Anal

ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

Uni
tOne
Geogr
aphi
cInf
ormat
ionSy
stem (
GIS)
Thi
suni
texpl
orest
hef
undament
alconcept
sandf
unct
ional
i
tiesofGeogr
aphi
c
I
nfor
mat
ionSy
stems(
GIS)
.Wewi
l
ldel
vei
ntov
ari
ousaspect
s,i
ncl
udi
ngsur
vey
ing
t
ermi
nol
ogy
,dat
aquer
ying,
thepur
poseofGI
S,i
tscomponent
s,dat
asour
ces,
andt
ypes,
aswel
laspr
act
ical
ski
l
lsl
i
keoper
ati
ngGI
Ssof
twar
e,wor
kfl
owpr
ocedur
es,
and
occupat
ional
heal
thandsaf
etyr
equi
rement
s.

1.
1Sur
vey
ingTer
minol
ogy

Sur
vey
ingi
sthear
tandsci
enceofpr
eci
sel
ymeasur
inganddef
ini
ngt
heposi
ti
onof
poi
ntson,
abov
e,orbeneat
htheEar
th'
ssur
face.I
tpr
ovi
dest
hef
oundat
ionf
orv
ari
ous
di
sci
pli
nes,
incl
udi
ngGI
S,bygener
ati
ngaccur
atespat
ial
dat
a.

Keyt
ermsi
nsur
vey
ingi
ncl
ude:

 Dat
um:
Aref
erencesy
stem usedt
oest
abl
i
sht
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
geogr
aphi
ccoor
dinat
esandact
ual
posi
ti
onsont
heEar
th'
ssur
face.

 Geodet
icDat
um:
Amat
hemat
ical
model
oft
heEar
th'
sshapeandsi
ze,
ser
vingas
abasi
sforpr
eci
seposi
ti
oni
ng.

 Hor
izont
alDat
um:
Def
inest
heshapeandsi
zeoft
heEar
thandest
abl
i
shest
he
basi
sformappi
ngandgeospat
ial
appl
i
cat
ions.

 Ver
ti
calDat
um:Def
inest
heel
evat
ionr
efer
encepoi
nt,
typi
cal
l
ythemeansea
l
evel
,usedt
oest
abl
i
shel
evat
ionsofpoi
ntsont
heEar
th'
ssur
face.

 Cont
rolPoi
nts:
Poi
ntswi
thknowncoor
dinat
esusedt
oest
abl
i
sht
her
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weent
hesur
veymeasur
ement
sandar
efer
encesy
stem.

 Coor
dinat
es:
Numer
ical
val
uest
hatdescr
ibet
hel
ocat
ionofapoi
nti
nspace,
suchasl
ati
tude,
longi
tude,
andel
evat
ion.

1
 Anal
ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

 Scal
e:Ther
ati
obet
weent
hedi
stanceonamaporpl
anandt
hecor
respondi
ng
di
stanceont
hegr
ound.

 Pr
oject
ion:
Amat
hemat
ical
transf
ormat
iont
hatconv
ert
scoor
dinat
esf
rom a3D
gl
obet
oa2Dpl
ane,
all
owi
ngf
orr
epr
esent
ati
ononmaps.

 Accur
acy
:Thecl
osenessofameasur
ementt
oit
str
uev
alue.

 Pr
eci
sion:
Thel
evel
ofdet
ail
andr
epeat
abi
l
ityi
nameasur
ement
.

1.
2Quer
yingSpat
ialDat
a

Quer
yingspat
ial
dat
aref
erst
othepr
ocessofr
etr
iev
ingi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom a
geodat
abasebasedonspeci
fi
ccr
it
eri
a,suchasl
ocat
ion,
att
ri
but
es,
orspat
ial
r
elat
ionshi
ps.Thi
sal
l
owsuser
stoext
ractr
elev
antdat
aforanal
ysi
s,v
isual
i
zat
ion,
and
deci
sion-
maki
ng.

