Civil Engineering Department

Structural Engineering Program

Analysis of Structures II
CIV122 – Lecture 9

Dr. Mohamed Hamdy

Academic Year 2020-2021

Lecture Agenda (SHEAR STRESSES-2)

1. Shear Stresses due to Torsion.

2. Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections.
3. Shear Center of Open Thin-Walled Sections.

Dr. Mohamed Hamdy – Analysis of Structures II, CIV 122

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 Shear Stresses (q)
Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Dr. Mohamed Hamdy – Analysis of Structures II, CIV 122

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Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Solid Circular Section

Due to torsion (T), circular section remains flat and circular when
twisted, as indicated by the straight radial lines of section (axisymmetric
twisting)

T
1*

1
R

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Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Shear Stress in Solid Circular Section

• Have zero value at center of circular section
• Increase linearly with radial distance (r) from center
• Reach maximum value at outer edge (r = R)
• Rotate about center in the same sense of T
• Are directed perpendicular to radial lines
qr-max
qr

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Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Shear Stress in Solid Circular Section qr-max y

𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = × 𝑟𝑘 qr
𝐼𝑃
𝑇
𝑞𝑟−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 𝑅 T
𝐼𝑃
C x
𝜋 × 𝑅4 R rk
𝐼𝑃 =
2
Shear Stress in Hollow Circular Section
𝑇 qr-max
𝑞𝑟 = × 𝑟𝑘 y
𝐼𝑃 qr qR1
𝑇
𝑞𝑟−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 𝑅 (at the outer edge)
𝐼𝑃
𝑇 T
𝑞𝑅1 = × 𝑅1 (at the inner edge) C x
𝐼𝑃 R rk R1
𝜋 × 𝑅4 𝜋 × 𝑅1 4
𝐼𝑃 = −
2 2
Dr. Mohamed Hamdy – Analysis of Structures II, CIV 122
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Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Relative Angle of Twist for Circular Section

If torsion T is constant between two circular
sections 1 and 2 of distance L along member,
1
then the relative angle of twist of section 2
relative to section 1 is given by 2
T

 2/1 = 2 – 1
𝑇×𝐿
2/1 = 1
𝐼𝑃 ×𝐺 R
2
G = shear modulus of material of member

 2 =  2/1 +  1 1 R

Dr. Mohamed Hamdy – Analysis of Structures II, CIV 122

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Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Solid Rectangular Section

Due to torsion (T), rectangular section does not remain flat, but it warps
when twisted (i.e., bulges in and out of its originally flat surface) as
shown (not axisymmetric twisting)

Undeformed After
Member Torsion

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 Shear Stresses due to Torsion

Solid Rectangular Section

1. Have zero value at center of section
2. Have zero values at corners of section
3. Vary nonlinearly with distance from center
4. Reach maximum value at middle of longer edge (h > b), which is closest to the center
5. Rotate about center in the same sense of T
6. At edges, have parabolic distribution along edge and are directed parallel to edge

qmax
qmax

b T
q1 1
q1

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Shear Stresses due to Torsion

• Solid Rectangular Section

Torsion of rectangular sections is complex, and it is done based on the
theory of elasticity max
q max

𝑇 𝟏
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛼= b
𝜶. 𝒉. 𝒃𝟐 𝒃 q1
𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟖 h >b
𝒉
𝟏
𝑇 𝜷= h
𝑞1 = 𝒉
𝜷. 𝒃. 𝒉𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟖
𝒃

qmax

T
q1

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 Example-1

A circular cylinder A-B-C is fixed end A and subjected to torsion loading as

shown. The cylinder consists of two parts: a solid part of diameter 16 cm,
and a hollow part of inner diameter = 10 cm and external diameter = 16
cm. It is made of ductile metal having shear modulus = 8*106 N/cm2.
1. Calculate maximum shear stress and its location
2. Calculate shear stress at point “1” located near fixed end and at radial
distance = 6 cm from center of cylinder.
3. Calculate angle of twist at free end of cylinder.

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 Example-1

𝑇
1. Maximum Shear Stresses 𝑞𝑅−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ×𝑅 60 kN.m
𝐼𝑃 20 kN.m

Hollow Part CB (R=8 , R1=5 cm) 16 10

cm

×𝑅4 ×𝑅14 A
𝐼𝑃 = − = 5452.2 𝑐𝑚4 C B
2 2
1m 2m

𝑇 20×1000×100 60 kN.m 40 kN.m

8 = 2934.6 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
20 kN.m
𝑞𝑅−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ×𝑅 = ×
𝐼𝑃 5452.2 40 40

Solid Part BA (R=8 cm) +

×𝑅 4 TMD
𝐼𝑃 = = 6434 𝑐𝑚4 –
2 20 20

𝑇 40×1000×100
𝑞𝑅−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ×𝑅 = × 8 = 4973.6 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
𝐼𝑃 6434
Max. Shear Stress for the cylinder

