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Bee Asignment A

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15 views

Bee Asignment A

Uploaded by

khollahrehan12345
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAME:AREEBA SHAKEEL

ROLL NO:CS-012

SUBJECT:BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone. The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with
more than one independent source by calculating the contribution of each independent source
separately. However, to apply the superposition principle, we must keep two things in mind: 1. We
consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sources are turned off. This
implies that we replace every voltage source by 0 V (or a short circuit), and every current source by 0 A
(or an open circuit). This way we obtain a simpler and more manageable circuit. 2. Dependent sources
are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables. With these in mind, we apply the
superposition principle in three steps: Steps to Apply Superposition Principle: 1. Turn off all independent
sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active source using the
techniques covered in Chapters 2 and 3. 2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources. 3.
Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent sources.

POWER AND ENERGY:


Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit, they are not sufficient by
themselves. For practical purposes, we need to know how much power an electric device can handle.
We all know from experience that a 100-watt bulb gives more light than a 60-watt bulb. We also know
that when we pay our bills to the electric utility companies, we are paying for the electric energy
consumed over a certain period of time. Thus, power and energy calculations are important in circuit
analysis. To relate power and energy to voltage and current, we recall from physics that: Power is the
time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W). We write this relationship as where
p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s). it follows that p = _d_w_=
dw .dq =vi dt dq dt or p = vi Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal, p = −vi.

NODES ,RANCHES AND LOOPS :


BRANCH:

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor. In other words, a branch
represents any two-terminal element.

NODE:

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches. A node is usually indicated by a dot
in a circuit. If a short circuit (a connecting wire) connects two nodes, the two nodes constitute a single
Node Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and consequently carry
the same current. Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes
and consequently have the same voltage across them.

LOOP:

A loop is any closed path in a circuit. A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing
through a set of nodes, and returning to the starting node without passing through any node more than
once. A loop is said to be independent if it contains at least one branch which is not a part of any other
independent loop. Independent loops or paths result in independent sets of equation A network with b
branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology:
P= dw/dt

b=l+n−1

MESH ANALYSIS:
Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits, using mesh currents as the
circuit variables. Using mesh currents instead of element currents as circuit variables is convenient and
reduces the number of equations that must be solved simultaneously. Recall that a loop is a closed path
with no node passed more than once. A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within it.

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