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CPC Assignment

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Amna Jaka
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12 views

CPC Assignment

Uploaded by

Amna Jaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q1 Discuss the rationale of cascade control system and demonstrate why it provides better response than

simple feedback. Draw any industrial process being controlled by cascade system.

Definition:
Two controllers are used in cascade control, with the first controller's output serving as the
second controller's set point and the first controller's feedback loop nestled inside the other.
Rationale of Cascade Control:
Cascade control (CC) is a multi-loop control structure used in process industry to improve control under
immeasurable disturbances. In Figure , C1 is the primary (main) controller, C2 is the secondary (auxiliary)
controller, P1 is the primary controlled system, and P2 is the secondary controlled system. Signals r1 and
r2 represent reference values, y1 and y2 are controlled outputs, e1 and e2 are errors, and u2 is the
manipulated variable that results from the control input calculated by C2 influenced by the disturbance d2.
The disturbance d1 influences the primary controlled output y1.

Why it provides better response than simple feedback……


The benefit of using the cascade configuration is that any disturbances within the inner loop can be
quickly corrected by the outer loop without waiting for them to show up in the outer loop. This gives
better (tighter and faster) overall control. The outer loop can be relatively tuned for a faster response.
Cascade control systems are perfect for improving control performance in industrial applications because
of their superior ability to provide faster response times, enhanced disturbance rejection, decreased
steady-state errors, and effective management of complicated process dynamics.

Industrial Process Controlled by Cascade System:


Since fluid flow is one of the fastest-responding process types available, a common application of cascade
control involves a flow controller receiving a set point from another process controller (pressure,
temperature, level, analytical, etc.). An excellent example is the feed water control system for a steam
boiler, which is displayed below in pneumatic form:
Q2 What kind of processes stands to benefit the most from feed forward control? Why? Draw feedfoward
control configuration of distillation column.

Types of processes that stand to benefit the most from feed forward control: Temperature
Control System, Chemical Reactors, Distillation Columns, HVAC Systems, Motor Speed
Control Systems, Robotics and Motion Control, Industrial Mixing Processes, Paper
Manufacturing Processes, Power Plant Boiler control, Food Processing Equipment. These
processes typically involve variables that can be measured or predicted in advance to anticipate
and counteract disturbances, thereby enhancing overall control performance.

Q3 why process control is necessary? Justify your point of view with solid evidences?

Process control systems (PCS) are essential for ensuring safe and stable manufacturing in real time. With
evolving business objectives like carbon neutrality, energy conservation, and profitability, new
monitoring functions are needed to balance these with traditional goals of safety, availability, and
productivity.

Key benefits of process control include:

Consistency and Quality: Maintains product quality by controlling variables.

Resource Optimization: Minimizes resource wastage through optimal conditions.

Safety and Compliance: Enhances safety and regulatory compliance.

Productivity and Throughput: Increases productivity by controlling production rates.

Adaptability and Data-Driven Decisions: Supports adaptability and data-driven optimization.

Operational Stability: Ensures stability by detecting and responding to faults.

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