Let's go to the Isle of Wight / How long has she lived in London?

/ International human rights

VOCABULARY
A long time For a great period of time.
Be quiet! Don't make any noise.
Beach The area of sand next to the sea.
Bridge A construction that crosses water or a road from one side to the
other.
Cake A sweet food often eaten at birthday celebrations or with tea.
Case Legal issue or problem.
Church A place of worship for specific religions such as Christianity.
Conditions The terms of employment or other contract.
Crazy Mad, eccentric.
Department Section or part of an organisation or shop.
Dry cleaner's A specialist service to clean clothes with chemicals, not water.
Ever At any time.
Garden An area of land outside a house.
People often have flowers or vegetables in their garden.
Hill A geographical feature.
Similar to a small mountain.
Isle of Wight A small island in the English Channel.
Isle An island. Usually used for specific islands, for example the
British Isles.
Jail A place where people are kept when they did something wrong,
e.g. murder.
There are bars on the doors and windows.
Launderette A public place where you can go to wash your clothes in washing
machines.
Party A celebration with a group of people.
Present A gift or token given on birthdays, etc. from one person to
another.
Prisoner A person who is in a jail or prison for a set time.
This person was bad. E.g.: A murderer.
They cannot go outside.
Quiet Without noise or sound.
Ready The state of being prepared for something.
E.g.: I'm ready for the exam, I studied a lot yesterday.
Stain A mark from a substance that is hard to remove.
E.g.: I have a coffee stain on my white trousers.
Suburbs The residential area outside a city.
Tea shop A specialist shop where you can buy different kinds of tea.
That's enough! No more.
Please stop!

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Thirsty Feeling a need to drink something.

To be lucky To have something good happen by accident, without planning.
E.g.: He was lucky to win the lottery, it was the first time he had
bought a ticket.
To be quiet Not to make any noise.
To do the shopping To go to the shops and buy food.
To get married To have a ceremony where two people are legally joined as a
couple.
To go crazy To get angry.
E.g.: Mum will go crazy when she sees the broken TV.
To have a lot of fun.
E.g.: We went crazy at the beach. We ran and played all day.
To have a good To enjoy oneself, to have a positive experience.
time
To improve To make something better.
To make To manufacture or fabricate.

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VOCABULARY SENTENCES

You have a lovely garden.

I need a cup of tea, can we go to the tea shop?
I can see a small Isle in the distance.
Why aren't you quiet when the teacher is speaking?
He needed to do the shopping because there was no food in the fridge.
This is a very clean beach.
There are lots of hills in this area.
John is walking over the bridge.
There is an old church in the town centre.
We're having a party to celebrate moving to our new house.
The cake isn't finished. Can you help me?
Are they getting married this weekend?
She's using the ingredients to make bread.
This is an easy case to win.
These are the conditions for your contract.
He is in jail.
He is a prisoner.
It's nice to live in the suburbs but not far away from the centre.
I have a stain on my shirt because I spilled some coffee by accident.
My clothes are dirty. I have to go to the launderette.
Can you take my suit to the dry cleaner's, please?
He's going to give her a present to say thanks for her help.
It's his first day at university and he's got ready earlier than normal.
You look thirsty and hot. Would you like a drink?

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SENTENCES

The Isle of Wight is in the South of England.

You are absolutely crazy.
He is a very quiet baby.
Have you ever been to England?
This is the computer department and this is the sales department.
You must improve your English.

USEFUL PHRASES

Are you having a good time?

Yes, I'm having a good time.
Are you waiting?
Yes, I have been here since this morning.
I have waited for a long time.
That's enough! No more!
I am going crazy! They have to turn off the music!
Be quiet! And listen to me.
You are very lucky.

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SHOWROOM: EXPRESSING DURATION - TENSE REVIEW

She wants a newspaper.

(Present simple)
She is buying a newspaper.
(Present continuous)
She has bought a newspaper.
(Present perfect)
She bought the newspaper this morning.
(Past simple)
He needs to do the shopping.
(Present simple)
He is doing the shopping.
(Present continuous)
He has done the shopping.
(Present perfect)
He did the shopping yesterday.
(Past simple)

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SHOWROOM: EXPRESSING DURATION - FOR / SINCE / AGO

How long has she lived in London?

She has lived in London for three months.
She has lived in London since April.
When did she move to London?
She moved to London three months ago.
How long have they been married?
They have been married for six days.
They have been married since Tuesday.
When did they get married?
They got married six days ago.
How long has he played the piano?
He has played the piano for fifteen years.
He has played the piano since he was five.
When did he start playing the piano?
He started playing the piano fifteen years ago.
How long have you studied English?
I have studied English for six months.
I have studied English since the first school day.
When did you start studying English?
I started studying English six months ago.

