝑘
= 9, determine the value of p

[8]
 12

SESSION NO: 7

TOPIC: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (REVISION OF GR 11 CIRCLE GEOMETRY)

SUMMARY OF GRADE 11 THEOREMS

CENTRE THEOREMS

TANGENT THEOREMS

CYCLIC QUADS

COROLLARY COROLLARY CONVERSE CENTRE

CONVERSE CYCLIC CONVERSE CYCLIC CONVERSE CYCLIC

 13

CONVERSE TANGENT CONVERSE TANGENT CONVERSE CENTRE

ACTIVITY

QUESTION 1

In the figure below, RDS is a tangent to

the circle centre O at D.

BC = DC and C D S = 40°

40

1.1 Write down the size of B̂1 . State a reason. (2)

1.2 Write down the size of D̂2 . State a reason. (2)
1.3 Write down the size of Ĉ . State a reason. (2)
1.4 Calculate the size of Ô2 State a reason. (2)
1.5 Calculate the size of Ô1 . State a reason. (2)
1.6 Calculate the size of D̂3 State reasons. (3)
1.7 Calculate the size of  State a reason. (2)
 14

QUESTION 2
In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle
passing through A, B, C and D.
AB||CD and B̂ = 20
20

2.1 Calculate the size of Ĉ1 ? State a reason. (2)

2.2 Calculate the size of Ô1 ? State a reason. (2)
2.3 Calculate the size of D̂ ? State a reason. (2)
2.4 Calculate the size of Ê1 ? State a reason. (2)
2.5 Why is AOEC a cyclic quadrilateral? (1)

QUESTION 3

L
LOM is a diameter of circle LMT. The centre is
.
O
1
M
2 1
2
N

O. TN is a tangent at T. LN ⊥ NP .
MT is a chord. LT is a chord produced to P. 2
3
4 1
T

Prove that: P
3.1 MNPT is a cyclic quadrilateral (4)
3.2 NP = NT (5)
 15

QUESTION 4

In the diagram below, AB is a diameter of the

circle ABCD. AE is a tangent to the circle at A.
B̂1 = x .

4.1 Prove that AB is a tangent to the circle through A, D and E. (7)

4.2 ˆ = Eˆ
Prove that C (2)
1

HOMEWORK QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1

In the diagram below, M is the centre of the circle. D, E, F and G are points
on the circle. If F̂1 = 10 and D̂2 = 50 , calculate, with reasons, the size of:
D
1.1 D̂1 (2)
1 2
50
G
1.2 M̂1 (2)

1.3 F̂2 (2) M.

1 2

1.4 Ĝ (2) 1 10

2 1
E
2
1.5 Ê1 (2)
F
 16

QUESTION 2

In the diagram below, QP is a tangent to a circle with centre O. RS is a diameter of the

circle and RQ is a straight line. T is a point on the circle. PS bisects TP̂Q and SP̂Q = 22°.
Calculate the following, giving reasons:

2.1 P̂2 (2)

2.2 R̂ 2 (2)

2.3 P̂3 + P̂4 (3)

2.4 R̂1 (4)

2.5 Ô1 (3)

2.6 Q̂ 2 (3)

QUESTION 3

ALB is a tangent to circle LMNP. ALB||MP.

Prove that:

3.1 LM = LP (4)

3.2 ˆ
LN bisects MNP (4)

3.3 LM is a tangent to circle MNQ (4)

 17

QUESTION 4

EC is a diameter of circle DEC. EC is produced to B. BD is a tangent at D. ED is

produced to A and AB ⊥ BE .
Prove that:

4.1 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. (4)

4.2 ˆ = Eˆ
A (3)
1

4.3 BD = BA (5)

4.4 ˆ =C
C ˆ (4)
2 3
 18

SESSION NO: 8

TOPIC: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (GR 12 PROPORTIONALITY AND SIMILARITY)

NOTES ON CONTENT
PROPORTIONALITY
Theorem Converse Theorem
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle A line dividing two sides of a triangle
divides the other two sides in the same proportionally is parallel to the third side.
proportion.
A
A

P Q
P Q

B
C
B C
Given: Triangle ABC with PQ∥ 𝑨𝑩 AP AQ
Given: ABC with =
PB QC
AP AQ RTP: PQ∥BC
RTP: =
PB QC
SPECIAL CASE ON PROPORTIONALITY
A line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and
equal to half the third side.(Mid-point Theorem

Given : B and C are the midpoints of AD and AE respectively , then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸

