BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB

SUBJECT CODE : 017213

Submitted By: Submitted To :

Student’s name : Nikita Kapkoti (Signature )

Course: BBA04 (2022-25) Prof. Raman Arora
Student Enrolment No: 04018401722 Assistant Professor
AIMT,GGSIPU
 Table of Contents

S.NO. Name of the Topic Page No. Signature

SPSS
1. Defining Variables
2. Importing of Data
3. Sort Cases
4. Recoding Variables
5. Computing Variables
6. Creating and Saving Output
7. Frequencies
8. Descriptive Statistics
9. T Test
10. Z Test
11. Chi Square Test
12. Correlation
13. Graphical Plots
EXCEL
1. Worksheet
2. Basic Cell Formatting
3. Cell Referencing
4. Logical Functions
5. Statistical Functions
6. V Lookup
7. H Lookup
8. Pivot Tables
9. Pivot Chart
10. Data Analysis in Excel
11. Data Visualisation
12. Statistical Analytics
SPSS
➢ Defining Variables
It refers to properties or characteristics that can be taken in different values, quantitative and
qualitative. There are two type of variable, one is independent variable and the other is
dependent variable.
➢ Importing of Data
If you already have data that are in an SPSS file format (file extension “.sav”),
you can simply open that file to begin working with your data in SPSS. However,
if you have data stored in other types of files, such as an Excel spreadsheet or a
text file, you will need to instruct SPSS how to read the file and then save it in the
SPSS file format (“.sav”).
➢ Sort Cases and Select Cases
Sorting cases will rearrange the rows based on a given variable (or variables).
The values for the selected variables can be sorted in ascending (smallest to
largest, or alphabetical) or descending order (largest to smallest, or reverse
alphabetical).
➢ Recoding Variables
Recoding into a different variable transforms an original variable into a new
variable. That is, the changes do not overwrite the original variable; they are
instead applied to a copy of the original variable under a new name. To recode
into different variables, click Transform > Recode into Different Variables.
➢ Computing Variables
Computing variables in SPSS refers to computing with existing variables to
create new variables. One common reasons is creation of a scale measure that
combines several existing variables into a single variable, such as to summarize
a phenomenon of interest.
➢ Creating and Saving Output
From the SPSS Statistics menus choose: File > Save or File > Save As. To save
results in other formats (for example, text, Word, Excel), choose File > Export.
➢ Frequencies
The Frequencies procedure can produce summary measures for categorical
variables in the form of frequency tables, bar charts, or pie charts. To run the
Frequencies procedure, Click Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.
➢ Descriptives Statistics
Descriptive statistics are statistics that describe a variable's central tendency (the
'middle' or expected value) and dispersion (the distribution of the variable's
responses). Be aware that SPSS will calculate statistics even if the measure of
central tendency and dispersion are not appropriate.
➢ Cross Tabulation
A cross-tabulation, sometimes known as a "crosstab" for short, is a unique kind
of table that we use to describe the relationship between two category variables.
In a cross-tabulation, the columns are determined by the categories of the other
variable, while the rows are determined by the categories of the first variable.
➢ T Test
In SPSS, select Analyse > Compare Means > Independent-Samples T Test to
perform an Independent Samples t Test. You may select the variables to be used
in the analysis by opening the Independent-Samples T Test box. The list on the
left contains every variable in your dataset.
❖ Z test
Although you may write and execute a script to do so, SPSS does not come with a built-
in feature for testing the Z-score. On the other hand, identifying the relevant scores is not
too difficult if we know the crucial Z values we should be searching for. Sorting your data
by Z-score and then looking for any extreme numbers is the best approach.
❖ Chi Square Test
This test is used to explore the relationship between two categorical variables. Each of
these variables can have two or more categories. It is based on a crosstabulation table,
with cases classified according to the categories in each variable.
❖ Correlation
Correlation coefficients provide a numerical summary of the direction and
strength of the linear relationship between two variables. The two main
correlation coefficients are:
Pearson product-moment correlation: for continuous variables, or one
continuous variable and one dichotomous variable.
Spearman rho: for ordinal level or ranked data.