Met
hodsofquer
yingspat
ial
dat
aincl
ude:

 Spat
ialquer
ies:Basedonl
ocat
ionandspat
ial
rel
ati
onshi
ps,
suchassel
ect
ing
f
eat
ureswi
thi
nacer
tai
ndi
stancef
rom apoi
ntori
nter
sect
ingaspeci
fi
car
ea.

 At
tri
but
equer
ies:Basedondat
aassoci
atedwi
thspat
ial
feat
ures,
suchas
f
indi
ngal
lfeat
ureswi
thaspeci
fi
clandusecat
egor
yorpopul
ati
ondensi
ty.

 Bool
eanquer
ies:
Combi
ningmul
ti
plecr
it
eri
ausi
ngl
ogi
cal
oper
ator
s(AND,
OR,
NOT)t
oref
inet
hesear
ch.

 Spat
ialoper
ator
s:Empl
oyi
ngspat
ial
funct
ionst
oper
for
m anal
ysi
s,suchas
cal
cul
ati
ngt
hear
eaofapol
ygonordet
ermi
ningt
hedi
stancebet
weent
wopoi
nts.

2
 Anal
ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

1.
3Pur
poseofGI
S

GI
Sisapower
ful
tool
usedf
ormanagi
ng,
anal
yzi
ng,
andv
isual
i
zingspat
ial
dat
a.I
thas
numer
ousappl
i
cat
ionsacr
ossv
ari
ousdi
sci
pli
nes,
incl
udi
ng:

 Env
ironment
almanagement
:Assessi
ngenv
ironment
ali
mpact
s,moni
tor
ingl
and
usechanges,
anddev
elopi
ngconser
vat
ionst
rat
egi
es.

 Ur
banpl
anni
ng:
Anal
yzi
ngpopul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ion,
transpor
tat
ionnet
wor
ks,
and
i
nfr
ast
ruct
uredev
elopment
.

 Di
sast
ermanagement
:Assessi
ngv
ulner
abi
l
ity
,pl
anni
ngemer
gencyr
esponse,
andev
aluat
ingr
ecov
eryef
for
ts.

 Agr
icul
tur
e:Opt
imi
zi
ngcr
opy
iel
ds,
managi
ngsoi
lfer
ti
li
ty,
andmoni
tor
ing
agr
icul
tur
alpr
act
ices.

 Busi
nessandmar
ket
ing:
Under
standi
ngcust
omerl
ocat
ions,
opt
imi
zi
ng
di
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
ks,
andt
arget
ingmar
ket
ingcampai
gns.

 Publ
icheal
th:
Tracki
ngdi
seaseout
breaks,
ident
if
yingr
iskf
act
ors,
andal
l
ocat
ing
r
esour
cesef
fect
ivel
y.

1.
4Component
sofGI
S

AGI
Ssy
stem t
ypi
cal
lyconsi
stsoff
ivekeycomponent
s:

3
 Anal
ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

Har
dwar
e:Comput
ers,
ser
ver
s,dat
ast
oragedev
ices,
andspeci
ali
zedper
ipher
alsf
orpr
ocessi
ng
anddi
spl
ayi
ngspat
ial
dat
a.

Sof
twar
e:GI
Ssof
twar
epr
ogr
ams(
e.g.
,Ar
cGI
S,QGI
S,MapI
nfo)t
hatenabl
edat
amanagement
,
anal
ysi
s,v
isual
i
zat
ion,
andcommuni
cat
ion.

Sof
twar
emai
nlyconsi
stsofOS(
Oper
ati
onSy
stem)
,DB(
dat
abase)andGI
Ssof
twar
e.

GI
Ssof
twar
eist
hecor
epar
toft
hem.Mor
ethan300sor
tsofGI
Ssof
twar
ehav
ebeendev
eloped
andsomeoft
hem ar
efr
eewar
ewhi
chy
oucandownl
oadf
rom i
nter
net
.

Thebasi
cfunct
ionsofaGI
Sincl
udesatl
east4mai
npar
tsasshowni
nFi
gur
e1.
10,
dat
ainput
,
dat
aedi
ti
on,
spat
ial
anal
ysi
sanddat
aout
put
.

