PERSONAL IDENTITY

QUTELETS RULE (NATURES PARADOX): NO TWO NATURE MADE THINGS ARE ALIKE

METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PERSONAL IDENTITY

1. Third party method
2. Subjective method: physical data of examinee is collected pertaining to anatomy,
physiology and genetics
3. Objective method: utilization of morphological belongings data is analyzed

IDENTITY IN LIVING
IDENTITY IN DEAD
PARAMETERS OF IDENTIFICATION: general and specific
● Specific: attribute and belonging
● General: age sex race
● Dental data: forensic odontology
● Skeletal data: forensic osteology
● Radiological features: radiographs of frontal sinus and presence of foreign bodies
● Race can be determined
● Maximum breadth of skull/max AP length x 100 = cephalic index
PERSONAL IDENTITY- 2
MEDICO LEGAL IMPORTANCE OF SEX (establishment of sex is required)
● For identification of living and dead
● To decide whether individual can exercise rights for that sex or not
● To resolve matters like divorce, marriage, inheritance, legitimacy, paternity disputes, sexual
offences
EVIDENCE OF SEX
DIFFERENCES BTW MAE AND FEMALE
PRESUMPTIVE: general features and outward appearance
PROBABLE: muscles, breasts, adams apple, organs of regeneration
DEFINITE (CERTAIN): according to the legal definition.

DETERMINATION OF SEX
DENTAL PULP HAS Y CHROMOSOME
MANDIBULAR canine examination

CHROMOSOMAL STAINING
● Males have F-BODIES IN Y CHROMOSOMES (fluorescent bodies)
● Examine root hair cell for chromosome
● Androblastoma is an acquired sex state
OSTEOLOGIC EXAMINATION
● Pelvic bones, skull and long bones

● Sciatic notch index: width of sciatic notch/ depth x 100. Useful in fetus
 ● DEPTH OF SCIATIC NOTCH
IN FEMALE S.N.I =5-6
IN MALE S.N.I = 4-5
● Ischium pubic index: pubic length/ischium length x 100
● Females 95 males 90

DACTYLOGRAPHY
● The finger prints system is based on the principle that the skin of balls of the fingers and
thumbs is covered with ridges and groves, the pattern of which varies between
individuals and makes absolute identification.
● Epidermis and dermis mein present hota hai
● Destroyed by destruction of skin
● Dusting powder used to make fingerprints visible
● Methods of fingerprint taking: plain and rolled method
● dried post mortem fingertips hard to see fingerprint
● Apply oil, vaseline, subcutaneous injection of paraffin wax or boil in saline
● Degloving epithelium is separated and kept btw two slides
● LOCARDS METHOD/POROSCOPY: identifying pores in fingers and hands. They are diff in size
shape and arrangement
● Air crash accidents we take foot prints cus foot is not that crushed and maternity homes
● Most commonly encountered pattern of fingerprints is loop

● Dna molecule can tolerate wide range of temperatures and ph

● Micro satellites are variable repeat sequences. Short tandem repeats and variable tandem
repeats, these r unique to each individual
● Multiple DNA markers needed to identify instead of just one

Forensic dna testing

● DNA can be analyzed using RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism): technique for
analyzing various segments of dna that result from digesting dna sample with restriction
endonuclease
● RFLP used specifically in forensic
● Using multiple repeat fragments
 ● RFLP almost replaced with PCR method
● Samples with dirt or fungus dont work well with rflp

RFLP STEPS
1. ISOLATION OF DNA
● Dna from one hair root is enuf
2. CUTTING SIZING AND SORTING
● Restriction endonucleases and gel electrophoresis (size sorting)
3. TRANSFER OF DNA TO NYLON MEMBRANE
● Southern blotting
4. PROBING
● Radioactively dna probes used
5. DNA FINGERPRINTS
● Excess of dna probe washed off
● X ray film detects radioactive patterns on nylon membrane thru autoradiography
PCR: amplification of specific regions of DNA
● Cycling of temperatures used
STR ANALYSIS: short tandem repeats
used on loci within dna
● Most prevalent technique
● Use highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA
● Most common is 4 bases repeat. 3 and 5 also used
● STR loci targeted With primers + amplified with PCR
● Resulting DNA fragments are separated + detected using electrophoresis

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS (mtDNA)

● Used for highly degraded samples
● Samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP and STR
● Old samples that lack hair bone teeth
● Mitochondrial dna comes from mothers
● Fathers contribute nuclear dna
● Also used in Missing person investigation
● Profile of potential maternal relative can be used if mother unavailable

Y CHROMOSOME

DNA DAMAGED BY SUNLIGHT HEAT MOISTURE (mold bacteria)