1
∴ 𝐵𝐶 ∥ 𝐷𝐸 and 𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝐷𝐸

1
Then 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐸𝐶 and 𝐷𝐸 = 2 𝐵𝐶
 19

SIMILARITY
If two triangles are equiangular to one another Converse Theorem:
the lengths of their corresponding sides are If the corresponding sides of two triangles
proportional. are proportional, then their corresponding
D angles are equal
A D
A

B C

B C
E F

Aˆ = Dˆ , Bˆ = Eˆ E
Given: ABC and DEF with
Given: ABC and DEF with
and Cˆ = Fˆ AB BC AC
AD BC AC = =
RTP: = = DE EF DF
DE EF DF
RTP: Aˆ = Dˆ , Bˆ = Eˆ and Cˆ = Fˆ

PYTHAGORAS
Theorem Converse Theorem

In a right-angle triangle, the square of the If the square of one side of triangle equals
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares the sum of the squares of the other two
of the other two sides. (Pyth) sides, then the angle contained by these
A two sides is a right angle.
A

B C B

Given: ABC with Aˆ = 90



Given: If in ABC , BC = AB + AC
2 2 2
RTP: BC = AB + AC
2 2 2

RTP: Aˆ = 90

 20

QUESTION 1
In the diagram below 𝑆𝑇 ∥ 𝑄𝑅.𝑃𝑆 = 5𝑐𝑚, 𝑆𝑄 = 2𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑇 = 10𝑐𝑚.

Calculate the length of TR. (3)

QUESTION 2

△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is given below.𝐴𝐶 = 35𝑐𝑚, AN = 24 cm and NB = 18 cm

Calculate the length of CM (3)

QUESTION 3

In △ 𝐴𝐶𝐷 𝑃𝐵 ∥ 𝐷𝐴 and in △ 𝐶𝐷𝑄 𝑃𝑅 ∥ 𝐷𝑄.AB = 22 cm ,BC = 33 cm and RC = 15 cm

Calculate the length of QR (5)

 21

QUESTION 4

In △ 𝑃𝑆𝑇 , 𝑄𝑅 ∥ 𝑆𝑇.𝑃𝑄: 𝑄𝑆 = 5: 3 and PS =32cm and PT = 24 cm

Calculate the lengths of the following:

4.1 PQ (3)

4.2 QS (2)

4.3 PR (2)

4.4 RT (1)

QUESTION 5

In the diagram M is a point on JY and E is a point on JM. JS EA with S on MA produced.

The diagram is not drawn to scale. AM = 6 cm , JE = 9 cm , AS = 12 cm and JS = 22,5 cm.

1 2
J Y
E M
Calculate the length of EM (3)
 22

QUESTION 6
In the diagram, RST is a tangent. Chord PQ produced meets the tangent at R. QS PT

P
2 1

Q 1
2
2 3
T
1
S
R

Prove, giving reasons that:

6.1 SPQ ||| PTS (5)

6.2 SP 2 = SQ . PT (1)

6.3 RS . RP = RQ . RT (4)

QUESTION 7

In the figure, ABC has D and E on BC. BD = 6 cm and DC = 9 cm. AT : TC = 2 : 1

and AD TE .

T
F

B C
D E
CE
7.1 Write down the numerical value of . (1)
ED
7.2 Show that D is the midpoint of BE. (2)

7.3 If FD = 2 cm, calculate the length of TE. (2)

7.4 Calculate the numerical value of:

Area of Δ𝐴𝐷𝐶
7.4.1 (1)
Area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐷

Area of Δ𝑇𝐸𝐶
7.4.2 (3)
Area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶
 23

SESSION NO: 9

TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRY (2D AND 3D)

NOTES ON CONTENT

1. SOLVING PROBLEMS IN TWO AND THREE

DIMENSIONS
Any triangle can be solved, if THREE properties of the triangle are given/known, by using:
✓ The trig ratios 10) in RIGHT-ANGLED triangles
✓ The sine or cosine rule

When to use what?

If the triangle is If the triangle is NOT

RIGHT-ANGLED right-angled

Use the trig RATIOS When to use the rules:

COSINE RULE if ……
• 3 sides of the triangle are given
• 2 sides and an included angle of the
Remember: triangle is given
3 properties of a triangle must be
given in a triangle in order to
work in that triangle SINE RULE if ……
(NOT angle, angle, angle) • Any condition that does NOT satisfy the
cosine rule

AREA RULE if ……
• Only if “area” is mentioned
 24

2. The Sine, Cosine and Area Rules

TYPES OF QUESTIONS:
❖ Numeric (calculations) problems
Always start with these types of questions (2D and 3D) and make sure that
learners master it before moving on to the next level, which is
❖ Non-numeric (prove type) problems
According to the CAPS document, learners must be able to:
• Establish (prove) the rules
• Apply the rules in solving 2D and 3D problems.