4
 Anal
ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

Dat
a:Geospat
ial
dat
aincl
udi
ngmaps,
aer
ial
imager
y,sat
ell
i
tedat
a,andt
abul
ar
dat
abasescont
aini
ngi
nfor
mat
ionaboutgeogr
aphi
clocat
ionsandat
tri
but
es.

Peopl
e:I
ndi
vi
dual
str
ainedi
nGI
Sconcept
sandt
echni
quest
ooper
atet
hesy
stem,
col
l
ectdat
a,per
for
m anal
ysi
s,andcommuni
cat
eresul
ts.

Pr
ocesses:
Themet
hods,
procedur
es,
andwor
kfl
owsi
nvol
vedi
nusi
ngGI
Sforspeci
fi
c
t
asks,
suchasdat
acol
l
ect
ion,
anal
ysi
s,anddeci
sion-
maki
ng.

1.
5Sour
cesofGI
SDat
a

GI
Sdat
acanbeobt
ainedf
rom v
ari
oussour
ces,
incl
udi
ng:

Gov
ernmentagenci
es:
Nat
ional
mappi
ngagenci
es,
env
ironment
alagenci
es,
and
t
ranspor
tat
iondepar
tment
sof
tenpr
ovi
depubl
i
clyav
ail
abl
egeospat
ial
dat
a.

Commer
cialcompani
es:
Compani
esspeci
ali
zi
ngi
nremot
esensi
ng,
aer
ial
phot
ogr
aphy
,
andmappi
ngser
vicesof
ferhi
gh-
resol
uti
oni
mager
yanddat
a.

Non-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions(
NGOs)
:Or
gani
zat
ionswor
kingi
nar
easl
i
ke
conser
vat
ion,
humani
tar
ianai
d,anddev
elopmentof
tencol
l
ectandshar
egeospat
ial
dat
a.

Ci
ti
zensci
ence:I
ndi
vi
dual
scont
ri
but
egeospat
ial
dat
athr
oughcr
owd-
sour
ced
pl
atf
orms,
mobi
l
eapps,
andsoci
almedi
a.

Remot
esensi
ng:Sat
ell
i
tesandai
rcr
aftcapt
urei
magesanddat
aaboutt
heEar
th'
s
sur
face,
prov
idi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionaboutl
andcov
er,
veget
ati
on,
andenv
ironment
al
condi
ti
ons.

Gl
obalPosi
ti
oni
ngSy
stem (
GPS)
:GPSdev
icesandsmar
tphonescol
l
ectl
ocat
iondat
a
t
hatcanbei
ntegr
atedi
ntoGI
Ssy
stems.

Fi
eldsur
vey
s:Fi
elddat
acol
l
ect
ionusi
ngi
nst
rument
sli
ket
otal
stat
ions,
GPSr
ecei
ver
s,

5
 Anal
ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

anddr
onespr
ovi
deaccur
atemeasur
ement
sforcr
eat
ingspat
ial
dat
a.

1.
6Ty
pesofGI
SDat
a

GI
Sdat
acanbecat
egor
izedi
ntodi
ff
erentt
ypesbasedoni
tsst
ruct
ure,
for
mat
,andcont
ent
:

Vect
orDat
a:Repr
esent
sgeogr
aphi
cfeat
uresaspoi
nts,
li
nes,
andpol
ygons.Exampl
esi
ncl
ude
r
oads,
riv
ers,
bui
l
dings,
andadmi
nist
rat
iveboundar
ies.

Rast
erDat
a:Repr
esent
sgeogr
aphi
cfeat
uresasagr
idofcel
l
s,wher
eeachcel
lhol
dsav
alue
r
epr
esent
ingaspeci
fi
cat
tri
but
e,suchasel
evat
ion,
temper
atur
e,orl
andcov
er.Exampl
es
i
ncl
udeaer
ial
phot
ogr
aphs,
sat
ell
i
tei
mager
y,anddi
git
alel
evat
ionmodel
s.

At
tri
but
eDat
a:Tabul
ari
nfor
mat
ionassoci
atedwi
thspat
ial
feat
ures,
cont
aini
ngdescr
ipt
ive
i
nfor
mat
ionl
i
kepopul
ati
on,
landuse,
orpr
oper
tyv
alues.