𝑞𝑅−𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4973.6 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 @ Part Ba (Solid Part)

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 𝑇
Example-1 𝑞𝑟 = × 𝑟
𝐼𝑃

2. Shear Stress at point “1” in section near fixed end at r = 20 kN.m 60 kN.m
6 cm
16 10
cm
Solid Part BA (R=8 cm)
A
C B
×𝑅4
𝐼𝑃 = = 6434 𝑐𝑚4 1m 2m
2 20 kN.m 60 kN.m 40 kN.m

𝑇 40×1000×100 40 40
2
𝑞𝑟 = × 𝑟𝑘 = × 6 = 3730.2 𝑁/𝑐𝑚
𝐼𝑃 6434 +
TMD
3. Angle of Twist –

 C/A =  C –  A 20 20

𝑐 = 𝐴 + 𝐶/𝐴

𝑇×𝐿 −20×105 ×100 40×105 ×200

𝑐 = = + = 1
x
𝐼𝑃 ×𝐺 5452.2×(8×106 ) 6434×(8×106 )
180
0.0109 rad = 0.0109 × = 0.63°
𝜋
16 cm

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Example-2

A cantilever beam has a solid rectangular section is subjected to the

shown loads. The span of beam is 1.5 m.
1. Calculate maximum shear stress and its location
2. Calculate shear stresses at points “1” and “2”
3. Calculate angle of twist at free end of beam. Take G = 40,000 MPa

0.3

15

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 Example-2

1. Maximum Shear Stresses

Qy = 15 kN (-y direction)
T = 15(20/1000) = 0.3 kN.m (CCW)
Shear Stresses due to T
Max shear stresses exist at middle of longer
sides (a, b)
𝟏 𝟏
𝛼= 𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟖
𝟑+𝟏.𝟖𝒉 𝟑+𝟏.𝟖𝟔𝟎
𝑇 0.3×106
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 13.5 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛼.ℎ.𝑏2 0.238×60×402

Shear Stresses due to Qy a

Max shear stresses exist at centroidal layer

𝑄𝑦 15×1000
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5 × = 1.5 × = 9.40𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐴 60×40

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 Example-2

1. Maximum Shear Stresses

Total Shear Stresses due to T and Qy
qy = 13.5+9.4=22.9 Mpa (at point a)

=
+

2. Shear Stresses at Points “1” and “2”

Shear Stresses due to T
𝟏 𝑇 𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝜷= = 0.175 𝑞1 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗 𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝟔𝟎 𝜷. 𝒃. 𝒉𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 × 𝟒𝟎 × 𝟔𝟎𝟐
𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟖 𝟒𝟎

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Example-2

3. Angle of Twist
𝑇×𝐿 0.3 × 106 × 1500
A/𝐵 = = = 0.015 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐼𝑃 × 𝐺 752640 × 40000
15 kN
B
𝐴 = 𝐵 + A/𝐵 = 0 + 0.015 = 0.015 𝑟𝑎𝑑

180 y
𝐴 = 0.015 × = 0.86° 1 2
𝜋 A
0.3
x

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Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections
Shear Center of Open Thin-Walled Sections

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Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections

What is an Open Thin-Walled Section?

It is an open strip whose thickness (t) is much smaller than length (S) of
its center-line or middle contour t/S  0.1
It is modelled by open wires representing its centerline contours

Open End

Open
t End
S
t S

Open End Open End

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Flow of Shear Stresses Inside Open Thin-Walled Section
Qy
Shear stresses in open thin-walled sections will “FLOW” inside the thin walls like
“the flow of water inside a network of pipes”.
At any level “k” inside open thin-walled section of wall thickness t :
• Level “k” is perpendicular to the centerline
• Shear will mainly FLOW in direction of centerline (shear flow is horizontal in
horizontal segments and vertical in vertical segments)
• Shear stress (q) represents intensity of internal force at specific point located on
level k (force per unit area )
• Shear stress (q) are constant for all points located on level k
• Shear flow () represents intensity of internal force at level k (force per unit
length acting on all points of level k)
q = /t
Dr. Mohamed Hamdy – Analysis of Structures II, CIV 122
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Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections

Shear Flow in Open Wires Due to Shear Force

𝑄𝑌 y
𝜏= × 𝑆𝑋 𝝉1 𝝉1
𝐼𝑋 𝝉 =0 𝝉 =0
𝑄𝑥 𝝉2 = 𝝉1 + 𝝉1
𝜏= × 𝑆𝑦
𝐼𝑦 Qy x
𝝉cg

𝝉2 = 𝝉1 + 𝝉1
Flow Rules 𝝉 =0 𝝉 =0
𝝉1 𝝉1
1. 𝜏 =0 at open end
2. Max flow (𝜏max) at level of centroidal x-axis
3. “𝜏” in main vertical branch follows direction of Qy, and “q” flows in other
segments like water flow inside network of pipes, where at any connection:
𝜏in =𝜏out
4. “𝜏” is symmetric about y-axis if y-axis is an axis of total symmetry
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Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections
y
Shear Flow in Open Wires Due to Shear Force Q
Draw the shear flow diagram
• The shear flow variation is linear when The slices Qy x
perpendicular to shear force.