In any ∆ABC the rules are applied as follow:

A A

c b b
c

B C B a C
a

Sine rule

If an ANGLE is asked If a SIDE is asked

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

Cosine
rule

If an ANGLE is asked If a SIDE is asked

𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 • 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 2𝑏𝑐 • 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 −𝑏2
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = • 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 −𝑐 2
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 = 2𝑎𝑏
1
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 ∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 = 2 𝑎𝑏. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 or
Area rule 1
= 2 𝑏𝑐. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 or
1
= 2 𝑎𝑐. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
 25

TIPS FOR SOLVING 2D & 3D PROBLEMS

1. The diagram usually consists of 2 or more triangles with COMMON sides.

2. One of the triangles is often right-angled, so use the trig ratios to solve it.
(In triangles without right angles, the sine, Cosine and Area rules must be applied.)

3. Make use of basic Geometry to obtain additional information, such as vertical

opposite angles, interior angles of a triangle, etc.

4. In Grade 12, be on the lookout for Compound and Double angles when simplifying a
problem.

5. Start in the triangle that contains the most information, then move along to the
triangle in which the required line/angle is.

6. When solving problems in three dimensions:

• It may help to shade the horizontal area
• In the diagram, right angles may not look like right angles, e.g.

OR

7. In applications, we often use angles of DEPRESSION and ELEVATION.

Both are measured from the horizontal.

Angle of
HORIZONTAL
elevation
Angle of
depression
 26

Worked Example 1

A soccer player (S) is 15 m from the back line of a soccer field (CH). She aims towards
the goal (GH). The angle from the left goal post (G) to the soccer player is 116°. The
goal posts are 7,32 metres apart. The diagram below represents the situation.

C G 7,3 H
116° 2
15

S
a) Calculate the size of CGˆ S .
b) Calculate SG, the distance between the soccer player and the left goal post FG.
c) Calculate the size of GSˆH , the angle within which the soccer player could possibly
score a goal.
SOLUTION:
a) CGˆ S = 64  (angles on straight line CGH)
∆𝐶𝐺𝑆 is right-
b) In CGS , right-angled at C
𝐶𝑆 angled
sin 𝐶𝐺̂ 𝑆 = ∴ use the trig ratios
𝐺𝑆
15
∴ sin 64° = 𝐺𝑆
15
∴ 𝐺𝑆 = sin 64°
𝐺𝑆 = 16,689 02911 … metres
∴ 𝐺𝑆 ≈ 16,69 metres
c) In SGH we know the lengths of two sides (SG and GH and the size of the included
angle 𝑆𝐺̂ 𝐻) so we use the cosine rule
𝑆𝐻2 = 𝐺𝐻2 + 𝑆𝐺 2 − 2. 𝐺𝐻. 𝑆𝐺 cos 𝐺
 SH 2 = (7,32 ) + (16 ,69 ) − 2(7,32 )(16 ,69 ) cos116 
2 2

∴ 𝑆𝐻 = √(7,32)2 + (16,689 02911)2 − 2(7,32)2 (16,689 02911)2 cos 116°

∴ SH = 20,957 389 36
∴ 𝑆𝐻 ≈ 20,96 metres
Enough information in ∆SGH is known to use either the sine or cosine rule to
calculate GŜH.
Using the sine rule: Using the cosine rule:
sin 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 sin 𝑆𝐺̂ 𝐻 2
𝐺𝑆 +𝑆𝐻 −𝐺𝐻 2 2

𝐺𝐻
= 𝑆𝐻
cos 𝐺𝑆̂𝐻 = 2 .𝐺𝑆 .𝑆𝐻
sin 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 sin 116° 2
(16,689 029 11) +(20,957 389 36) −(7,32)2 2
∴ 7,32
= 20,96
cos 𝐺𝑆̂𝐻 = 2 (16,689 029 11)(20,957 389 36)
7,32 sin 116°
∴ sin 𝐺𝑆̂𝐻 = ∴ 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 =
20,96
(16,689 029 11)2+(20,957 389 36)2 −(7,32)2
∴ 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 = −1 7,32 sin 116°
sin ( 20,96 ) cos −1 ( )
2 .(16,689 029 11)(20,957 389 36

∴ 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 = 18,293 926 57 ∴ 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 = 18,296 286 19

∴ 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 ≈ 18,3 ∴ 𝐺𝑆̂ 𝐻 ≈ 18,3
 27

Worked Example 2
In the diagram below, M is the centre of the semicircle PRQ and r is the radius. PM
is the diameter of semicircle PTM. 𝑄̂ = 𝑥.

𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑅𝑄 =
sin 𝑥
In ∆MRQ there is enough
𝑟.2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 information to use the sine or
= cosine rule. The sine rule is an
sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑹𝑸 = 𝟐𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 easier calculation than the cosine
rule.
a) 𝑇̂ = 90° (angle in semi-circle OR diameter subtends a right angle)
1
Since ∆𝑃𝑀𝑇 is a right-angled triangle, we use the formula Area of triangle 2 
1
base  height or Area of ∆𝑃𝑀𝑇 = 2 × 𝑃𝑇 × 𝑀𝑇
𝑃𝑀 = 𝑟 (radii)
𝑀̂2 = 𝑀̂1 = 180° − 2𝑥 (vertically opposite angles
̂1 = 𝑃𝑇
sin 𝑀 𝑃𝑀
∴ sin(180° − 2𝑥) = 𝑟
𝑃𝑇 ∆PTM is right-
angled
∴ 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑟 sin(180° − 2𝑥)
∴ use the trig ratios
∴ 𝑷𝑻 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
̂1 = 𝑀𝑇
cos 𝑀 𝑃𝑀
𝑀𝑇
∴ cos(180° − 2𝑥) = 𝑟
∴ 𝑀𝑇 = 𝑟 cos (180° − 2𝑥)
∴ 𝑴𝑻 = − 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑃𝑀𝑇 = × 𝑃𝑇 × 𝑀𝑇
2
1
= × 𝑟 sin 2𝑥 × (−𝑟 cos 2𝑥)
2
1
= − 2 𝑟 2 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
1 1
= − 2 𝑟 2 (2 sin 4𝑥)
1
= − 4 𝑟 2 sin 4𝑥
 28

ACTIVITY: TRIGONOMETRY

QUESTION 1

1. In the diagram below, ABC is an isosceles triangle. D lies on BC. AB= 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

AD= 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐵 ̂ = 𝜃


1.1 Determine, without reasons, the size of A D C in terms of 𝜃.
a2
1.2 Prove that: cos 2 = 2 − 1
2b
1.3 Hence, determine the value of  it a = 3 and b = 2 (round off to two decimal
digits)
 29

QUESTION 2

A hot-air balloon H is directly above B on the ground. Two ropes are used keep the
hot-air balloon in position. The ropes are held by two people on the ground at point
C and point D. B, C and D are in the same horizontal plane.

̂ B = 2𝑥 and CB
The angle of elevation from C to H is x. CD ̂D = 90° − 𝑥.
The distance between C and D is k metres.

2.1 Show that CB = 2𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

2.2 Hence, show that the length of rope HC is 2𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.

2.3 If 𝑘 = 40 𝑚, 𝑥 = 23° and HD = 31,8 m , calculate 𝜃, the angle between the

two ropes

QUESTION 3

In the diagram, ∆ABC is given with BC = 10 units, B = 30 0 and sin (B + C ) = 0.8

Determine the length of AC, WITHOUT USING A CALCULATOR

 30

QUESTION 4

In the diagram below, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with DC = 6 units, AD = 10 units,

̂ 𝐶 = 100° and 𝐶𝐴̂𝐵 = 40°.
𝐴𝐷

40
°

10

D 10
0° B
6

C
Calculate the following, correct to ONE decimal place:
4.1 The length of BC
4.2 The area of ABC

QUESTION 5
AB is a vertical tower p units high. D and C are in the same horizontal plane as B, the foot
̂ 𝐶 = y and D𝐶̂ B = 𝜃.The distance
of the tower. The angle of elevation of A form D is x. B𝐷
between D and C is k units.

5.1 Express p in terms of DB and x.

k sin  tan x
5.2 Hence prove that: p =
sin y cos + cos y sin 

5.3 Calculate BC to the nearest metre if x = 51,7 0 , y = 62 ,5 0 , p = 80m

and . k = 95m
 31

QUESTION 6
In the diagram below, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 represent two ships horizontal plane as B, the bases of a
lighthouse AB which is ℎ metres high. Each ship is the same distance away from the base of
the lighthouse.

The angle of elevation from 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 to 𝐴 are both 𝑥. C B D = y

6.1 Write BD in terms of ℎ and a trigonometric ratio of 𝑥.

6.2 2h 2 (1 − cos y )
Hence or otherwise prove CD = 2

tan 2 x

QUESTION 7
In the diagram below, D, B and C are points in the same horizontal plane. AC is a
vertical pole and the length of the cable from D to the top of the pole, A, is 𝑝
meters. AC ⊥ CD. AD ̂C= θ; DC ̂B = (90° − 𝜃) and CB D
̂ = 2𝜃.

p cos
7.1 Prove that: BD =
2 sin 

7.2.Calculate the height of the flagpole AC if  = 30° and 𝑝 = 3 meters.