1.
8Oper
ati
ngGI
SSof
twar
e

Oper
ati
ngGI
Ssof
twar
einv
olv
esf
ami
l
iar
izi
ngonesel
fwi
thi
tsi
nter
face,
funct
ional
i
ties,
andt
ool
s.Commont
asksi
ncl
ude:

Dat
amanagement
:Impor
ti
ng,
expor
ti
ng,
andmanagi
nggeospat
ial
dat
ainv
ari
ous
f
ormat
s.

Dat
avi
sual
izat
ion:Cr
eat
ingmapsandchar
tst
odi
spl
ayspat
ial
pat
ter
nsand
r
elat
ionshi
ps.

Spat
ialanal
ysi
s:Per
for
mingoper
ati
onsongeogr
aphi
cdat
a,suchascal
cul
ati
ng
di
stances,
findi
ngar
easofov
erl
ap,
andcr
eat
ingbuf
ferzones.

Dat
amani
pul
ati
on:Edi
ti
ngandupdat
inggeospat
ial
dat
a,cor
rect
inger
ror
s,and
i
ncor
por
ati
ngnewi
nfor
mat
ion.

Pr
ojectmanagement
:Cr
eat
ing,
organi
zi
ng,
andshar
ingGI
Spr
oject
s,i
ncl
udi
ngdat
a,
maps,
andanal
ysi
sresul
ts.

6
 Anal
ysi
sanddi
spl
aydat
a

1.
9Wor
kPr
ocedur
e

Thewor
kfl
owpr
ocedur
einGI
Sty
pical
l
yinv
olv
esaser
iesofst
eps:

Pr
obl
em def
ini
ti
on:I
dent
if
yingt
hespeci
fi
cquest
ionort
askt
obeaddr
essedusi
ngGI
S.

Dat
aacqui
sit
ion:
Gat
her
ingandobt
aini
ngr
elev
antgeospat
ial
dat
afr
om v
ari
oussour
ces.

Dat
apr
epr
ocessi
ng:Cl
eani
ng,
transf
ormi
ng,
andpr
epar
ingdat
aforanal
ysi
s.

Dataanal
ysi
s:Appl
yi
ngGI
Stool
sandt
echni
quest
oanal
yzespat
ial
pat
ter
ns,
rel
ati
onshi
ps,
and
t
rends.

Dat
avi
sual
izat
ion:
Creat
ingmaps,
char
ts,
andr
epor
tst
ocommuni
cat
eresul
tsef
fect
ivel
y.

Deci
sionmaki
ng:Usi
ngGI
Sinsi
ght
stoi
nfor
m deci
sionsandsol
vepr
obl
ems.

1.
10OHSRequi
rement
s
Occupati
onal
Healt
handSafety(
OHS)consider
ati
onsarecr
ucial
whenwor
kingwi
thGI
S,
especi
all
ywhencol
lect
ingdat
ainthef
iel
d.Keyaspect
sincl
ude:

PersonalProt
ecti
veEquipment(
PPE):Wearingappr
opri
ateclot
hing,f
ootwear
,and
safet
yequipment,suchashel
mets,
gloves,
andey eprot
ect
ion,dependi
ngonthe
fi
eldworkenvi
ronment.

Saf
eWor kPracti
ces:Fol
l
owingst
andar
dsaf
etyprocedur
es,suchaswor
kinginpai
rs,
usi
ngcommuni cati
ondevi
ces,
andbei
ngawareofpotent
ial
hazardsl
i
ketr
affi
c,wil
dli
fe,
orweat
herconditi
ons.

FirstAi
dandEmergencyProcedur
es:Bei
ngtrainedinfi
rstai
dandknowi
ngemer
gency
responsepr
otocol
sincaseofacci
dent
sorincidents.

Ergonomics:Mai
ntai
ningasafeandergonomicworki
ngenv
ironment
,pr
event
ing
repet
it
ivestr
aini
njur
ies,
andtaki
ngregularbr
eaks.