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SHOWROOM: EXPRESSING DURATION - TENSE

Mother is going to make a cake.

(Future - be going to)
Mother is making a cake.
(Present continuous)
Mother has made a cake.
(Present perfect)
Mother made a cake for dessert.
(Past simple)
She doesn't like the party.
(Present simple)
She is leaving the party.
(Present continuous)
She has left the party.
(Present perfect)
She left the party early.
(Past simple)
They are going to go to the beach.
(Future - be going to)
They are going to the beach.
(Present continuous)
They have gone to the beach.
(Present perfect)
They went to the beach this morning.
(Past simple)
We are very hungry.
(Present simple)
We are eating.
(Present continuous)
We have eaten.
(Present perfect)
We ate at seven.
(Past simple)

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SHOWROOM: EXPRESSING DURATION - HAVE BEEN / HAVE

GONE I

He has gone to the bank.

He has been to the bank.
She has gone to the supermarket.
She has been to the supermarket.
They have gone to Edinburgh.
They have been to Edinburgh.

SHOWROOM: EXPRESSING DURATION - HAVE BEEN / HAVE

GONE II

Charlotte has gone to the library.

Charlotte has been to the library.
They have gone to the museum.
They have been to the museum.

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GRAMMAR

Present perfect
Form: The present perfect is formed with the present simple of the verb “to have”, used as an
auxiliary followed by the past participle of the main verb.
The affirmative form is made like this:
SUBJECT + TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The past participle of regular verbs has the same form as the past simple; in irregular verbs it
can vary.
The verb “to have” is conjugated in the same way as always (with the third person singular
changing to “has” and all the other forms being “have”).
The past participle does not change at all.
I have called
you have called
he has called
she has called
it has called
we have called
they have called
We use the particle “ not” to make the negative; as always it is placed after the verb “to have”
as this is the verb that is conjugated. We can use the long or short form.
The negative form of the present perfect is made like this:
SUBJECT + TO HAVE +
NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have not called
you have not called
he has not called
she has not called
it has not called
we have not called
they have not called

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The short form:

I haven’t called
you haven’t called
he hasn’t called
she hasn’t called
it hasn’t called
we haven’t called

For the interrogative form we only need to invert the order of “subject + to have” to “to have
+ subject”.
The structure of the interrogative form of the present perfect is:
TO HAVE + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE ?
Have I called?
Have you called?
Has he called?
Has she called?
Has it called?
Have we called?
Have they called?
To make short answers we only need to use the appropriate subject followed by the verb “to
have” in affirmative or negative.
E.g.: Have you written the letter?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Use: This tense is a mixture of past and present. There is always an implied connection to the
present; in fact, we can usually transmit the same message using the present simple.
E.g.: I have put a pencil in the bag
The pencil is in the bag.
This tense is often used in conversations, newspapers, television and radio etc.
The present perfect is used in two cases:
a) Past actions and situations without a specific time reference. The experience or what has

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happened is often more important than the time, i.e. when it happened.
E.g.: I’ve lived in Spain.

b) With the adverb “just”, to indicate that an action has finished recently; furthermore, with
unfinished actions or situations that started in the past but continue up to the present.
E.g.: I’ve just had breakfast.

Have you ever ...?

„Ever“ tłumaczymy jako „kiedykolwiek“. Używane jest w zdaniach pytających i stoi pomiędzy
podmiotem a imiesłowem biernym. Wymaga ono użycia czasu Present Perfect, gdyż wyraża
nasze doświadczenia życiowe, których doznaliśmy do tej pory.
Eg.: Have you ever eaten fries?
Czy kiedykolwiek jadłeś frytki?
Has he ever been there?
Czy on był tam kiedykolwiek?

Adverbs and prepositions of time: ‘for’, ‘since’ and ‘ago’

In general, “for” and “since” are used to say how long.

For: We use “ for” to refer to a period of time or duration. When used with the present perfect,
“for” refers to a period of time which starts in the past and continues to the present.
They have studied German for two years.

Since: We use “since” to specify a point in time when something started. It is always used with
the present perfect and is usually followed by a month, year or concrete date but can also be
followed by a phrase.
I haven’t seen him since January.
I haven’t seen him since we studied together.

The following illustration shows the relationship and use of “since” and “for” with reference
to the time when we are speaking:

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I have lived here for five days.

I have lived here since Saturday.

In general, “ago” means before now.

Ago: We use the particle “ago” with the past simple. It indicates past time and is placed after a
time expression:
Three months ago
Two years ago
Four days ago
Long time ago
It is used when the point of reference is the past. “ Ago” simply means that something
happened in the past.
E.g.: I saw her three days ago.
I read that book two years ago.

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How long does it take...?