7.3 Calculate the length of the cable AB if it is further given that A D B = 70 0 .
 32

QUESTION 8

Triangle PQS represents a certain area of a park. R is a point on line PS such that QR
divides the area of the park into two triangular parts, as shown below. PQ = PR = 𝑥 units,
3x
RS = units and RQ = √3x units
2

8.1 Calculate the size of P.

8.2 Determine the area of triangle QRS in terms of x.

 33

SESSION NO: 10

TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRY

NOTES ON CONTENT
1. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
GRADE 10 AND GRADE 11 FUNCTIONS

In Grade 10, the learners plot the basic graphs of y = sin x ; y = cos x ; y = tan x where
𝑥 ∈ [0°; 360°]. In Grade 11, the learners plot graphs within the interval [−360°; 360°]

• Show the learners how to use the calculator to draw the functions as it will help
them to save time during the exams
• Revision of trigonometric functions should be done in grade 12.
TRANSFORMATIONS:
y = a sin k ( x − p) + q
y = a cosk ( x − p) + q
y = a tan k ( x − p) + q
• In Grade 10 the learners investigate the effect of a and q
• In Grade 11 the learners investigate the effect of k and p but the Grade 10
content is needed and can be assessed in Grade 11 and 12.
• The parameters a; p; q and k affect cos x and sin x in the same way. The tan x
graph behaves differently to both sin x and cos x,
• The function for sin x and cos x are wave- like shapes whereas tan x is a
repeated curve shape.
• Because of the wave-shape of the graphs of sin x and cos x, these two graphs
have an amplitude (a). The amplitude is the height from the rest value q to the
maximum or the minimum.
• All the three functions have a period which depends on the value of k. The
period is the length required for the graph to make one complete shape.
• Knowing the features and the characteristics of the function will help in finding
the equation and interpreting the graph.
• y = tan x has asymptotes, and they should not be part of the domain i.e.
x  90 + 180 k
Worked Example 1
Draw the following sets of graphs on the same set of axes and investigate the effect of
parameter a; p; q and k on the graphs.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 2𝑥, 𝑙(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥; for 𝑥 ∈ [0°; 360°]
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥; ℎ(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥; 𝑘(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 2; for 𝑥 ∈ [0°; 360°]
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥; 𝑚(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 45°); for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 360°]
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥; 𝑗(𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥 − 45°); for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 360°]
 34

SOLUTIONS

a)

The effect of k on the graph:

Value of k Period
𝑘 = 1, so 1 complete shape within 360°
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = = 360°
1
360
𝑘 = 2, so 2 complete shapes within 360°
𝑔(𝑥) = sin 2𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = = 180°
2
360
𝑘 = 3, so 3 complete shapes within 360°
𝑙(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = = 120°
3
360

b)
 35

The effect of a on the graphs:

• 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 ∶ 𝑎 = 1 → 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1
• ℎ(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 : 𝑎 = 2 → 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠 2
• 𝑘(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 2 : 𝑎 = 1 → 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1
The effect of q on the graphs: Vertical shift
• The graph of 𝑘(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 2 is the shift of f(x) by 2 units up,
• If q is + the basic graph will move upward
• If q is - the basic graph will move downward

c)

d)
 36

ACTIVITY: Trigonometry

QUESTION 1
Answer the following questions:

1.1 Determine the general solution of:𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = sin (𝑥 − 30°)

1.2 Draw the sketch graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = sin (𝑥 − 30°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−180; 90].
Clearly indicate the coordinates of the turning point and intercepts with the axes
a. Write down the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑔(𝑥) > 𝑓(𝑥) in the given interval

QUESTION 2
Consider the function f(x) = sin2x for x  [−90 0 ;90 0 ]

2.1 Write down the period of f.

2.2 Sketch the graph of g ( x) = cos(x − 15 0 ) for x  [−90 0 ;90 0 ]
2.3 Determine the values of x for which f ( x)  g ( x)
QUESTION 3
Consider: f(x) = cos 2x and g(x) = sin (x – 60°)
3.1 Sketch the graphs of f and g x  [−90 0 ;90 0 ] on the
same set of axes. Show clearly all the intercepts on the axes and the coordinates
of the turning points.
3.2 Use your graphs to determine the value(s) of x for which g(x) > 0.
 37

QUESTION 4
4.1 Determine the general solution of: sin (x + 30°) = cos 3x.
4.2 In the diagram below, the graph of f(x) = sin (x + 30°) is drawn for the interval
x  [−30 0 ;150 0 ]

4.2.1 On the same system of axes sketch the graph of g, where g(x) = cos 3x, for the
interval x  [−30 0 ;150 0 ]
4.2.2 Write down the period of g.
4.2.3 For which values of x will f ( x)  g ( x) in the interval x  [−30 0 ;150 0 ]

QUESTION 5
5.1 The graph of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎tan𝑥; for 𝑥 ∈ [−180°;180°], 𝑥 ≠ −90°, is sketched below.

