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Lecture 2 Functions and Models & HW2

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Lecture 2 Functions and Models & HW2

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stefanusnugrohoo21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 2 – 2024.09.

19
Chapter 1: Functions and Models
(i) Piecewise function (分段函數)
The functions defined by different formulas in different parts of their domains.

(ii) The absolute value function |x|

Point-slope form of the equation of a line:


y – y1 = m(x – x1)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex. 10 The cost C(w) of mailing a large envelope with weigh w.

(iii) A Step function: It jumps from one


value to the next.

1.2 Mathematical Models: A catalog of Essential Functions

The modeling process

1. Linear Models (線性模型) : The graph of the function is a line, so we can use the

slope-intercept form of the equation of a line to write a formula for a function as


y = f(x) = mx + b
where m is the slope of the line
b is the y-intercept (the line’s y-intercept is at (0,b))
Note: A characteristic feature of liner functions is that they grow at a constant rate.
Ex. y = f(x) = 3x ‒ 2

2. Polynomials (多項式)

Note:
A polynomial of degree 1 is of the form P(x) = mx + b : a linear function(線性函數)

A polynomial of degree 2 is of the form P(x) = ax2 + bx + c: a quadratic function (二

次函數) (a≠0)

Degree 3, P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d: a cubic function (三次函數) (a≠0)


The parabola opens upward if a > 0. The parabola opens downward if a < 0.

3. Power Functions (冪次函數)

(根函數)
4. Rational Functions (有理函數)

Ex.

5. Exponential Functions (指數函數)


The exponential functions are the functions of the form f(x) = ax, where the base
a is a positive constant and xR.
6. Logarithmic Functions (對數函數)
The logarithmic functions f(x) = logax, where the base a is a positive constant i.e.
a > 0. The function f(x) is defined as “the inverse functions of the exponential
functions ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1” i.e., logax = y ⇔ ay = x.
7. Natural Logarithms (自然對數)
The logarithm with base e is called the natural logarithm and has a special
notation: logex = lnx (e ≈ 2.718281828459045…)
8. Trigonometric Functions(三角函數)

Note:
1. For both the sine and cosine functions the domain is (‒∞, ∞) and the range is the
closed interval [‒1, 1]. Thus, for all values of x, we have

2. The sine and cosine functions are periodic functions (週期函數) and have period 2π.
This means that, for all values of x,

3. The tangent function is related to the sine and cosine functions by the equation

It is undefined whenever cosx = 0, that is, when x = ±π/2, ±3π/2,… and its range
is (‒∞, ∞).
Exercise 1.2

1.3 New Functions from Old Functions


Combinations of Functions:

複合函數/合成函數
Exercise 1.3
HW. 31, 35, 39-42, 43-46, 49-50, 64

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