PACKAGING OF DNA EVIDENCE
● Collect it in paper and dry conditions

FORENSIC ISSUES THAT CAN BE RESOLVED BY DNA TECHNOLOGY

● Paternity and maternity issues
● Adoption and biological parenthood
● Criminal identification
● Personal identification
● Mass disasters or accidents
● CODIS combined DNA index system
● Finding organ donor
● Diagnosis and cure of inherited disorders

● We use molar teeth DNA sample in burnt bodies

PERSONAL IDENTITY 4
● Radiography used for identification of burnt bodies
● Histological examination: 10% formalin 1% sodium fluoride for blood or urine
● Examination of hair - trichology
● Anatomy of hair: cuticle, cortex, medulla
● Except silk all are considered hair fibers
● Synthetic fiber identified by infrared spectrophotometry
● Medullary index: humans 0.3 and animals 0.5
● Scalp hair rounded
● Pubic hair oval
● Mustache hair triangular
● Avg growth of hair 0.4 mm/day
● Lanugo hair of a newborn is non pigmented, non medullary. Fine. downy
● Scalp hair long soft taper from root to tip split ends circular in cross section
● Female pubic hair is concave and horizontal
● Male hair come till umbilicus, female hair doesn't
● Arsenic poisoning can be detected from hair
● Grey hair devoid of pigment
● Blood groups can be determined from hair bulb
● Root of hair: dna profiling
 ● burns : hair is brittle and singed (which is absent in scalds)
● Hair can b used for alcohol testing
● Para phenyline diamine PPD found in hair dye can cause poisoning (Also thallium and lead
poisoning)

SCARS
● Scar level happens at dermis
Healing by primary intention occurs in wounds with dermal edges that are close together (e.g a scalpel
incision). It is usually faster than by secondary intention
The end result of healing by primary intention is (in most cases) a complete return to function, with
minimal scarring and loss of skin appendages.
Healing by secondary intention occurs when the sides of the wound are not opposed, therefore healing
must occur from the bottom of the wound upwards.
Myofibroblasts are vital cells in secondary intention. They are modified smooth muscle cells that
contain actin and myosin, and act to contract the wound; decreasing the space between the dermal
edges. They also can deposit collagen for scar healing.

An uncommon complication from wound healing (particularly in people with darker skin), are keloid scars,
whereby there is excessive collagen production, leading to extensive scarring. This can occur in both
primary and secondary intention healing.

scar:

● Vascular to avascular: 2 weeks to 2 months

● Tender to non tender: 2 months to 6 months
● Soft to tough: more than 6 months
 ● Skin poppers have depressed scars
● Linear needle scars indicate IV drug abusers

AGE ESTIMATION FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY

● First milk tooth is lower incisor 2 years of age (2nd molar)
● 1st permanent tooth (1st molar) erupts by 6 years of age
● 12-14 yrs second molar erupts
● Period of mixed dentition: starting from day of first permanent molar till falling of last milk tooth
(both permanent and temporary teeth present in the jaw)
❖ 6-12 yrs number of teeth remains 24
❖ Addition of teeth from 12-14y (no. becomes 28)
❖ 14-17 constant teeth
❖ 4 more teeth 17-25y. No becomes 32. BATTEESI
❖ Presence of one wisdom tooth: person is 17>
❖ Presence of two wisdom teeth above 19y
❖ Presence of three: 21y
❖ X ray of wisdom tooth which shows uncalcified tooth means u r less than 25y
❖ GUSTAFSON'S CRITERIA help in estimation of age of wear and tear teeth (40 years +)
● Miles told abt gustafson's method
● Boyd told about incremental lines
● 450 ossification centers at birth
● When epiphyseal lines persist that means bones recently united

● below 2 years - no ossification centers in the wrist

● Above 2 years - lower radius ossification center

● Pisiform comes at 7-12

● Distal ends of radius and ulna fuse at 17-18

●
● Lateral epicondyl fuses at 13-14
● Medial epicondyl fuses at 15
● Upper end of radius and ulna ossify between 14-15
● Complete ossficiation of elbow joint at 16
● Shoulder joint - 18
Tarsal and meta tarsal bones 16-18 y (less reliable cus weight bearing)
Greater trochanter lesser trochanter and head of femur 16-17y
● iliac crest females 18-19
● iliac crest male 20-21
● Iscial tuberosity 20 years
Sad COLAa Squad
● Male ramus is more right angle and wider
● Female ramus is more obtuse
● Primary ossification centres come before birth in diaphysis
● Secondary ossification centres come after birth in epiphysis
● Exception: Lower end of femur, cuboid, upper end of tibia
● Anterior fontanelle at 2 yrs
● Sphenoparietal suture at 70 years