5.1 Determine the value of a.

5.2 If 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(x + 45 0 ), sketch the graph of f for 𝑥 ∈ [−180°;180°], on the diagram
5.3 How many solutions does the equation ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) have in the domain [−180°;180°]?
 38

QUESTION 6
1
6. 1 On the same system of axes, sketch the graphs of f ( x) = 3 cos x and g ( x) = tan x for
2
− 1800  x  3600 . Clearly show the intercepts with the axes and all turning points.
6.2 Use the graphs in 6.1 to answer the following questions.
6.2.1 Determine the period of g.
6.2.2 Determine the co-ordinates of the turning points of f on the given interval.
6.2.3 For which values of x will both functions increase as x increases for
–180° ≤ x ≤360°?
6.2.4 If the y–axis is moved 45 0 to the left, then write down the new equation of
f in the form y = ....
QUESTION 7
The graphs below represent the functions of f and g. f(x) = sin2x and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐sin𝑑𝑥,
𝑥 ∈ [0°;180°]

7.1 Determine the value(s) of x, for 𝑥 ∈ [0°;180°] where:

7.1.1 g ( x) − f ( x) = 2
7.1.2 f ( x)  0
7.1.3 g ( x). f ( x)  0
7.2 f in the graph drawn above undergoes transformations to result in g and h as given
below. Determine the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 if
7.2.1 g ( x) = c sin dx
7.2.2 h( x) = a cos(x − b)
 39

SESSION NO: 11

TOPIC: TRIGONOMETRY AND EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

TOPIC MARK
Trigonometry 50±3
Euclidean Geometry 40±3

A maximum of 12 Marks on Theory in Paper 2

THEORY ON TRIGONOMETRY
• Proofs of Compound Angles
Accepting cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 prove the following
- cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
- sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
- sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
• Proofs of Area Rule, Sine Rule and Cosine Rule

THEORY ON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

The following proofs of theorems are examinable (NB. know them by heart)
✓ The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord; (From Gr.11)
✓ The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the
angle subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the chord as
the centre); (From Gr.11)
✓ The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary; (From Gr.11)
✓ The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment; (From Gr.11)
✓ A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides
proportionally; (From Gr.12)
✓ Equiangular triangles are similar. (From Gr.12)
 40

ACTIVITY

FEB/MARCH 2011

QUESTION 10

10.1 If sin 28° = a and cos 32°= b, determine the following in terms of a and/or b
:

10.1.1 cos28 (2)

10.1.2 cos64 (3)

10.1.3 sin 4° (4)

10.2 Prove without the use of a calculator, that if sin 28° = a and cos 32° = b, then
1
b 1− a2 − a 1− b2 = . (4)
2

10.3 Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. Show ALL working.

sin 130. tan 60

10.3.1 cos540. tan 230. sin 400 (7)

10.3.2 (1 − 2 sin 75 )( 2 sin 75  + 1) (4)

10.4 Determine the general solution of: sin 2 x + cos2 x − cos x = 0 (7)

cos 2 x. tan x
10.5 Consider:
sin 2 x

10.5.1 For which values of x, x  [0 ; 180] , will this expression be (3)
undefined?

cos 2 x. tan x cos x

10.5.2 Prove that = − tan x for all other values of x.
sin 2 x sin x (5)
[39]
 41

QUESTION 11

The sketch below shows one side of the elevation of a house. Some dimensions (in
metres) are indicated on the figure.
E

7,5

D C
G

3,5

A F B

9,4

Calculate, rounded off to ONE decimal place:

11.1 EC (3)

11.2 DĈE (3)

11.3 Area of  DEC (2)

11.4 The height EF (3)

[11]
 42

QUESTION 12

The graph of f ( x) = −2 sin x is drawn below.