“How long” is an interrogative particle formed by a combination of the interrogative pronoun
“how” and the adverb “long”, which we use to ask for the duration or time of something. We
could also say “how much time?”
“How long does it take ...?” is the way we ask about the duration or time necessary for
something.
How long does it take to go to Manchester?

We use the verb “take” with “how long” because “time” and “take” stand together in
English, i.e. you take time to do something.
To reply we also use the verb “to take” followed by the amount of time needed. We should
remember that this is an impersonal form and so we use the subject: “it”.
It takes five hours.
It takes one day.
If we want to personalize the action, we need to use the Object Personal Pronouns.
How long does it take you to go to Manchester?
It takes me five hours.

How long does it take them to go to Manchester?

It takes them one day.

It is important to remember that the Subject Pronouns are used to name who does the action
and always go before the verb, while the Object Personal Pronouns always go after the verb.
In comparative sentences they are always placed after “than” and “as”.
It takes me one hour more than him.

We can also make negative sentences (normally, as a reply to a previous question): It doesn’t /
it didn’t / it won’t take long...
How long does it take to get from the library to the museum?
It doesn’t take long to get from the library to the museum.
How long does it take Tom to clean his room?
It doesn’t take him more than five minutes to clean his room.

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Note: Many times we also include the method of transport. For example, travelling by plane is
faster than travelling by car.
How long does it take to get to Barcelona by bus? It takes three hours.
How long does it take to get from London to Dublin by train? It takes about four or five hours.

Have been / Have gone

There can be some confusion about the use of these two structures as they are similar.
To have been:
We use “have been” when someone has been somewhere and has returned.
To have gone:
We use “have gone” when someone has gone somewhere but has not returned.
She has gone to the chemist’s.
(She hasn’t returned)
She has been to the chemist’s.
(She has returned)
In these cases we use the preposition “to” with the verb “to go” as well as with the verb “to
be”.
She has been to the shop.
She has gone to the shop.

Prepositions of movement
In English there are many prepositions which, depending on the context, have one meaning or
another.
The following prepositions are accompanied by verbs which indicate movement and as such
are considered prepositions of movement.
In this case we have used one of the most common verbs of movement, the verb “to go”.
to go up
to go down
to go past

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to go under
to go around
to go through
to go over
Although the verb may change, we can deduce the meaning from the preposition that
accompanies it. The most common prepositions are:

Preposition Idea that Example

transmits
moving to a higher
UP Go up the hill.
place
moving to a lower
DOWN Go down the hill.
place
PAST pass by Go past the hotel.
moving below
UNDER Go under the bridge.
something
Go around the
AROUND circular movement
roundabout.
from one end or
THROUGH side of something Go through the tunnel.
to the other
moving above
OVER Go over the bridge.
something

Here are other prepositions that accompany verbs of movement:

Preposition Idea that Example

transmits
showing where
FROM something or Go from Ely to Eagle.
someone started

in the direction of
TO someone or Walk to the house.
something
in the direction of
Walk towards the
TOWARDS someone or
house.
something

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towards the
INTO inside or middle Go into the shop.
of something
showing
movement away
OUT Come out of the shop.
from the inside of
somewhere
from one side to
ACROSS Go across the park.
the other
moving away
OFF from a place or Jump off the horse.
position

Agreements
There are short phrases which indicate that we agree with the other person. The phrases can
be positive or negative.
The form we use depends on whether the phrase we are responding to is positive or negative.
We form the affirmative like this:
SO + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT
The negative is formed like this:
NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT
1. Affirmative meaning
The structure is fixed and we only change the auxiliary verb (depending on the tense) and the
subject in question.
If the sentence is in present simple, to agree with someone we use the auxiliary “do / does”,
which is the auxiliary we use for the present simple.
I play football.

So do I.

When we are speaking about the past, we use the particle “did”, the past form of “do”.
I played football.

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So did I.

When the sentence already has an auxiliary verb (to be, to have) or a modal (can, must, should,
etc.), we simply repeat the auxiliary or modal with the corresponding subject.
I can swim.

So can I.

I am hungry.

So am I.

She has eaten.

So has he.

They are reading.

So are we.

2. Negative meaning
As we have seen, we make affirmative sentences with “so”. Negative sentences are made in the
same way but using “neither”; the rest of the structure remains the same.
So, for the present we use “do / does”, for the past “did”, and for auxiliary verbs and modals
“to be”, “to have”, “can”, ...
I don’t like football.

Neither do I.

I can’t swim.

Neither can I.

I’m not hungry.

Neither am I.

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She hasn’t eaten.

Neither has he.

They aren’t reading.

Neither are we.

As we can see that, although the sentence is in the negative form, the response is affirmative,
because the particle “neither” already indicates the negative.

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