The sign of the correlation coefficient indicates the direction of the correlation: a
positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, so does the other; a
negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other
decreases. The strength of the relationship is given by the numeric value: 1
indicates a perfect relationship; 0 indicates no relationship between the variables.
❖ Regression
The strength of a link between one dependent and one or more independent variables is
evaluated using the regression approach. It assists in forecasting a dependent variable's
value based on one or more independent variables.
❖ Graphical Plots
Step 1: Select Chart Builder under Graphs.
Step 2: Choose "Scatter/Dot" from the list of options.
Step 3: Drag the scatterplot diagram to the top panel after selecting it from the pictures.
Step 4: Choose the variables you wish to use to create a scatter plot from the Variables
list.
EXCEL
❖ Worksheet
Cells on a worksheet, sometimes referred to as a spreadsheet, are used for data entry
and calculation. Columns and rows are used to arrange the cells. A workbook is where a
worksheet is always kept. Numerous worksheets may be found in a workbook. Consider
it a book.
❖ Basic Cell Formatting
The Format Cells dialogue box will open when you pick Format > Format Cells on the
Home tab. The Number tab is the first tab that is listed. You may choose the format you
wish to use, such as Date, Time, Percentage, Currency, etc., using the Category list on
the Number tab.
❖ Cell Referencing
In Excel, a cell reference is the value of a separate cell or range on the worksheet that is
now open or on another worksheet that is part of the spreadsheet. It is possible to utilise
a cell reference as a formula variable.
After an equal sign, the most basic cell reference is only a brief description of the
referred cell.For instance, the value inside cell C5 is denoted by (=C5). This indicates
that the value of C5 and the current cell are equal.
❖ Logical Functions
Spreadsheets utilise logical functions to determine if a given scenario is true or untrue.
You can then choose to perform one thing or another based on the outcome of that test.
These choices can be used to present data, carry out various computations, or run
further tests.
❖ Statistical Functions
A collection of instruments for data analysis and summarization are statistical functions.
They offer perceptions into the linkages, patterns, and trends found in a dataset. The
definitions of a few popular statistical functions are provided here.
❖ V Lookup
To return an approximate or exact match, denoted as 1/TRUE or 0/FALSE, the
VLOOKUP function's syntax is as follows: =VLOOKUP(What you want to look up, where
you want to look for it, the column number in the range containing the value to return).
❖ H Lookup
By looking for matching data in a row and pulling it out of the associated column, a
table's contents may be retrieved using HLOOKUP, which stands for horizontal lookup.
HLOOKUP looks for the value in a row, but VLOOKUP looks for the value in a column.
❖ Pivot Tables
An interactive method for rapidly summarising a lot of data is to use a pivot table. A
PivotTable may be used to thoroughly examine numerical data and provide unexpected
answers to your data's mysteries. A pivot table is particularly useful for: Querying vast
volumes of data in a variety of intuitive ways.
Ques:
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 ❖ Pivot Chart
Similar to conventional charts, pivot charts show axes, data markers, categories, and
data series. Along with other customisations, you may alter the type of chart as well as
other elements like the legend's position, the data labels, the chart's location, and more.
This PivotChart is derived from the last PivotTable example.

Ans8:
❖ Data Analysis in Excel
One of the most used programmes for data analysis is Microsoft Excel. They are without a
doubt the most sought-after analytical tool accessible since they come with built-in pivot
tables. With this all-in-one data management tool, importing, exploring, cleaning, analysing,
and visualising your data is simple.
❖ Data Visualisation
Information and data are represented graphically in data visualisation. Data visualisation
tools offer an easy-to-use means of seeing and comprehending trends, outliers, and
patterns in data through the use of visual components such as charts, graphs, and
maps.
❖ Statistical Analytics
Navigate to Tools -- Data Analysis in Excel. The "Analysis ToolPack" option must be
checked in the box that appears after selecting Tools -> Add-Ins, then click OK. If the
"data analysis" option is not visible, you must install it. Retry the data analysis process.
Choose "Descriptive Statistics" from the pop-up box, then click OK.