f
2

x
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 30 60 90 120 150 180

-1

-2

12.1 Write down the period of f. (1)

f (x )
12.2 Write down the amplitude of h if h(x) = . (2)
4

12.3 Draw the graph of g ( x) = cos(x − 30) for x  [−180 ; 180] on the grid
provided on DIAGRAM SHEET 5. (3)

12.4 Use the graph to determine the number of solutions for − 2 sin x = cos(x − 30)
, x  [−180 ; 180] . (1)

12.5 For which values of x is g(x)  0? (2)

12.6 For which values of x is f / ( x)  0 and g / ( x)  0 ? (3)

[12]
 43

JUNE 2019

QUESTION 5

5.1 Without using a calculator, write the following expressions in terms of sin11
:

5.1.1 sin 191 (1)

5.1.2 cos 22 (1)

Simplify cos(x − 180 ) + 2 sin( x + 45 ) to a single trigonometric ratio. (5)

5.2

7
Given: sin P + sin Q = and P̂ + Q̂ = 90 
5.3 5
Without using a calculator, determine the value of sin 2P . (5)
[12]
 44

QUESTION 6

6.1 Determine the general solution of cos(x − 30) = 2 sin x . (6)

6.2 In the diagram, the graphs of f ( x) = cos(x − 30) and g ( x) = 2 sin x are drawn
for the interval x  [−180 ;180] . A and B are the x–intercepts of f. The two
graphs intersect at C and D, the minimum and maximum turning points
respectively of f.
y

D g

–180° B 0° A 180° x

f
C

6.2.1 Write down the coordinates of:

(a) A (1)

(b) C (2)

6.2.2 Determine the values of x in the interval x  [−180 ; 180] , for

which:

(a) Both graphs are increasing (2)

(b) f ( x + 10)  g ( x + 10) (2)

6.2.3 Determine the range of y = 22sin x + 3 (5)

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 45

QUESTION 7

In the diagram below, CGFB and CGHD are fixed walls that are rectangular in shape
and vertical to the horizontal plane FGH. Steel poles erected along FB and HD extend
to A and E respectively. ∆ACE forms the roof of an entertainment centre.
BC = x, CD = x + 2, BÂC =  , AĈE = 2 and EĈD = 60 

A

D

B 2
60 x+2
x °
C
H
F

7.1 Calculate the length of:

7.1.1 AC in terms of x and  (2)

7.1.2 CE in terms of x (2)

7.2 Show that the area of the roof ACE is given by 2 x ( x + 2) cos . (3)

7.3 If  = 55 and BC = 12 metres, calculate the length of AE. (4)

[11]
 46

QUESTION 8

8.1 In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and LOM is a diameter of the circle.
ON bisects chord LP at N. T and S are points on the circle on the other
side of LM with respect to P. Chords PM, MS, MT and ST are drawn. PM
= MS and MT̂S = 31 

N M
2
1

L
S

31°

8.1.1 Determine, with reasons, the size of each of the following angles:

(a) MÔS (2)

(b) L̂ (2)

1
8.1.2 Prove that ON = MS. (4)
2
 47

8.2 In ABC in the diagram, K is a point on AB such that AK : KB = 3 : 2.

N and M are points on AC such that KN || BM. BM intersects KC at L.
AM : MC = 10 : 23.

K
L

A N M C

Determine, with reasons, the ratio of:

AN
8.2.1 (2)
AM

CL
8.2.2 (3)
LK
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 48

QUESTION 9

In the diagram, tangents are drawn from point M outside the circle, to touch the circle
at B and N. The straight line from B passing through the centre of the circle meets
MN produced in A. NM is produced to K such that BM = MK. BK and BN are
drawn.
Let K̂ = x .

K
x
M
1 2

N
1 2

A
1 2
3
B

9.1 Determine, with reasons, the size of N̂ 1 in terms of x. (6)

9.2 Prove that BA is a tangent to the circle passing through K, B and N. (5)
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 49

QUESTION 10

In the diagram, ∆ABC and ∆DEF are drawn such that  = D̂ , B̂ = Ê and
10.1 Ĉ = F̂ .

A
D


E F


B C

Use the diagram in the ANSWER BOOK to prove the theorem which states that
if two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in proportion,
that is AB = AC .
DE DF (6)
 46

10.2 In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and CG is a tangent to the circle
at G. The straight line from C passing through O cuts the circle at A
and B. Diameter DOE is perpendicular to CA. GE and CA intersect
at F. Chords DG, BG and AG are drawn.

