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Research Methods in Psychology

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35 views

Research Methods in Psychology

Uploaded by

demirkayapenyez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Asst. Prof.

Gökçer Eskikurt

Research Methods in
Psychology
The Process of Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Initial Form a Design the Analyze the Report the Consider Act on open
observation hypothesis study data and findings open questions
or question draw questions
concusion
Observer Biases and Operational Definitions
• The challenge to objectivity
• Error due to personal motives and expectations
• The remedy
• Standardization
• Uniform, vonsistent procedures
• Operationalization
• Variable
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
Experimental Methods: Alternative
Explanations and the Need for Controls
• Manipulate an independent variable to look for an effect on a
dependent variable
• The challenge of objectivity
• Confounding variable
• Expectancy effects
• Placebo effects
• The remedy: Control procedures
• Hold constant all variables and conditions
• Double-blind control
• Placebo control
• The Remedy: Research Design
• Between-subjects design
• Random assignment
• Representative sample
• Within-subject design
• Each participant as his/her own control
• Problem in research methodology
• Artificial environment
• Participants typically know they are tested
• Ethical experimental treatment
Correlational Methods
• Determine to two variables, traits or attributes are related
• Correlation coefficient ®
• +1.0 and -1.0
• Positive relation or negative relation
Psychological Measurement
• Reliability
• Consistency or dependability of behavioral data
• Validity
• Testing accurately measures psychological variable or quality
• Self-report measures
• Internal
• Beliefs, attitudes, feelings etc.
• External
• Criminal acts, sexual activities
• Questionnarie or survey
• Interview
• Behavioral measures and observations
• Observation
• Process and products
• Direct observation
• Computers
• Naturalistic observation
• Archival data
• Case study
• Name impact on the way other people treat you?
Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research
• Stanford prison experiment • Intentional deception
• Milgram experiment •
• 1953 •
• Informed consent •
• Potential risk and benefits •
• Risk/Gain assessment
•
• Debriefing
• Issues in animal research
• Three Rs
• Reduce
• Replace
• Refine
Why Is Skill With Numbers Important?
• Of every 100 patients similar to Mr. Jones, 10 percent are estimated to
commit an act of violence to others during the first several months of
discharge.
• 30.3%
• Of every 100 patients similar to Mr. Jones, 10 are estimated to commit an
act of violence to others during the first several months of discharge.
• 19.4%
• Frightening images evoked by the frequency format
• Better numerical skill
• Student’s score
• High numerate vs low numerate
Statistical Supplement
• Fred Cowan was described by relatives, co-workers, and
acquaintances as a “nice, quiet man,” a “gentle man who loved
children,” and a “real pussycat.” The principal of the parochial school
Cowan had attended as a child reported that his former student had
received A grades in courtesy, cooperation, and religion. According to
a co-worker, Cowan “never talked to anybody and was someone you
could push around.” Cowan, however, surprised everyone who knew
him when, one Valentine’s Day, he strolled into work toting a
semiautomatic rifle and shot and killed four co-workers, a police
officer, and, finally, himself.
• Link between shyness and other personel characteristics and violent
behavior?
• Sudden murderers and habitual criminal murderers
• Sample: California prison
• 19 inmates (all male)
• Questionnaries
• Stanford Shyness Survey
• Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI)
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• Ego-overcontrol scale
• Predictions:
• Sudden murderers more often describe themselves as shy on the shyness survey,
• Sudden murderers select more feminine traits than masculine ones on the sex-role
scale
• Sudden murderers score higher in ego overcontrol
Analyzing The Data
• Raw data
• Descriptive statistics
• Numerical data
• GPA
• Inferential statistics
• Support hypothesis or chance variation
Descriptive Statistics
• Summary Picture of patterns in data
• Describe relationships among variables
• Frequency distributions
• Shyness data – yes/no
• Ego-overcontrol and sex-role scores?
• Rank-order
• Intervals
• Frequincies
• Graphs
• Bar graph
• Histogram
• Measures of central tendency
• Mode
• Median
• Mean
• Variability
• Range
• Standart deviation (SD)
• Correlation
• Correlation coefficint (r)
• +1 - -1
• Sex-score and the overcontrol scores coefficient
• +0.35
Inferential Statistics
• The normal curve
• Statistical significance (p)
• .05, .01, .001
• t-test

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