𝝉1
𝝉0 𝝉0
𝝉2 𝝉1 𝝉1
𝝉 =0 𝝉 =0
𝝉 2 = 𝝉1 + 𝝉1

𝝉cg
𝝉0 𝝉2 𝝉 0
𝝉2 = 𝝉1 + 𝝉1
𝝉 =0 𝝉 =0
𝝉1 𝝉1 𝝉1

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Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections

Shear Stresses in Open Wires Due to Shear Force Q

• The shear stress at any section (k) of any slice is equal to
the shear flow divided by the slice thickness.

𝒒1
𝜏𝑘
𝑞= 𝒒0 𝒒0
𝑡𝑘
𝒒2

𝒒0 𝒒2 𝒒0

𝒒1

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Shear Center of Open Thin-Walled Sections

What is Shear Center (SC)?

Shear center is a point on the beam-section where the application of loads does
not cause its twisting.

SC SC SC

Twist CCW NO Twist Twist CW

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Shear Center of Open Thin-Walled Sections

How to Determine Shear Center (SC) for Section?

1. Assume shear force Qy = Ix , acting perpendicular to axis of symmetry and
passing through unknown shear center. y

Qy
2. Determine shear flow (𝜏) distribution due to Qy = Ix
3. Calculate internal forces in branches due to 𝜏 SC C x
𝐹𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
4. Calculate the internal moment about sc=0 (equilibrium)
e
 MSC = F2  h + F3  h – F1  e = 0 e
y
F3
F1
h
SC C x
O
h
dO
F2

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 Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections

Example 1:
The shown open thin-walled section is subjected to shear force Qy = 50 kN. It is
required to:
1. Draw shear flow distribution in all branches.
2. Calculate the force in each slice of the section. 300 mm
3. Determine the location of its shear center. t1=10 mm

500 mm
t2=20 mm

t1=10 mm

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 Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections

𝝉𝟏
Solution: 300 mm
𝝉𝟏 𝝉𝟎
1. Draw the shear flow distribution Qy 𝝉𝟏 𝝉0
t1=10 mm
The shear force in y-direction (calculate Ix)

500 mm
t2=20 mm
Neglect the terms that contain t3 𝝉𝐜𝐠
𝝉𝒄𝒈 x
3
2
20 × 500
𝐼𝑥 = 2 × 300 × 10 × 250 +
12 𝝉0
𝝉𝟎 𝝉𝟏
= 5.833 × 108 𝑚𝑚4 𝝉𝟏 t1=10 mm
𝝉𝟏

𝜏0 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑄𝑌 50
𝜏1 = × 𝑆𝑋 = 5.833×108 × 300 × 10 × 250 = 0.064 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑋

𝑄𝑌 50
𝜏𝑐𝑔 = 𝜏1 + × 𝑆𝑋 = 0.064 + 5.833×108 × 250 × 20 × 125 = 0.1176 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑋

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 Shear Stresses in Open Thin-Walled Sections

𝝉𝟏
Solution: 300 mm
2. Determine the location of the shear center Qy F1 𝝉𝟏 𝝉0
t1=10 mm
𝐹1 = 0.5 × 300 × 𝜏1 = 9.6 𝑘𝑁 F2

500 mm
t2=20 mm 𝝉𝐜𝐠
2
𝐹2 = 𝜏1 × 500 + × 500 × (𝜏𝑐𝑔 − 𝜏1 ) ≅ 50 𝑘𝑁 𝑺𝑪 𝝉𝒄𝒈 x
3
e
σ 𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 0 = 𝐹2 × 𝑒 − 2 × 𝐹1 × 250 F1 𝝉0
𝝉𝟏
t1=10 mm
∴ 𝑒 = 96 𝑚𝑚 𝝉𝟏

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 Shear Center of Open Thin-Walled Sections

Report
For the shown sections it is required to:
1. Draw the shear flow diagram.
2. Find the location of the shear center.
t2=9mm & t1=6mm
200 mm 200 mm
300 mm

100 mm
100 mm
t1 t1 t1 t1
100 mm

t1 t1 t1
t1
500 mm

500 mm
t2 t2
500 mm

t2

100 mm
100 mm
100 mm

t1 t1 t1 t t1 t1
t1 1
t1
300 mm 300 mm
Qy=80 kN Qy=100 kN
Qy=50 kN

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References

1. El-Dakhakhni, W.M., (12th Edition), "Theory of Structures – Part 1"

DAR AL-MAAREF, 2004.
2. BUC Lecture presentations, handouts, by Prof. El-Esnawy, N.A.
3. SHA Lecture presentations, handouts, by Prof. Hatem Othman.
4. Ain Shams Lecture presentations, handouts, by Dr. Akram Mostafa

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