4 G
3
2 1

2 1 2 1
A O F B C

E
10.2.1 Prove that:

(a) DGFO is a cyclic quadrilateral (3)

(b) GC = CF (5)

10.2.2 If it is further given that CO = 11 units and DE = 14 units, calculate:

(a) The length of BC (3)

(b) The length of CG (5)

(c) The size of Ê . (4)

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 47

MAY /JUNE 2015

QUESTION 5

1
5.1 Given that cos  = − , where 180° <  < 360°.
5

Determine, with the aid of a sketch and without using a calculator, the value of (5)
sin .

5.2 Determine the value of the following expression:

tan(180  − x). sin( x − 90 )

4 sin(360  + x) (6)

5.3 If sin A = p and cos A = q:

5.3.1 Write tan A in terms of p and q (1)

Simplify p − q to a single trigonometric ratio

4 4
5.3.2 (4)

cos θ cos 2θ
5.4 Consider the identity: − = tan θ
sin θ sin θ. cos θ

5.4.1 Prove the identity. (5)

5.4.2 For which value(s) of  in the interval 0° <  < 180° will the identity
be undefined? (2)

5.5 Determine the general solution of 2 sin 2x + 3 sin x = 0 (6)

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 48

QUESTION 6

In the diagram below the graphs of f (x) = sin bx and g(x) = –cos x are drawn for
–90°  x  90°. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.

1
f

-90 ° -60 ° -30 ° 0° 30 ° 60° 90°

–1

6.1 Write down the period of f. (1)

6.2 Determine the value of b. (1)

6.3 The general solutions of the equation sin bx = – cos x are x = 67,5° + k.90°
or x = 135° + k.180° where kZ.
Determine the x-values of the points of intersection of f and g for the given
domain. (3)

6.4 Write down the values of x for which sin bx + cos x < 0 for the given domain. (4)
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 49

QUESTION 7

Triangle PQS forms a certain area of a park. R is a point on PS and QR divides the
area of the park into two triangular parts, as shown below, for a festive event.
PQ = PR = x units, RS = 3x units and RQ = 3 x units.
2

x R S
P

7.1 Calculate the size of P̂ . (4)

7.2 Hence, calculate the area of triangle QRS in terms of x in its simplest form. (5)
[9]
 50

Give reasons for ALL statements in QUESTIONS 8, 9, 10 and 11.

QUESTION 8

In the diagram ACD is drawn with points A and D on the circumference of a circle.
CD cuts the circle at B. P is a point on AD with CP the bisector of AĈD . CP cuts
the chord AB at T. AT = AP, AT̂P = 65° and PĈD = 25°.

A
1 2

1 T 65° 2 P
C 25° 3 2 1

1
2
B

8.1 Determine the size of each of the following:

8.1.1 P̂2 (2)

8.1.2 D̂ (2)

8.1.3 Â 1 (2)

8.2 Is CA a tangent to the circle ABD? Motivate your answer. (2)

[8]
 51

QUESTION 9

In the diagram O is the centre of the circle and BO and OD are drawn. Chords CB
and DE are produced to meet in A. Chords BE and CD are drawn. BĈD = x .

D E A
2 2 1
1

1
O
2 3
1
B

x
C

9.1 Give the reason for each of the statements in the table. Complete the table
provided in the ANSWER BOOK by writing down the reason for each (2)
statement.

Statement Reason
9.1.1 Ê 1 = x
9.1.2 Ô 1 = 2x

9.2 If it is given that BE | | CD, prove that:

9.2.1 AC = AD (4)

9.2.2 ABOD is a cyclic quadrilateral (3)

[9]
 52

QUESTION 10

10.1 Complete the following statement of the theorem in the ANSWER BOOK:

If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then … (1)

10.2 In the diagram ABC is a triangle with F on AB and E on AC. BC | | FE.

D is on AF with AD = 3 . AE = 12 units and EC = 8 units.
AF 5

C
A 12 E 8

10.2.1 Prove that DE | | FC. (3)

10.2.2 If AB = 14 units, calculate the length of BF. (3)

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 53

QUESTION 11

11.1 In the diagram O is the centre of the circle and PA is a tangent to the circle at
A. B and C are points on the circumference of the circle.

Use the diagram to prove the theorem that states that BÂP = AĈB .
(6)
11.2 In the diagram C is the centre of the circle DAP. BA is a tangent to the
circle at A. CD is produced to meet the tangent to the circle at B. DP
and DA are drawn. E is a point on BA such that EC bisects DĈA . Let
ˆ = x.
C 1

B D
1
2 1
C
2

1
2
E

1
2
A
P

11.2.1 Prove that BAD | | | BCE. (7)

11.2.2 If it is also given that AB = 8 units and AC = 6 units, calculate:

(a) The length of BD (5)

(b) The length of BE (3)

(c) The size of x (3)

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© Gauteng Department of Education