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Chapter 1: The Nature of Mathematics

LESSON 1: PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND
THE WORLD
What is Mathematics?
- Mathematics: A Study of Patterns and Structure
- Fundamental to physical, biological, engineering, IT,
economics, and social sciences.
4. TESSELLATIONS - is a pattern which uses the same
- Helps understand nature and our world.
geometric shape over and over again.
- Quantifies, organizes, controls, predicts phenomena,
and simplifies life.
- Helps make sense of various patterns and occurrences
in nature, world, and life.
What role does mathematics play in our world?
- Organizes the world's patterns and regularities.
- Predicts nature's behavior and phenomena.
- Controls nature and occurrences for personal
purposes.
- Has numerous global applications.
What are patterns?
- Visible regularities of form found in the natural world 5. NUMERIC PATTERNS - is a sequence of numbers that
and universe. follows a specific rule such as increasing, decreasing, or
- Serve as clues to natural processes. repeating.
Example: Consider the number sequence 8, 13, 18, 23, 28,
Types of Patterns ……. Find the 10th term. Answer: 53
1. SYMMETRY – a sense of harmonious and beautiful 6. LOGIC PATTERNS - These patterns are seen on aptitude
proportion of balance or an object is invariant to any tests in which takers are shown a sequence of pictures and
asked to select which figure comes next.
various transformations (reflection, rotation or scaling.)

2. FRACTALS – a curve or geometric figure, each part of which

has the same statistical character as the whole. A fractal is a
LESSON 2: Fibonacci Sequence
never-ending pattern found in nature. Leonardo Pisano Bogollo:
- Lived between 1170
and 1250 in Italy.
- Nicknamed
"Fibonacci" meaning
"Son of Bonacci".
- Famous for the
Fibonacci Sequence.
3. SPIRALS - a curved pattern centered around a center point,
- Spread Hindu-Arabic
used by plants to maintain stability and growth while revolving
Numbers in Europe.
around it.
- Replaced Roman
Numbers with modern numbers.
 Fibonacci Sequence Overview
● Involves infinite terms 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc.
● Each number in the sequence is the sum of two
preceding numbers.
● First two terms are 0 and 1.
● Displays unique mathematical properties useful in
astronomy, botany, and financial markets.

ORIGIN OF FIBONACCI
- Was discovered after an investigation on the
reproduction of rabbits.
Finding the next term given a term in a Fibonacci Sequence
LESSON 3: FIBONACCI IN SPIRAL ; THE GOLDEN RATIO Fib(n)/Fib(n − 1) = ∅
1. The 14th term in a Fibonacci sequence is 377. Find the next
term. Given: Fib (14) = 377 Find: Fib (15)
Fib (15)/ Fib (14) = 1.618034
Fib (15)/ 377 =1.618034
Fib (15) = 377 1.618034 = 610

Finding the nth term in a Fibonacci Sequence

Golden Ratio Overview

• Also known as the golden number, golden proportion, or
divine proportion.
• Equals approximately 1.618.
• Usually written as phi (∅).
• Strongly associated with the Fibonacci sequence.

Chapter 2: Nature of Mathematics: Mathematical

Language and Symbols
LESSON 1: LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
Mathematics as a Language
- System of communication about numbers,
variables, sets, operations, functions, and
equations.
- Understanding of symbols universally applicable
across cultures, religions, and genders.
- Mathematics as a universal language.
Language itself is…
PRECISE- It can make very fine distinctions among sets of
symbols.
CONCISE -It can briefly express long sentences.
POWERFUL -It gives upon expressing complex thoughts.

Therefore, the golden ratio, ∅ is ∅ = !" # $ = 1.618034

EXPRESSION VS SENTENCE

SETS AND SUBSETS

Example:
Set D = {1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 5}
{ 1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 5} ⊄ {1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5} Set D ⊆ Set E
and
Set E = {1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5}
{ 1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 5} ⊄ {1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5} Set D ⊄ Set E

Note:
1. If A is a proper subset of B, then A is also a subset of B.
2. If A = B, then A is not a proper subset of B.
In summary, all proper subsets are subsets, but not all
subsets are proper subsets.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

 LESSON 3: ELEMENTARY LOGIC
LOGIC
- serves as a set of rules that govern the structure and
presentation of mathematical proofs.
- It allows us to determine the validity of arguments in
and out of mathematics.
- Basic Building Block - Proposition
PROPOSITION
- Declarative statement that's either true or false.
- Expressed in symbols P, Q, R.
a. Simple – means single idea statement
Example:
1. Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United states of
America.
2. Twenty seven is an even number
3. Seven is a prime number
4. xyz = yzx
b. Compound – conveys two or more ideas

QUANTIFIER
1. Universal Quantifier “for all” or “for every”, denoted by ∀
2. Existential Quantifier “there exists”, denoted by ∃.